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Ilgaz F, Spetzler E, Wiegand P, Faupel F, Rieger R, McCord J, Spetzler B. Miniaturized double-wing ∆E-effect magnetic field sensors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11075. [PMID: 38744882 PMCID: PMC11094197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetoelastic micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are integral elements of sensors, actuators, and other devices utilizing magnetostriction for their functionality. Their sensitivity typically scales with the saturation magnetostriction and inversely with magnetic anisotropy. However, large saturation magnetostriction and small magnetic anisotropy make the magnetoelastic layer highly susceptible to minuscule anisotropic stress. It is inevitably introduced during the release of the mechanical structure during fabrication and severely impairs the device's reproducibility, performance, and yield. To avoid the transfer of residual stress to the magnetic layer, we use a shadow mask deposition technology. It is combined with a free-free magnetoelectric microresonator design to minimize the influence of magnetic inhomogeneity on device performance. Magnetoelectric resonators are experimentally and theoretically analyzed regarding local stress anisotropy, magnetic anisotropy, and the ΔE-effect sensitivity in several resonance modes. The results demonstrate an exceptionally small device-to-device variation of the resonance frequency < 0.2% with large sensitivities comparable with macroscopic ΔE-effect magnetic field sensors. This development marks a promising step towards highly reproducible magnetoelastic devices and the feasibility of large-scale, integrated arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ilgaz
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Spetzler
- Nanoscale Magnetic Materials - Magnetic Domains, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrick Wiegand
- Networked Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Rieger
- Networked Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeffrey McCord
- Nanoscale Magnetic Materials - Magnetic Domains, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Benjamin Spetzler
- Micro- and Nanoelectronic Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany.
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Nizamov TR, Amirov AA, Kuznetsova TO, Dorofievich IV, Bordyuzhin IG, Zhukov DG, Ivanova AV, Gabashvili AN, Tabachkova NY, Tepanov AA, Shchetinin IV, Abakumov MA, Savchenko AG, Majouga AG. Synthesis and Functional Characterization of Co xFe 3-xO 4-BaTiO 3 Magnetoelectric Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:811. [PMID: 36903693 PMCID: PMC10004808 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, magnetoelectric nanomaterials are on their way to finding wide applications in biomedicine for various cancer and neurological disease treatment, which is mainly restricted by their relatively high toxicity and complex synthesis. This study for the first time reports novel magnetoelectric nanocomposites of CoxFe3-xO4-BaTiO3 series with tuned magnetic phase structures, which were synthesized via a two-step chemical approach in polyol media. The magnetic CoxFe3-xO4 phases with x = 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 were obtained by thermal decomposition in triethylene glycol media. The magnetoelectric nanocomposites were synthesized by the decomposition of barium titanate precursors in the presence of a magnetic phase under solvothermal conditions and subsequent annealing at 700 °C. X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of both spinel and perovskite phases after annealing with average crystallite sizes in the range of 9.0-14.5 nm. Transmission electron microscopy data showed two-phase composite nanostructures consisting of ferrites and barium titanate. The presence of interfacial connections between magnetic and ferroelectric phases was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Magnetization data showed expected ferrimagnetic behavior and σs decrease after the nanocomposite formation. Magnetoelectric coefficient measurements after the annealing showed non-linear change with a maximum of 89 mV/cm*Oe with x = 0.5, 74 mV/cm*Oe with x = 0, and a minimum of 50 mV/cm*Oe with x = 0.0 core composition, that corresponds with the coercive force of the nanocomposites: 240 Oe, 89 Oe and 36 Oe, respectively. The obtained nanocomposites show low toxicity in the whole studied concentration range of 25-400 μg/mL on CT-26 cancer cells. The synthesized nanocomposites show low cytotoxicity and high magnetoelectric effects, therefore they can find wide applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur R. Nizamov
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Abdulkarim A. Amirov
- Amirkhanov Institute of Physics of Dagestan Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 367003 Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Tatiana O. Kuznetsova
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Dorofievich
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor G. Bordyuzhin
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry G. Zhukov
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Ivanova
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna N. Gabashvili
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya Yu. Tabachkova
