1
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Saleh SM, El-Tawil OS, Mahmoud MB, Abd El-Rahman SS, El-Saied EM, Noshy PA. Do Nanoparticles of Calcium Disodium EDTA Minimize the Toxic Effects of Cadmium in Female Rats? Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2228-2240. [PMID: 37721680 PMCID: PMC10955038 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the ability of CaNa2EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) macroparticles and nanoparticles to treat cadmium-induced toxicity in female rats and to compare their efficacies. Forty rats were divided into 4 equal groups: control, cadmium, cadmium + CaNa2EDTA macroparticles and Cd + CaNa2EDTA nanoparticles. Cadmium was added to the drinking water in a concentration of 30 ppm for 10 weeks. CaNa2EDTA macroparticles and nanoparticles (50 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected during the last 4 weeks of the exposure period. Every two weeks, blood and urine samples were collected for determination of urea, creatinine, metallothionein and cadmium concentrations. At the end of the experiment, the skeleton of rats was examined by X-ray and tissue samples from the kidney and femur bone were collected and subjected to histopathological examination. Exposure to cadmium increased the concentrations of urea and creatinine in the serum and the concentrations of metallothionein and cadmium in serum and urine of rats. A decrease in bone mineralization by X-ray examination in addition to various histopathological alterations in the kidney and femur bone of Cd-intoxicated rats were also observed. Treatment with both CaNa2EDTA macroparticles and nanoparticles ameliorated the toxic effects induced by cadmium on the kidney and bone. However, CaNa2EDTA nanoparticles showed a superior efficacy compared to the macroparticles and therefore can be used as an effective chelating antidote for treatment of cadmium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa M Saleh
- Department of Toxicology, Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Regulations, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama S El-Tawil
- Department of Toxicology, Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Regulations, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal B Mahmoud
- Immune Section, Research Institute for Animal Reproduction, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sahar S Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eiman M El-Saied
- Department of Toxicology, Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Regulations, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Peter A Noshy
- Department of Toxicology, Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Regulations, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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2
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Ramezanpour M, Robertson AM, Tobe Y, Jia X, Cebral JR. Phenotyping calcification in vascular tissues using artificial intelligence. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2401.07825v2. [PMID: 38313202 PMCID: PMC10836085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is implicated as an important factor in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including heart attack and stroke. A controversy remains over how to integrate the diverse forms of vascular calcification into clinical risk assessment tools. Even the commonly used calcium score for coronary arteries, which assumes risk scales positively with total calcification, has important inconsistencies. Fundamental studies are needed to determine how risk is influenced by the diverse calcification phenotypes. However, studies of these kinds are hindered by the lack of high-throughput, objective, and non-destructive tools for classifying calcification in imaging data sets. Here, we introduce a new classification system for phenotyping calcification along with a semi-automated, non-destructive pipeline that can distinguish these phenotypes in even atherosclerotic tissues. The pipeline includes a deep-learning-based framework for segmenting lipid pools in noisy μ-CT images and an unsupervised clustering framework for categorizing calcification based on size, clustering, and topology. This approach is illustrated for five vascular specimens, providing phenotyping for thousands of calcification particles across as many as 3200 images in less than seven hours. Average Dice Similarity Coefficients of 0.96 and 0.87 could be achieved for tissue and lipid pool, respectively, with training and validation needed on only 13 images despite the high heterogeneity in these tissues. By introducing an efficient and comprehensive approach to phenotyping calcification, this work enables large-scale studies to identify a more reliable indicator of the risk of cardiovascular events, a leading cause of global mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ramezanpour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anne M. Robertson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yasutaka Tobe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juan R. Cebral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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3
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Feldmann A, Nitschke Y, Linß F, Mulac D, Stücker S, Bertrand J, Buers I, Langer K, Rutsch F. Improved Reversion of Calcifications in Porcine Aortic Heart Valves Using Elastin-Targeted Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16471. [PMID: 38003660 PMCID: PMC10671589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcified aortic valve disease in its final stage leads to aortic valve stenosis, limiting cardiac function. To date, surgical intervention is the only option for treating calcific aortic valve stenosis. This study combined controlled drug delivery by nanoparticles (NPs) and active targeting by antibody conjugation. The chelating agent diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was covalently bound to human serum albumin (HSA)-based NP, and the NP surface was modified using conjugating antibodies (anti-elastin or isotype IgG control). Calcification was induced ex vivo in porcine aortic valves by preincubation in an osteogenic medium containing 2.5 mM sodium phosphate for five days. Valve calcifications mainly consisted of basic calcium phosphate crystals. Calcifications were effectively resolved by adding 1-5 mg DTPA/mL medium. Incubation with pure DTPA, however, was associated with a loss of cellular viability. Reversal of calcifications was also achieved with DTPA-coupled anti-elastin-targeted NPs containing 1 mg DTPA equivalent. The addition of these NPs to the conditioned media resulted in significant regression of the valve calcifications compared to that in the IgG-NP control without affecting cellular viability. These results represent a step further toward the development of targeted nanoparticular formulations to dissolve aortic valve calcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Feldmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children’s Hospital, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.F.); (Y.N.); (I.B.)
