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Yang C, Qu L, Wang R, Wang F, Yang Z, Xiao F. Multi-layered effects of Panax notoginseng on immune system. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107203. [PMID: 38719196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated the immunomodulatory potential of Panax notoginseng in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cerebral hemorrhage, suggesting its significance in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the complex immune activity of various components has hindered a comprehensive understanding of the immune-regulating properties of Panax notoginseng, impeding its broader utilization. This review evaluates the effect of Panax notoginseng to various types of white blood cells, elucidates the underlying mechanisms, and compares the immunomodulatory effects of different Panax notoginseng active fractions, aiming to provide the theory basis for future immunomodulatory investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Liping Qu
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Fengkun Xiao
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China.
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2
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Zou YT, Li JY, Chai JY, Hu YS, Zhang WJ, Zhang Q. The impact of the P2X7 receptor on the tumor immune microenvironment and its effects on tumor progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 707:149513. [PMID: 38508051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global health concern, and finding effective methods to treat it has been a focus of scientific research. It has been discovered that the growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumors are closely related to the environment in which they exist, known as the tumor microenvironment (TME). The immune response interacting with the tumor occurring within the TME constitutes the tumor immune microenvironment, and the immune response can lead to anti-tumor and pro-tumor outcomes and has shown tremendous potential in immunotherapy. A channel called the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has been identified within the TME. It is an ion channel present in various immune cells and tumor cells, and its activation can lead to inflammation, immune responses, angiogenesis, immunogenic cell death, and promotion of tumor development. This article provides an overview of the structure, function, and pharmacological characteristics of P2X7R. We described the concept and components of tumor immune microenvironment and the influence immune components has on tumors. We also outlined the impact of P2X7R regulation and how it affects the development of tumors and summarized the effects of drugs targeting P2X7R on tumor progression, both past and current, assisting researchers in treating tumors using P2X7R as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Jun-Yi Chai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Yu-Shan Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China.
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Orthopedics Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
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3
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Sivcev S, Kudova E, Zemkova H. Neurosteroids as positive and negative allosteric modulators of ligand-gated ion channels: P2X receptor perspective. Neuropharmacology 2023; 234:109542. [PMID: 37040816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are steroids synthesized de novo in the brain from cholesterol in an independent manner from peripheral steroid sources. The term "neuroactive steroid" includes all steroids independent of their origin, and newly synthesized analogs of neurosteroids that modify neuronal activities. In vivo application of neuroactive steroids induces potent anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic and amnesic effects, mainly through interaction with the γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor (GABAAR). However, neuroactive steroids also act as positive or negative allosteric regulators on several ligand-gated channels including N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and ATP-gated purinergic P2X receptors. Seven different P2X subunits (P2X1-7) can assemble to form homotrimeric or heterotrimeric ion channels permeable for monovalent cations and calcium. Among them, P2X2, P2X4, and P2X7 are the most abundant within the brain and can be regulated by neurosteroids. Transmembrane domains are necessary for neurosteroid binding, however, no generic motif of amino acids can accurately predict the neurosteroid binding site for any of the ligand-gated ion channels including P2X. Here, we will review what is currently known about the modulation of rat and human P2X by neuroactive steroids and the possible structural determinants underlying neurosteroid-induced potentiation and inhibition of the P2X2 and P2X4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Sivcev