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor V. Shchetinin
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A. Abakumov
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Savchenko
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Majouga
- Department of Physical Materials Science, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Friedrich RM, Sadeghi M, Faupel F. Numerical and Experimental Study of Colored Magnetic Particle Mapping via Magnetoelectric Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13020347. [PMID: 36678100 PMCID: PMC9865076 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Colored imaging of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) is a promising noninvasive method for medical applications such as therapy and diagnosis. This study investigates the capability of the magnetoelectric sensor and projected gradient descent (PGD) algorithm for colored particle detection. In the first step, the required circumstances for image reconstruction are studied via a simulation approach for different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The spatial accuracy of the reconstructed image is evaluated based on the correlation coefficient (CC) factor. The inverse problem is solved using the PGD method, which is adapted according to a nonnegativity constraint in the complex domain. The MNP characterizations are assessed through a magnetic particle spectrometer (MPS) for different types. In the experimental investigation, the real and imaginary parts of the MNP's response are used to detect the spatial distribution and particle type, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the average phase difference for CT100 and ARA100 particles is 14 degrees, which is consistent with the MPS results and could satisfy the system requirements for colored imaging. The experimental evaluation showed that the magnetoelectric sensor and the proposed approach could be potential candidates for color bio-imaging applications.
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Friedrich RM, Faupel F. Adaptive Model for Magnetic Particle Mapping Using Magnetoelectric Sensors. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030894. [PMID: 35161640 PMCID: PMC8839579 DOI: 10.3390/s22030894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Imaging of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is of great interest in the medical sciences. By using resonant magnetoelectric sensors, higher harmonic excitations of MNPs can be measured and mapped in space. The proper reconstruction of particle distribution via solving the inverse problem is paramount for any imaging technique. For this, the forward model needs to be modeled accurately. However, depending on the state of the magnetoelectric sensors, the projection axis for the magnetic field may vary and may not be known accurately beforehand. As a result, the projection axis used in the model may be inaccurate, which can result in inaccurate reconstructions and artifact formation. Here, we show an approach for mapping MNPs that includes sources of uncertainty to both select the correct particle distribution and the correct model simultaneously.
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Patil DR, Kumar A, Ryu J. Recent Progress in Devices Based on Magnetoelectric Composite Thin Films. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8012. [PMID: 34884017 PMCID: PMC8659927 DOI: 10.3390/s21238012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The strain-driven interfacial coupling between the ferromagnetic and ferroelectric constituents of magnetoelectric (ME) composites makes them potential candidates for novel multifunctional devices. ME composites in the form of thin-film heterostructures show promising applications in miniaturized ME devices. This article reports the recent advancement in ME thin-film devices, such as highly sensitive magnetic field sensors, ME antennas, integrated tunable ME inductors, and ME band-pass filters, is discussed. (Pb1-xZrx)TiO3 (PZT), Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT), Aluminium nitride (AlN), and Al1-xScxN are the most commonly used piezoelectric constituents, whereas FeGa, FeGaB, FeCo, FeCoB, and Metglas (FeCoSiB alloy) are the most commonly used magnetostrictive constituents in the thin film ME devices. The ME field sensors offer a limit of detection in the fT/Hz1/2 range at the mechanical resonance frequency. However, below resonance, different frequency conversion techniques with AC magnetic or electric fields or the delta-E effect are used. Noise floors of 1-100 pT/Hz1/2 at 1 Hz were obtained. Acoustically actuated nanomechanical ME antennas operating at a very-high frequency as well as ultra-high frequency (0.1-3 GHz) range, were introduced. The ME antennas were successfully miniaturized by a few orders smaller in size compared to the state-of-the-art conventional antennas. The designed antennas exhibit potential application in biomedical devices and wearable antennas. Integrated tunable inductors and band-pass filters tuned by electric and magnetic field with a wide operating frequency range are also discussed along with miniaturized ME energy harvesters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jungho Ryu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (D.R.P.); (A.K.)