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Yvonne Nitschke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children’s Hospital, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.F.); (Y.N.); (I.B.)
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Franziska Linß
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.M.); (K.L.)
| | - Dennis Mulac
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.M.); (K.L.)
| | - Sina Stücker
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Insa Buers
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children’s Hospital, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.F.); (Y.N.); (I.B.)
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Klaus Langer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.M.); (K.L.)
| | - Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children’s Hospital, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.F.); (Y.N.); (I.B.)
- International Network of Ectopic Calcification (INTEC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.L.); (S.S.); (J.B.)
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4
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Adelnia H, Moonshi SS, Wu Y, Bulmer AC, Mckinnon R, Fastier-Wooller JW, Blakey I, Ta HT. A Bioactive Disintegrable Polymer Nanoparticle for Synergistic Vascular Anticalcification. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18775-18791. [PMID: 37650798 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Although poly(aspartic acid) (PASP), a strong calcium chelating agent, may be potentially effective in inhibition of vascular calcification, its direct administration may lead to side effects. In this study, we employed polysuccinimide, a precursor of PASP, to prepare targeted polysuccinimide-based nanoparticles (PSI NPs) that not only acted as a prodrug but also functioned as a carrier of additional therapeutics to provide powerful synergistic vascular anticalcification effect. This paper shows that chemically modified PSI-NPs can serve as effective nanocarriers for loading of hydrophobic drugs, in addition to anticalcification and antireactive oxygen species (anti-ROS) activities. Curcumin (Cur), with high loading efficiency, was encapsulated into the NPs. The NPs were stable for 16 h in physiological conditions and then slowly dissolved/hydrolyzed to release the therapeutic PASP and the encapsulated drug. The drug release profile was found to be in good agreement with the NP dissolution profile such that complete release occurred after 48 h at physiological conditions. However, under acidic conditions, the NPs were stable, and Cur cumulative release reached only 30% after 1 week. Though highly effective in the prevention of calcium deposition, PSI NPs could not prevent the osteogenic trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The presence of Cur addressed this problem. It not only further reduced ROS level in macrophages but also prevented osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs in vitro. The NPs were examined in vivo in a rat model of vascular calcification induced by kidney failure through an adenine diet. The inclusion of Cur and PSI NPs combined the therapeutic effects of both. Cur-loaded NPs significantly reduced calcium deposition in the aorta without adversely affecting bone integrity or noticeable side effects/toxicity as examined by organ histological and serum biochemistry analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Adelnia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Yuao Wu
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Andrew C Bulmer
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Ryan Mckinnon
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | | | - Idriss Blakey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hang Thu Ta
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Bioscience Discipline, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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5
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Mace ML, Lewin E. Frontiers in Bone Metabolism and Disorder in Chronic Kidney Disease. Metabolites 2023; 13:1034. [PMID: 37887359 PMCID: PMC10608583 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that affects 10-15% of the adult population, a prevalence expected to increase worldwide [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Mace
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Lewin
- Department of Nephrology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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6
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Brown TK, Alharbi S, Ho KJ, Jiang B. Prosthetic vascular grafts engineered to combat calcification: Progress and future directions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:953-969. [PMID: 36544433 PMCID: PMC10023339 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcification in prosthetic vascular conduits is a major challenge in cardiac and vascular surgery that compromises the long-term performance of these devices. Significant research efforts have been made to understand the etiology of calcification in the cardiovascular system and to combat calcification in various cardiovascular devices. Novel biomaterial design and tissue engineering strategies have shown promise in preventing or delaying calcification in prosthetic vascular grafts. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in the development of acellular prosthetic vascular grafts with preclinical success in attenuating calcification through advanced biomaterial design. We also discuss the mechanisms of action involved in the designs that will contribute to the further understanding of cardiovascular calcification. Lastly, recent insights into the etiology of vascular calcification will guide the design of future prosthetic vascular grafts with greater potential for translational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor K. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sara Alharbi
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Karen J. Ho
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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7