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Zemkova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Oken AC, Krishnamurthy I, Savage JC, Lisi NE, Godsey MH, Mansoor SE. Molecular Pharmacology of P2X Receptors: Exploring Druggable Domains Revealed by Structural Biology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925880. [PMID: 35784697 PMCID: PMC9248971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is a critical signaling molecule that is found in a wide range of concentrations across cellular environments. The family of nonselective cation channels that sense extracellular ATP, termed P2X receptors (P2XRs), is composed of seven subtypes (P2X1-P2X7) that assemble as functional homotrimeric and heterotrimeric ion channels. Each P2XR is activated by a distinct concentration of extracellular ATP, spanning from high nanomolar to low millimolar. P2XRs are implicated in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes in the cardiovascular, immune, and central nervous systems, corresponding to the spatiotemporal expression, regulation, and activation of each subtype. The therapeutic potential of P2XRs is an emerging area of research in which structural biology has seemingly exceeded medicinal chemistry, as there are several published P2XR structures but currently no FDA-approved drugs targeting these ion channels. Cryogenic electron microscopy is ideally suited to facilitate structure-based drug design for P2XRs by revealing and characterizing novel ligand-binding sites. This review covers structural elements in P2XRs including the extracellular orthosteric ATP-binding site, extracellular allosteric modulator sites, channel pore, and cytoplasmic substructures, with an emphasis on potential therapeutic ligand development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Oken
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ipsita Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Savage
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nicolas E. Lisi
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael H. Godsey
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Steven E. Mansoor
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Steven E. Mansoor,
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5
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Sophocleous RA, Ooi L, Sluyter R. The P2X4 Receptor: Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of a Promising Neuroinflammatory Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105739. [PMID: 35628550 PMCID: PMC9147237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine 5′-triphosphate-gated P2X4 receptor channel is a promising target in neuroinflammatory disorders, but the ability to effectively target these receptors in models of neuroinflammation has presented a constant challenge. As such, the exact role of P2X4 receptors and their cell signalling mechanisms in human physiology and pathophysiology still requires further elucidation. To this end, research into the molecular mechanisms of P2X4 receptor activation, modulation, and inhibition has continued to gain momentum in an attempt to further describe the role of P2X4 receptors in neuroinflammation and other disease settings. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the P2X4 receptor, including its expression and function in cells involved in neuroinflammatory signalling. We discuss the pharmacology of P2X4 receptors and provide an overview of P2X4-targeting molecules, including agonists, positive allosteric modulators, and antagonists. Finally, we discuss the use of P2X4 receptor modulators and antagonists in models of neuroinflammatory cell signalling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Andrew Sophocleous
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-4221-5508
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6
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To inhibit or to boost the ATP/P2RX7 pathway to fight cancer-that is the question. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:619-631. [PMID: 34347213 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite new biological insights and recent therapeutic advances, many tumors remain at baseline during treatments. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new therapeutic strategies to improve the care of patients with solid tumors. P2RX7 receptor (P2XR7), an ATP-gated ion channel characterized by its ability to form large pore within the cell membrane, is described by most of the investigators as a "chef d'orchestre" of the antitumor immune response. The purpose of this review is to detail the recent information concerning different cellular mechanisms linking P2RX7 to hallmarks of cancer and to discuss different progresses in elucidating how activation of the ATP/P2RX7/NLRP3/IL-18 pathway is a very promising approach to fight cancer progression by increasing antitumor immune responses.
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7
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P2X7 receptor in multifaceted cellular signalling and its relevance as a potential therapeutic target in different diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174235. [PMID: 34097884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor, a purinergic receptor family member, is abundantly expressed on many cells, including immune, muscle, bone, neuron, and glia. It acts as an ATP-activated cation channel that permits the influx of Ca2+, Na+ and efflux of K+ ions. The P2X7 receptor plays crucial roles in many physiological processes including cytokine and chemokine secretion, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, cellular growth and differentiation, locomotion, wound healing, transcription factors activation, cell death and T-lymphocyte survival. Past studies have demonstrated the up-regulation and direct association of this receptor in many pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, diabetics, arthritis, tuberculosis (TB) and inflammatory diseases. Hence, targeting this receptor is considered a worthwhile approach to lessen the afflictions associated with the disorders mentioned above by understanding the receptor architecture and downstream signalling processes. Here, in the present review, we have dissected the structural and functional aspects of the P2X7 receptor, emphasizing its role in various diseased conditions. This information will provide in-depth knowledge about the receptor and help to develop apt curative methodologies for the betterment of humanity in the coming years.