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Spetzler B, Wiegand P, Durdaut P, Höft M, Bahr A, Rieger R, Faupel F. Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7594. [PMID: 34833678 PMCID: PMC8619412 DOI: 10.3390/s21227594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors based on exchange-biased magnetic multilayers have shown the potential of detecting low-frequency and small-amplitude magnetic fields. Their design is compatible with microelectromechanical system technology, potentially small, and therefore, suitable for arrays with a large number N of sensor elements. In this study, we explore the prospects and limitations for improving the detection limit by averaging the output of N sensor elements operated in parallel with a single oscillator and a single amplifier to avoid additional electronics and keep the setup compact. Measurements are performed on a two-element array of exchange-biased sensor elements to validate a signal and noise model. With the model, we estimate requirements and tolerances for sensor elements using larger N. It is found that the intrinsic noise of the sensor elements can be considered uncorrelated, and the signal amplitude is improved if the resonance frequencies differ by less than approximately half the bandwidth of the resonators. Under these conditions, the averaging results in a maximum improvement in the detection limit by a factor of N. A maximum N≈200 exists, which depends on the read-out electronics and the sensor intrinsic noise. Overall, the results indicate that significant improvement in the limit of detection is possible, and a model is presented for optimizing the design of delta-E effect sensor arrays in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Spetzler
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrick Wiegand
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Phillip Durdaut
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Höft
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Bahr
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Rieger
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Chen L, Wang Y. Dependence of Modified Butterworth Van-Dyke Model Parameters and Magnetoimpedance on DC Magnetic Field for Magnetoelectric Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164730. [PMID: 34443252 PMCID: PMC8398424 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the impedance curve of magnetoelectric (ME) composites (i.e., Fe80Si9B11/Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 laminate) and extracts the modified Butterworth-Van Dyke (MBVD) model's parameters at various direct current (DC) bias magnetic fields Hdc. It is interesting to find that both the magnetoimpedance and MBVD model's parameters of ME composite depend on Hdc, which is primarily attributed to the dependence of FeSiB's and neighboring PZT's material properties on Hdc. On one hand, the delta E effect and magnetostriction of FeSiB result in the change in PZT's dielectric permittivity, leading to the variation in impedance with Hdc. On the other hand, the magnetostriction and mechanical energy dissipation of FeSiB as a function of Hdc result in the field dependences of the MBVD model's parameters and mechanical quality factor. Furthermore, the influences of piezoelectric and electrode materials properties on the MBVD model's parameters are analyzed. This study plays a guiding role for ME sensor design and its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Key Lab of Computer Vision and Intelligent Information System, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China;
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence:
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MEMS-Based Cantilever Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Mass and Magnetic Moment of Magnetic Particles. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9080207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a measurement approach suitable for the simultaneous determination of both the mass mp and magnetic moment µp of magnetic particles deposited on a micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) resonant cantilever balance, which is operated in parallel to an external magnetic field-induced force gradient F′(z). Magnetic induction B(z) and its second spatial derivative δ2B/δz2 is realized, beforehand, through the finite element method magnetics (FEMM) simulation with a pair of neodymium permanent magnets configured in a face-to-face arrangement. Typically, the magnets are mounted in a magnet holder assembly designed and fabricated in-house. The resulting F′ lowers the calibrated intrinsic stiffness k0 of the cantilever to k0-F′, which can, thus, be obtained from a measured resonance frequency shift of the cantilever. The magnetic moment µp per deposited particle is determined by dividing F′ by δ2B/δz2 and the number of the attached monodisperse particles given by the mass-induced frequency shift of the cantilever. For the plain iron oxide particles (250 nm) and the magnetic polystyrene particles (2 µm), we yield µp of 0.8 to 1.5 fA m2 and 11 to 19 fA m2 compared to 2 fA m2 and 33 fA m2 nominal values, respectively.