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Halsey G, Sinha D, Dhital S, Wang X, Vyavahare N. Role of elastic fiber degradation in disease pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166706. [PMID: 37001705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Elastin is a crucial extracellular matrix protein that provides structural integrity to tissues. Crosslinked elastin and associated microfibrils, named elastic fiber, contribute to biomechanics by providing the elasticity required for proper function. During aging and disease, elastic fiber can be progressively degraded and since there is little elastin synthesis in adults, degraded elastic fiber is not regenerated. There is substantial evidence linking loss or damage of elastic fibers to the clinical manifestation and pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Disruption of elastic fiber networks by hereditary mutations, aging, or pathogenic stimuli results in systemic ailments associated with the production of elastin degradation products, inflammatory responses, and abnormal physiology. Due to its longevity, unique mechanical properties, and widespread distribution in the body, elastic fiber plays a central role in homeostasis of various physiological systems. While pathogenesis related to elastic fiber degradation has been more thoroughly studied in elastic fiber rich tissues such as the vasculature and the lungs, even tissues containing relatively small quantities of elastic fibers such as the eyes or joints may be severely impacted by elastin degradation. Elastic fiber degradation is a common observation in certain hereditary, age, and specific risk factor exposure induced diseases representing a converging point of pathological clinical phenotypes which may also help explain the appearance of co-morbidities. In this review, we will first cover the role of elastic fiber degradation in the manifestation of hereditary diseases then individually explore the structural role and degradation effects of elastic fibers in various tissues and organ systems. Overall, stabilizing elastic fiber structures and repairing lost elastin may be effective strategies to reverse the effects of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Halsey
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States of America
| | - Dipasha Sinha
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States of America
| | - Saphala Dhital
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States of America
| | - Naren Vyavahare
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC 29634, United States of America.
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8
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Kim TI, Guzman RJ. Medial artery calcification in peripheral artery disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1093355. [PMID: 36776265 PMCID: PMC9909396 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1093355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Medial artery calcification (MAC) is a distinct, highly regulated process that is often identified in small and mid-sized arteries of the lower extremities. It is associated with advanced age, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. MAC often occurs in conjunction with atherosclerotic occlusive disease in lower extremity arteries, and when seen together or in isolation, long-term limb outcomes are negatively affected. In patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), the extent of MAC independently correlates with major amputation and mortality rates, and it predicts poor outcomes after endovascular interventions. It is associated with increased arterial stiffness and decreased pedal perfusion. New endovascular methods aimed at treating calcified lower-extremity lesions may improve our ability to treat patients with limb-threatening ischemia. Although recent developments have increased our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to MAC, further investigations are needed to understand the role of medial calcification in PAD, and to develop strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner I. Kim
- Deparment of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States,The Queen’s Health Systems, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Raul J. Guzman
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Raul J. Guzman,
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9
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New Therapeutics Targeting Arterial Media Calcification: Friend or Foe for Bone Mineralization? Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040327. [PMID: 35448514 PMCID: PMC9027727 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of arterial media calcification, a highly complex and multifactorial disease, puts patients at high risk for developing serious cardiovascular consequences and mortality. Despite the numerous insights into the mechanisms underlying this pathological mineralization process, there is still a lack of effective treatment therapies interfering with the calcification process in the vessel wall. Current anti-calcifying therapeutics may induce detrimental side effects at the level of the bone, as arterial media calcification is regulated in a molecular and cellular similar way as physiological bone mineralization. This especially is a complication in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, who are the prime targets of this pathology, as they already suffer from a disturbed mineral and bone metabolism. This review outlines recent treatment strategies tackling arterial calcification, underlining their potential to influence the bone mineralization process, including targeting vascular cell transdifferentiation, calcification inhibitors and stimulators, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) death and oxidative stress: are they a friend or foe? Furthermore, this review highlights nutritional additives and a targeted, local approach as alternative strategies to combat arterial media calcification. Paving a way for the development of effective and more precise therapeutic approaches without inducing osseous side effects is crucial for this highly prevalent and mortal disease.