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8
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Calzaferri F, Narros-Fernández P, de Pascual R, de Diego AMG, Nicke A, Egea J, García AG, de Los Ríos C. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Non-nucleotide Purine Derivatives as P2X7 Antagonists for the Treatment of Neuroinflammation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2272-2290. [PMID: 33560845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-gated P2X7 purinergic receptor (P2X7) is involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Several P2X7 antagonists have been developed, though none of them reached clinical trials for this indication. In this work, we designed and synthesized novel blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable derivatives as potential P2X7 antagonists. They comprise purine or xanthine cores linked to an aryl group through different short spacers. Compounds were tested in YO-PRO-1 uptake assays and intracellular calcium dynamics in a human P2X7-expressing HEK293 cell line, two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and in interleukin 1β release assays in mouse peritoneal macrophages. BBB permeability was assessed by parallel artificial membrane permeability assays and P-glycoprotein ATPase activity. Dichloroarylpurinylethanones featured a certain P2X7 blockade, being compound 6 (2-(6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethan-1-one), named ITH15004, the most potent, selective, and BBB-permeable antagonist. Compound 6 can be considered as a first non-nucleotide purine hit for future drug optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Calzaferri
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Narros-Fernández
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62-1a Planta, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo de Pascual
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio M G de Diego
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Javier Egea
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62-1a Planta, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G García
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62-1a Planta, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de Los Ríos
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62-1a Planta, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Douguet L, Janho Dit Hreich S, Benzaquen J, Seguin L, Juhel T, Dezitter X, Duranton C, Ryffel B, Kanellopoulos J, Delarasse C, Renault N, Furman C, Homerin G, Féral C, Cherfils-Vicini J, Millet R, Adriouch S, Ghinet A, Hofman P, Vouret-Craviari V. A small-molecule P2RX7 activator promotes anti-tumor immune responses and sensitizes lung tumor to immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:653. [PMID: 33510147 PMCID: PMC7843983 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a subpopulation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients responds to immunotherapies, highlighting the urgent need to develop therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcome. We develop a chemical positive modulator (HEI3090) of the purinergic P2RX7 receptor that potentiates αPD-1 treatment to effectively control the growth of lung tumors in transplantable and oncogene-induced mouse models and triggers long lasting antitumor immune responses. Mechanistically, the molecule stimulates dendritic P2RX7-expressing cells to generate IL-18 which leads to the production of IFN-γ by Natural Killer and CD4+ T cells within tumors. Combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor, the molecule induces a complete tumor regression in 80% of LLC tumor-bearing mice. Cured mice are also protected against tumor re-challenge due to a CD8-dependent protective response. Hence, combination treatment of small-molecule P2RX7 activator followed by immune checkpoint inhibitor represents a strategy that may be active against NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/immunology
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/immunology
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Structure
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/immunology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/metabolism
- Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry
- Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serena Janho Dit Hreich
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Jonathan Benzaquen
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Laetitia Seguin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Thierry Juhel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | - Xavier Dezitter
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, IFR114, Lille, France
| | | | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INEM-UMR7355, Institute of Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetic, University and CNRS, Orleans, France
| | - Jean Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Cecile Delarasse
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Renault
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Furman
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Germain Homerin
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur (HEI), JUNIA, UC Lille, Laboratoire de Chimie Durable et Santé, Lille, France
| | - Chloé Féral
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | | | - Régis Millet
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, IFR114, Lille, France
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Alina Ghinet
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur (HEI), JUNIA, UC Lille, Laboratoire de Chimie Durable et Santé, Lille, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, 'Al. I. Cuza' University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Pasteur Hospital, Nice, France
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology and Biobank, Pasteur Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Valérie Vouret-Craviari
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France.
- FHU OncoAge, Nice, France.
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France.