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Abstract
Multiferroic magnetoelectric (ME) materials with the capability of coupling magnetization and electric polarization have been providing diverse routes towards functional devices and thus attracting ever-increasing attention. The typical device applications include sensors, energy harvesters, magnetoelectric random access memories, tunable microwave devices and ME antennas etc. Among those application scenarios, ME sensors are specifically focused in this review article. We begin with an introduction of materials development and then recent advances in ME sensors are overviewed. Engineering applications of ME sensors are followed and typical scenarios are presented. Finally, several remaining challenges and future directions from the perspective of sensor designs and real applications are included.
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Pereira N, Lima AC, Lanceros-Mendez S, Martins P. Magnetoelectrics: Three Centuries of Research Heading towards the 4.0 Industrial Revolution. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4033. [PMID: 32932903 PMCID: PMC7558578 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric (ME) materials composed of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phases have been the subject of decades of research due to their versatility and unique capability to couple the magnetic and electric properties of the matter. While these materials are often studied from a fundamental point of view, the 4.0 revolution (automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology) and the Internet of Things (IoT) context allows the perfect conditions for this type of materials being effectively/finally implemented in a variety of advanced applications. This review starts in the era of Rontgen and Curie and ends up in the present day, highlighting challenges/directions for the time to come. The main materials, configurations, ME coefficients, and processing techniques are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nélson Pereira
- Centro/Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (N.P.); (A.C.L.)
- Algoritmi Center, Minho University, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Lima
- Centro/Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (N.P.); (A.C.L.)
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science (Ikerbasque), 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro Martins
- Centro/Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (N.P.); (A.C.L.)
- IB-S Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Tu C, Chu ZQ, Spetzler B, Hayes P, Dong CZ, Liang XF, Chen HH, He YF, Wei YY, Lisenkov I, Lin H, Lin YH, McCord J, Faupel F, Quandt E, Sun NX. Mechanical-Resonance-Enhanced Thin-Film Magnetoelectric Heterostructures for Magnetometers, Mechanical Antennas, Tunable RF Inductors, and Filters. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142259. [PMID: 31337062 PMCID: PMC6679207 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The strong strain-mediated magnetoelectric (ME) coupling found in thin-film ME heterostructures has attracted an ever-increasing interest and enables realization of a great number of integrated multiferroic devices, such as magnetometers, mechanical antennas, RF tunable inductors and filters. This paper first reviews the thin-film characterization techniques for both piezoelectric and magnetostrictive thin films, which are crucial in determining the strength of the ME coupling. After that, the most recent progress on various integrated multiferroic devices based on thin-film ME heterostructures are presented. In particular, rapid development of thin-film ME magnetometers has been seen over the past few years. These ultra-sensitive magnetometers exhibit extremely low limit of detection (sub-pT/Hz1/2) for low-frequency AC magnetic fields, making them potential candidates for applications of medical diagnostics. Other devices reviewed in this paper include acoustically actuated nanomechanical ME antennas with miniaturized size by 1–2 orders compared to the conventional antenna; integrated RF tunable inductors with a wide operation frequency range; integrated RF tunable bandpass filter with dual H- and E-field tunability. All these integrated multiferroic devices are compact, lightweight, power-efficient, and potentially integrable with current complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, showing great promise for applications in future biomedical, wireless communication, and reconfigurable electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Zhao-Qiang Chu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Benjamin Spetzler
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrick Hayes
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Cun-Zheng Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xian-Feng Liang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huai-Hao Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi-Fan He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu-Yi Wei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivan Lisenkov
- Winchester Technologies LLC, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
| | - Hwaider Lin
- Winchester Technologies LLC, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
| | - Yuan-Hua Lin
- Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jeffrey McCord
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eckhard Quandt
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nian-Xiang Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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