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10
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Kumar A, Dhiman V, Kumar P, Pant D. Effects of piperazine and EDTA in garden snail towards electrolytic variation and antimicrobial activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65911-65922. [PMID: 34327636 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study has been carried out to evaluate the effects of piperazine and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in the garden snail, Cornu aspersum. EDTA and piperazine-like chemicals are widely used in various pharmaceutical, household, and industrial applications. The snails after collection were kept in different earthen pots and treated with these chemicals at different concentrations. A higher concentration of these chemicals led to a change in foot color from light to dark brown and loss in average weight with time. It has been found that a 10-fold increase in piperazine and EDTA concentration reduces weight by approximately 12.7- and 11.6-fold, respectively. Further, the study provides an insight into the altered antimicrobial activity of crude extract when treated with ligands. Additionally, the variations in the electrolytes in the mucus sample have been observed with the mean standard deviation (± SD) of 6.4 and 2.4 for Na+ and K+ ions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamsala, 176215, India
- Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Panthaghati, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171013, India
| | - Varun Dhiman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamsala, 176215, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Environmental Studies, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, 123031, India
| | - Deepak Pant
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176215, India.
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11
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Abstract
The kidneys are vital organs performing several essential functions. Their primary function is the filtration of blood and the removal of metabolic waste products as well as fluid homeostasis. Renal filtration is the main pathway for drug removal, highlighting the importance of this organ to the growing field of nanomedicine. The kidneys (i) have a key role in the transport and clearance of nanoparticles (NPs), (ii) are exposed to potential NPs’ toxicity, and (iii) are the targets of diseases that nanomedicine can study, detect, and treat. In this review, we aim to summarize the latest research on kidney-nanoparticle interaction. We first give a brief overview of the kidney’s anatomy and renal filtration, describe how nanoparticle characteristics influence their renal clearance, and the approaches taken to image and treat the kidney, including drug delivery and tissue engineering. Finally, we discuss the future and some of the challenges faced by nanomedicine.
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12
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Wang X, Parasaram V, Dhital S, Nosoudi N, Hasanain S, Lane BA, Lessner SM, Eberth JF, Vyavahare NR. Systemic delivery of targeted nanotherapeutic reverses angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8584. [PMID: 33883612 PMCID: PMC8060294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease causes dilation of the aorta, leading to aortic rupture and death if not treated early. It is the 14th leading cause of death in the U.S. and 10th leading cause of death in men over age 55, affecting thousands of patients. Despite the prevalence of AAA, no safe and efficient pharmacotherapies exist for patients. The deterioration of the elastic lamina in the aneurysmal wall is a consistent feature of AAAs, making it an ideal target for delivering drugs to the AAA site. In this research, we conjugated nanoparticles with an elastin antibody that only targets degraded elastin while sparing healthy elastin. After induction of aneurysm by 4-week infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II), two biweekly intravenous injections of pentagalloyl glucose (PGG)-loaded nanoparticles conjugated with elastin antibody delivered the drug to the aneurysm site. We show that targeted delivery of PGG could reverse the aortic dilation, ameliorate the inflammation, restore the elastic lamina, and improve the mechanical properties of the aorta at the AAA site. Therefore, simple iv therapy of PGG loaded nanoparticles can be an effective treatment option for early to middle stage aneurysms to reverse disease progression and return the aorta to normal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Vaideesh Parasaram
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Saphala Dhital
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Nasim Nosoudi
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering & Computer Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Shahd Hasanain
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Brooks A Lane
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Susan M Lessner
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - John F Eberth
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Naren R Vyavahare
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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13
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Podestà MA, Cucchiari D, Ciceri P, Messa P, Torregrosa JV, Cozzolino M. Cardiovascular calcifications in kidney transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 37:2063-2071. [PMID: 33620476 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular and valvular calcifications are highly prevalent in kidney transplant recipients and are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, which represent the leading cause of long-term mortality in these patients. However, cardiovascular calcification has been traditionally considered as a condition mostly associated with advanced chronic kidney disease stages and dialysis, and comparatively fewer studies have assessed its impact after kidney transplantation. Despite partial or complete resolution of uremia-associated metabolic derangements, kidney transplant recipients are still exposed to several pro-calcifying stimuli that favour the progression of pre-existing vascular calcifications or their de novo development. Traditional risk factors, bone mineral disorders, inflammation, immunosuppressive drugs and deficiency of calcification inhibitors may all play a role, and strategies to correct or minimize their effects are urgently needed. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of established and putative mediators involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular calcification in kidney transplantation, and to describe the clinical and radiological features of these forms. We also discuss current evidence on preventive strategies to delay the progression of cardiovascular calcifications in kidney transplant recipients, as well as novel therapeutic candidates to potentially prevent their long-term deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alfredo Podestà
- Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - David Cucchiari
- Nephrology and Renal Transplant Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Ciceri
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mario Cozzolino
- Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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14
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Chimisso V, Conti S, Kong P, Fodor C, Meier WP. Metal cation responsive anionic microgels: behaviour towards biologically relevant divalent and trivalent ions. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:715-723. [PMID: 33220668 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anionic poly(vinylcaprolactam-co-itaconicacid-co-dimethylitaconate) microgels were synthesized via dispersion polymerization and their responsiveness towards cations, namely Mg2+, Sr2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+, was investigated. The itaconic moieties chelate the metal ions which act as a crosslinker and decrease the electrostatic repulsion within the network, leading to a decrease in the gel size. The responsiveness towards the metal ion concentration has been studied via dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the number of ions bonded within the network has been quantified with ion chromatography. Through the protonation of the carboxylate groups in the gel network, their interaction with the cations is significantly lowered, and the metals are consequently released back in solution. The number of ions released was assessed also via ion chromatography for all four ions, whilst Mg2+ was also used as a model ion to display the reversibility of the system. The microgels can bond and release divalent cations over multiple cycles without undergoing any loss of functionality. Moreover, these gels also selectively entrap Fe3+ with respect to the remaining divalent cations, opening the possibility of using the proposed gels in the digestive tract as biocompatible chelating agents to fight iron overaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Chimisso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24/a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Simona Conti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24/a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Phally Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24/a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Csaba Fodor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24/a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Wolfgang P Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24/a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Luo H, Li Q, Cao Y, Uitto J. Therapeutics Development for Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum and Related Ectopic Mineralization Disorders: Update 2020. J Clin Med 2020; 10:E114. [PMID: 33396306 PMCID: PMC7795895 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), the prototype of heritable ectopic mineralization disorders, manifests with deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals in the skin, eyes and arterial blood vessels. This autosomal recessive disorder, due to mutations in ABCC6, is usually diagnosed around the second decade of life. In the spectrum of heritable ectopic mineralization disorders are also generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), with extremely severe arterial calcification diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound or perinatally, and arterial calcification due to CD73 deficiency (ACDC) manifesting with arterial and juxta-articular mineralization in the elderly; the latter disorders are caused by mutations in ENPP1 and NT5E, respectively. The unifying pathomechanistic feature in these three conditions is reduced plasma levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a powerful endogenous inhibitor of ectopic mineralization. Several on-going attempts to develop treatments for these conditions, either with the goal to normalize PPi plasma levels or by means of preventing calcium hydroxyapatite deposition independent of PPi, are in advanced preclinical levels or in early clinical trials. This overview summarizes the prospects of treatment development for ectopic mineralization disorders, with PXE, GACI and ACDC as the target diseases, from the 2020 vantage point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Luo
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and the PXE International Center for Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (H.L.); (Q.L.)
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China;
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and the PXE International Center for Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (H.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China;
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and the PXE International Center for Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (H.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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16
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Prilepskii AY, Serov NS, Kladko DV, Vinogradov VV. Nanoparticle-Based Approaches towards the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1056. [PMID: 33167402 PMCID: PMC7694323 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, being an inflammation-associated disease, represents a considerable healthcare problem. Its origin remains poorly understood, and at the same time, it is associated with extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide due to myocardial infarctions and strokes. Unfortunately, drugs are unable to effectively prevent plaque formation. Systemic administration of pharmaceuticals for the inhibition of plaque destabilization bears the risk of adverse effects. At present, nanoscience and, in particular, nanomedicine has made significant progress in both imaging and treatment of atherosclerosis. In this review, we focus on recent advances in this area, discussing subjects such as nanocarriers-based drug targeting principles, approaches towards the treatment of atherosclerosis, utilization of theranostic agents, and future prospects of nanoformulated therapeutics against atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases. The focus is placed on articles published since 2015 with additional attention to research completed in 2019-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir V. Vinogradov
- International Institute “Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies”, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.P.); (N.S.S.); (D.V.K.)