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10
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Gupta G, Borglum K, Chen H. Immunogenic Cell Death: A Step Ahead of Autophagy in Cancer Therapy. JOURNAL OF CANCER IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 3:47-59. [PMID: 34263254 PMCID: PMC8276988 DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.3.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) plays a major role in providing long lasting protective antitumor immunity by the chronic exposure of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). DAMPs are essential for attracting immunogenic cells to the TME, maturation of DCs, and proper presentation of tumor antigens to the T cells so they can kill more cancer cells. Thus for the proper release of DAMPs, a controlled mechanism of cell death is necessary. Drug induced tumor cell killing occurs by apoptosis, wherein autophagy may act as a shield protecting the tumor cells and sometimes providing multi-drug resistance to chemotherapeutics. However, autophagy is required for the release of ATP as it remains one of the key DAMPs for the induction of ICD. In this review, we discuss the intricate balance between autophagy and apoptosis and the various strategies that we can apply to make these immunologically silent processes immunogenic. There are several steps of autophagy and apoptosis that can be regulated to generate an immune response. The genes involved in the processes can be regulated by drugs or inhibitors to amplify the effects of ICD and therefore serve as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Gupta
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kristina Borglum
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Hexin Chen
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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11
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Piyasirananda W, Beekman A, Ganesan A, Bidula S, Stokes L. Insights into the Structure-Activity Relationship of Glycosides as Positive Allosteric Modulators Acting on P2X7 Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 99:163-174. [PMID: 33334897 PMCID: PMC7816042 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is an important ligand-gated ion channel expressed in multiple immune cell populations. This study aimed to investigate the chemical requirements of triterpenoid glycosides within a new binding pocket to characterize the structure-activity relationship. A set of glycosides were screened for positive modulator activity at human P2X7 using a YO-PRO-1 dye uptake assay in HEK-293 cells stably expressing the wild-type human P2X7 variant (HEK-hP2X7 cells). The highest positive modulator activity was with ginsenoside–compound K (CK), containing a monosaccharide (glucose) attached at carbon-20. Ginsenoside-20(S)-Rg3, containing a disaccharide group (glucose-glucose) at carbon-3, displayed positive modulator activity with a reduced EC50 for ATP and increased maximal response at human P2X7. The epimer 20(R)-Rg3 was inactive. A similar stereo-specific pattern was observed for 20(S)-Rh2. Ginsenoside-F1, highly similar to ginsenoside-CK but containing a single additional hydroxyl group, was also inactive at P2X7. Computational docking suggests hydrophobic residues in the pocket are involved in steric discrimination between triterpenoids, whereas the position and identity of the carbohydrate group are important for positive modulator activity at human P2X7. Ginsenosides containing monosaccharide attachments perform better than di- or trisaccharide glycosides. Additional modifications to the triterpenoid scaffold at carbon-6 are not tolerated. Gypenosides from plant sources other than Panax ginseng (gypenoside XVII, gypenoside XLIX, stevenleaf) can also act as positive allosteric modulators of P2X7. We also investigated the effect of positive allosteric modulators on endogenous P2X7 in THP-1 monocytes and confirmed our findings in a calcium response assay. A cell viability assay showed potentiation of ATP-induced cell death with ginsenoside-CK in THP-1 and HEK-hP2X7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waraporn Piyasirananda
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Beekman
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - A Ganesan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Bidula
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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12
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Extracellular ATP: A Feasible Target for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112496. [PMID: 33212982 PMCID: PMC7698494 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the main biochemical components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), where it can promote tumor progression or tumor suppression depending on its concentration and on the specific ecto-nucleotidases and receptors expressed by immune and cancer cells. ATP can be released from cells via both specific and nonspecific pathways. A non-regulated release occurs from dying and damaged cells, whereas active release involves exocytotic granules, plasma membrane-derived microvesicles, specific ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and membrane channels (connexin hemichannels, pannexin 1 (PANX1), calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) and maxi-anion channels (MACs)). Extracellular ATP acts at P2 purinergic receptors, among which P2X7R is a key mediator of the final ATP-dependent biological effects. Over the years, P2 receptor- or ecto-nucleotidase-targeting for cancer therapy has been proposed and actively investigated, while comparatively fewer studies have explored the suitability of TME ATP as a target. In this review, we briefly summarize the available evidence suggesting that TME ATP has a central role in determining tumor fate and is, therefore, a suitable target for cancer therapy.