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17
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Perelló J, Ferrer MD, Del Mar Pérez M, Kaesler N, Brandenburg VM, Behets GJ, D'Haese PC, Garg R, Isern B, Gold A, Wolf M, Salcedo C. Mechanism of action of SNF472, a novel calcification inhibitor to treat vascular calcification and calciphylaxis. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4400-4415. [PMID: 32557649 PMCID: PMC7484563 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE No therapy is approved for vascular calcification or calcific uraemic arteriolopathy (calciphylaxis), which increases mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing dialysis. Deposition of hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals in arterial walls is the common pathophysiologic mechanism. The mechanism of action of SNF472 to reduce HAP deposition in arterial walls was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined SNF472 binding features (affinity, release kinetics and antagonism type) for HAP crystals in vitro, inhibition of calcification in excised vascular smooth muscle cells from rats and bone parameters in osteoblasts from dogs and rats. KEY RESULTS SNF472 bound to HAP with affinity (KD ) of 1-10 μM and saturated HAP at 7.6 μM. SNF472 binding was fast (80% within 5 min) and insurmountable. SNF472 inhibited HAP crystal formation from 3.8 μM, with complete inhibition at 30.4 μM. SNF472 chelated free calcium with an EC50 of 539 μM. Chelation of free calcium was imperceptible for SNF472 1-10 μM in physiological calcium concentrations. The lowest concentration tested in vascular smooth muscle cells, 1 μM inhibited calcification by 67%. SNF472 showed no deleterious effects on bone mineralization in dogs or in rat osteoblasts. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These experiments show that SNF472 binds to HAP and inhibits further HAP crystallization. The EC50 for chelation of free calcium is 50-fold greater than a maximally effective SNF472 dose, supporting the selectivity of SNF472 for HAP. These findings indicate that SNF472 may have a future role in the treatment of vascular calcification and calcific uraemic arteriolopathy in patients undergoing dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Perelló
- Sanifit Therapeutics, Palma, Spain.,University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Miquel D Ferrer
- Sanifit Therapeutics, Palma, Spain.,University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Geert J Behets
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick C D'Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rekha Garg
- Sanifit Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Alex Gold
- Sanifit Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Myles Wolf
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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18
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Pala R, Anju VT, Dyavaiah M, Busi S, Nauli SM. Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:3741-3769. [PMID: 32547026 PMCID: PMC7266400 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s250872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the foremost causes of high morbidity and mortality globally. Preventive, diagnostic, and treatment measures available for CVDs are not very useful, which demands promising alternative methods. Nanoscience and nanotechnology open a new window in the area of CVDs with an opportunity to achieve effective treatment, better prognosis, and less adverse effects on non-target tissues. The application of nanoparticles and nanocarriers in the area of cardiology has gathered much attention due to the properties such as passive and active targeting to the cardiac tissues, improved target specificity, and sensitivity. It has reported that more than 50% of CVDs can be treated effectively through the use of nanotechnology. The main goal of this review is to explore the recent advancements in nanoparticle-based cardiovascular drug carriers. This review also summarizes the difficulties associated with the conventional treatment modalities in comparison to the nanomedicine for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekharreddy Pala
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA92618, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92868, USA
| | - V T Anju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Madhu Dyavaiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Siddhardha Busi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA92618, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92868, USA
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19
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Dhital S, Vyavahare NR. Nanoparticle-based targeted delivery of pentagalloyl glucose reverses elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm and restores aorta to the healthy state in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227165. [PMID: 32218565 PMCID: PMC7100957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is a life-threatening weakening and expansion of the abdominal aorta due to inflammatory cell infiltration and gradual degeneration of extracellular matrix (ECM). There are no pharmacological therapies to treat AAA. We tested the hypothesis that nanoparticle (NP) therapy that targets degraded elastin and delivers anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and ECM stabilizing agent, pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) will reverse advance stage aneurysm in an elastase-induced mouse model of AAA. METHOD AND RESULTS Porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) was applied periadventitially to the infrarenal aorta in mice and AAA was allowed to develop for 14 days. Nanoparticles loaded with PGG (EL-PGG-NPs) were then delivered via IV route at 14-day and 21-day (10 mg/kg of body weight). A control group of mice received no therapy. The targeting of NPs to the AAA site was confirmed with fluorescent dye marked NPs and gold NPs. Animals were sacrificed at 28-d. We found that targeted PGG therapy reversed the AAA by decreasing matrix metalloproteinases MMP-9 and MMP-2, and the infiltration of macrophages in the medial layer. The increase in diameter of the aorta was reversed to healthy controls. Moreover, PGG treatment restored degraded elastic lamina and increased the circumferential strain of aneurysmal aorta to the healthy levels. CONCLUSION Our results support that site-specific delivery of PGG with targeted nanoparticles can be used to treat already developed AAA. Such therapy can reverse inflammatory markers and restore arterial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saphala Dhital