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Martínez-Cuesta MÁ, Blanch-Ruiz MA, Ortega-Luna R, Sánchez-López A, Álvarez Á. Structural and Functional Basis for Understanding the Biological Significance of P2X7 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228454. [PMID: 33182829 PMCID: PMC7696479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) possesses a unique structure associated to an as yet not fully understood mechanism of action that facilitates cell permeability to large ionic molecules through the receptor itself and/or nearby membrane proteins. High extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels—inexistent in physiological conditions—are required for the receptor to be triggered and contribute to its role in cell damage signaling. The inconsistent data on its activation pathways and the few studies performed in natively expressed human P2X7R have led us to review the structure, activation pathways, and specific cellular location of P2X7R in order to analyze its biological relevance. The ATP-gated P2X7R is a homo-trimeric receptor channel that is occasionally hetero-trimeric and highly polymorphic, with at least nine human splice variants. It is localized predominantly in the cellular membrane and has a characteristic plasticity due to an extended C-termini, which confers it the capacity of interacting with membrane structural compounds and/or intracellular signaling messengers to mediate flexible transduction pathways. Diverse drugs and a few endogenous molecules have been highlighted as extracellular allosteric modulators of P2X7R. Therefore, studies in human cells that constitutively express P2X7R need to investigate the precise endogenous mediator located nearby the activation/modulation domains of the receptor. Such research could help us understand the possible physiological ATP-mediated P2X7R homeostasis signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Martínez-Cuesta
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
- CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.M.-C.); (Á.Á.); Tel.: +34-963983716 (M.Á.M.-C.); +34-963864898 (Á.Á.)
| | - María Amparo Blanch-Ruiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Raquel Ortega-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Ainhoa Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.B.-R.); (R.O.-L.); (A.S.-L.)
- CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.M.-C.); (Á.Á.); Tel.: +34-963983716 (M.Á.M.-C.); +34-963864898 (Á.Á.)
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Alberto AVP, da Silva Ferreira NC, Soares RF, Alves LA. Molecular Modeling Applied to the Discovery of New Lead Compounds for P2 Receptors Based on Natural Sources. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:01221. [PMID: 33117147 PMCID: PMC7553047 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P2 receptors are a family of transmembrane receptors activated by nucleotides and nucleosides. Two classes have been described in mammals, P2X and P2Y, which are implicated in various diseases. Currently, only P2Y12 has medicines approved for clinical use as antiplatelet agents and natural products have emerged as a source of new drugs with action on P2 receptors due to the diversity of chemical structures. In drug discovery, in silico virtual screening (VS) techniques have become popular because they have numerous advantages, which include the evaluation of thousands of molecules against a target, usually proteins, faster and cheaper than classical high throughput screening (HTS). The number of studies using VS techniques has been growing in recent years and has led to the discovery of new molecules of natural origin with action on different P2X and P2Y receptors. Using different algorithms it is possible to obtain information on absorption, distribution, metabolism, toxicity, as well as predictions on biological activity and the lead-likeness of the selected hits. Selected biomolecules may then be tested by molecular dynamics and, if necessary, rationally designed or modified to improve their interaction for the target. The algorithms of these in silico tools are being improved to permit the precision development of new drugs and, in the future, this process will take the front of drug development against some central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Therefore, this review discusses the methodologies of in silico tools concerning P2 receptors, as well as future perspectives and discoveries, such as the employment of artificial intelligence in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anael Viana Pinto Alberto
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Ferreira Soares
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Anastacio Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Bibič L, Stokes L. Revisiting the Idea That Amyloid-β Peptide Acts as an Agonist for P2X7. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:166. [PMID: 33071753 PMCID: PMC7530339 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7) is a cell surface ligand-gated ion channel, activated by its physiological nucleotide agonist ATP and a synthetic analog (BzATP). However, it has also been suggested that there may be structurally unrelated, non-nucleotide agonists such as the amyloidogenic β peptide. Here we aimed to reassess the effect of amyloid β peptides in various in vitro cell models, namely HEK293 overexpressing human P2X7, the microglial BV-2 cell line, and BV-2 cells lacking P2X7. We measured YO-PRO-1 dye uptake in response to full-length amyloid β peptide (1-42) or the shorter amyloid β peptide (25-35) and there was a concentration-dependent increase in YO-PRO-1 dye uptake in HEK-hP2X7 cells. However, these amyloid β peptide-induced increases in YO-PRO-1 dye uptake were also identical in non-transfected HEK-293 cells. We could observe small transient increases in [Ca2+] i induced by amyloid β peptides in BV-2 cells, however these were identical in BV-2 cells lacking P2X7. Furthermore, our metabolic viability and LDH release experiments suggest no significant change in viability or cell membrane damage in HEK-hP2X7 cells. In the BV-2 cells we found that high concentrations of amyloid β peptides (1-42) and (25-35) could reduce cell viability by up to 35% but this was also seen in BV-2 cells lacking P2X7. We found no evidence of LDH release by amyloid β peptides. In summary, we found no evidence that amyloid β peptides act as agonists of P2X7 in our in vitro models. Our study raises the possibility that amyloid β peptides simply mimic features of P2X7 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lučka Bibič
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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16
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Stokes L, Bidula S, Bibič L, Allum E. To Inhibit or Enhance? Is There a Benefit to Positive Allosteric Modulation of P2X Receptors? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:627. [PMID: 32477120 PMCID: PMC7235284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of ligand-gated ion channels known as P2X receptors were discovered several decades ago. Since the cloning of the seven P2X receptors (P2X1-P2X7), a huge research effort has elucidated their roles in regulating a range of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Transgenic animals have been influential in understanding which P2X receptors could be new therapeutic targets for disease. Furthermore, understanding how inherited mutations can increase susceptibility to disorders and diseases has advanced this knowledge base. There has been an emphasis on the discovery and development of pharmacological tools to help dissect the individual roles of P2X receptors and the pharmaceutical industry has been involved in pushing forward clinical development of several lead compounds. During the discovery phase, a number of positive allosteric modulators have been described for P2X receptors and these have been useful in assigning physiological roles to receptors. This review will consider the major physiological roles of P2X1-P2X7 and discuss whether enhancement of P2X receptor activity would offer any therapeutic benefit. We will review what is known about identified compounds acting as positive allosteric modulators and the recent identification of drug binding pockets for such modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Bidula
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lučka Bibič
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Allum
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Bidula S, Dhuna K, Helliwell R, Stokes L. Positive allosteric modulation of P2X7 promotes apoptotic cell death over lytic cell death responses in macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:882. [PMID: 31767863 PMCID: PMC6877589 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 is an ATP-gated ion channel that is highly expressed by leukocytes, such as macrophages. Here, P2X7 has been demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of various cell death pathways; including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. However, cell death induction via P2X7 is complex and is reliant upon the nature of the stimulus, the duration of the stimulus, and the cell type investigated. Previous reports state that high extracellular ATP concentrations promote osmotic lysis, but whether positive allosteric modulation of P2X7 in the presence of lower concentrations of ATP condemns cells to the same fate is unknown. In this study, we compared cell death induced by high ATP concentrations, to cell death induced by compound K, a recently identified and potent positive allosteric modulator of P2X7. Based on our observations, we propose that high ATP concentrations induce early cell swelling, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, plasma membrane rupture, and LDH release. Conversely, positive allosteric modulation of P2X7 primarily promotes an intrinsic apoptosis pathway. This was characterised by an increase in mitochondrial Ca2+, accelerated production of mitochondrial ROS, loss of mitochondrial membrane permeability in a Bax-dependent manner, the potential involvement of caspase-1, and caspase-3, and significantly accelerated kinetics of caspase-3 activation. This study highlights the ability of positive allosteric modulators to calibrate P2X7-dependent cell death pathways and may have important implications in modulating the antimicrobial immune response and in the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bidula
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kshitija Dhuna
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Ray Helliwell
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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