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Naren R. Vyavahare
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
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20
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Zha L, Wang B, Qian J, Fletcher B, Zhang C, Dong Q, Chen W, Hong L. Preparation, characterization and preliminary pharmacokinetic study of pH-sensitive Hydroxyapatite/Zein nano-drug delivery system for doxorubicin hydrochloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 72:496-506. [PMID: 31975457 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Zein nanoparticles (Zein NPs) were used as a hydroxyapatite (HA) biomineralization template to generate HA/Zein NPs. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) was loaded on HA/Zein NPs (HA/Zein-DOX NPs) to improve its pH-sensitive release, bioavailability and decrease cardiotoxicity. METHODS HA/Zein-DOX NPs were prepared by phase separation and biomimetic mineralization method. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), Zeta potential, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of HA/Zein-DOX NPs were characterized. The nanoparticles were then evaluated in vitro and in vivo. KEY FINDINGS The small PDI and high Zeta potential demonstrated that HA/Zein-DOX NPs were a stable and homogeneous dispersed system and that HA was mineralized on Zein-DOX NPs. HA/Zein-DOX NPs showed pH-sensitive release. Compared with free DOX, HA/Zein-DOX NPs increased cellular uptake which caused 7 times higher in-vitro cytotoxicity in 4T1 cells. Pharmacokinetic experiments indicated the t1/2β and AUC0- t of HA/Zein-DOX NPs were 2.73- and 3.12-fold higher than those of DOX solution, respectively. Tissue distribution exhibited HA/Zein-DOX NPs reduced heart toxicity with lower heart targeting efficiency (18.58%) than that of DOX solution (37.62%). CONCLUSION In this study, HA/Zein-DOX NPs represented an antitumour drug delivery system for DOX in clinical tumour therapy with improved bioavailability and decreased cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Zha
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajia Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Brock Fletcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiannian Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Lufeng Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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21
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Demer LL, Tintut Y. Interactive and Multifactorial Mechanisms of Calcific Vascular and Valvular Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:646-657. [PMID: 31279666 PMCID: PMC6708492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcific vascular and valvular disease (CVVD) is widespread and has major health consequences. Although coronary artery calcification has long been associated with hyperlipidemia and increased mortality, recent evidence suggests that its progression is increased in association with cholesterol-lowering HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ('statins') and long-term, high-intensity exercise. A nationwide trial showed no cardiovascular benefit of vitamin D supplements. Controversy remains as to whether calcium deposits in plaque promote or prevent plaque rupture. CVVD appears to occur through mechanisms similar to those of intramembranous, endochondral, and osteophytic skeletal bone formation. New evidence implicates autotaxin, endothelial-mesenchymal transformation, and microRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) as novel regulatory factors. New therapeutic options are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA.
| | - Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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22
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Raimondo S, Giavaresi G, Lorico A, Alessandro R. Extracellular Vesicles as Biological Shuttles for Targeted Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081848. [PMID: 30991632 PMCID: PMC6514983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective nanosystems for drug delivery represents a key challenge for the improvement of most current anticancer therapies. Recent progress in the understanding of structure and function of extracellular vesicles (EVs)—specialized membrane-bound nanocarriers for intercellular communication—suggests that they might also serve as optimal delivery systems of therapeutics. In addition to carrying proteins, lipids, DNA and different forms of RNAs, EVs can be engineered to deliver specific bioactive molecules to target cells. Exploitation of their molecular composition and physical properties, together with improvement in bio-techniques to modify their content are critical issues to target them to specific cells/tissues/organs. Here, we will discuss the current developments in the field of animal and plant-derived EVs toward their potential use for delivery of therapeutic agents in different pathological conditions, with a special focus on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Raimondo
- Department of BioMedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- Touro University Nevada College of Medicine, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology Foundation, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of BioMedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy", National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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