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Lee J, Shon Y, Kwon Y, Kyhm JH, Kim DY, Kang JH, Park CS, Lee KS, Kim EK. Effects of Thermal Annealing on Optical and Microscopic Ferromagnetic Properties in InZnP:Ag Nano-Rods. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4200. [PMID: 36500823 PMCID: PMC9740445 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
InZnP:Ag nano-rods fabricated by the ion milling method were thermally annealed in the 250~350 °C temperature range and investigated the optimum thermal annealing conditions to further understand the mutual correlation between the optical properties and the microscopic magnetic properties. The formation of InZnP:Ag nano-rods was determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM), total reflectivity and Raman scattering analyses. The downward shifts of peak position for LO and TO modes in the Raman spectrum are indicative of the production of Ag ion-induced strain during the annealing process of the InZnP:Ag nano-rod samples. The appearance of two emission peaks of both (A0 X) and (e, Ag) in the PL spectrum indicated that acceptor states by Ag diffusion are visible due to the effective incorporation of Ag-creating acceptor states. The binding energy between the acceptor and the exciton measured as a function of temperature was found to be 21.2 meV for the sample annealed at 300 °C. The noticeable MFM image contrast and the clear change in the MFM phase with the scanning distance indicate the formation of the ferromagnetic spin coupling interaction on the surface of InZnP:Ag nano-rods by Ag diffusion. This study suggests that the InZnP:Ag nano-rods should be a potential candidate for the application of spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Lee
- Quantum-Functional Semiconductor Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Shon
- Quantum-Functional Semiconductor Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghae Kwon
- Quantum-Functional Semiconductor Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kyhm
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14 gil, Seoungbuk-ku, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
| | - Deuk Young Kim
- Quantum-Functional Semiconductor Research Center, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hyun Kang
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Park
- Department of Applied Physics, Kyung Hee University, Yong-In 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Su Lee
- Quantum-Function Research Laboratory and Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyu Kim
- Quantum-Function Research Laboratory and Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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Singh B, Ravishankar R, Otálora JA, Soldatov I, Schäfer R, Karnaushenko D, Neu V, Schmidt OG. Direct imaging of nanoscale field-driven domain wall oscillations in Landau structures. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13667-13678. [PMID: 36082910 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03351h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Linear oscillatory motion of domain walls (DWs) in the kHz and MHz regime is crucial when realizing precise magnetic field sensors such as giant magnetoimpedance devices. Numerous magnetically active defects lead to pinning of the DWs during their motion, affecting the overall behavior. Thus, the direct monitoring of the domain wall's oscillatory behavior is an important step to comprehend the underlying micromagnetic processes and to improve the magnetoresistive performance of these devices. Here, we report an imaging approach to investigate such DW dynamics with nanoscale spatial resolution employing conventional table-top microscopy techniques. Time-averaged magnetic force microscopy and Kerr imaging methods are applied to quantify the DW oscillations in Ni81Fe19 rectangular structures with Landau domain configuration and are complemented by numeric micromagnetic simulations. We study the oscillation amplitude as a function of external magnetic field strength, frequency, magnetic structure size, thickness and anisotropy and understand the excited DW behavior as a forced damped harmonic oscillator with restoring force being influenced by the geometry, thickness, and anisotropy of the Ni81Fe19 structure. This approach offers new possibilities for the analysis of DW motion at elevated frequencies and at a spatial resolution of well below 100 nm in various branches of nanomagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balram Singh
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rachappa Ravishankar
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jorge A Otálora
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, Casilla 1280, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Ivan Soldatov
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Rudolf Schäfer
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Volker Neu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany.
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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Guo S, Henschel M, Wolf D, Pohl D, Lubk A, Blon T, Neu V, Leistner K. Size-Specific Magnetic Configurations in Electrodeposited Epitaxial Iron Nanocuboids: From Landau Pattern to Vortex and Single Domain States. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4006-4012. [PMID: 35533100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the size of magnetic devices continuously decreases, the creation of three-dimensional nanomagnets and the understanding of their magnetic configurations become increasingly important for modern applications. Here, by progressive nucleation during epitaxial nanoelectrodeposition, we synthesize single-crystal iron nanocuboids with sizes ranging 10 to 200 nm on one sample. The size-dependent magnetic configurations of these nanocuboids are studied by quantitative magnetic force microscopy and electron holography. In conjunction, a "magnetic configuration versus size" phase diagram is established via micromagnetic simulations. Both experiment and theory reveal a sequential transition from Landau pattern to vortex and finally single domain when decreasing the sizes of the nanocuboids. The combinatorial-like approach leads to a quantitative understanding of the magnetic configurations of the nanomagnets in a broad size range. It can be transferred to other materials and shapes and thereby presents an advanced route to enrich the material library for future nanodevice design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darius Pohl
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Lubk
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Blon
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO,135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Volker Neu
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karin Leistner
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Electrochemical Sensors and Energy Storage, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, TU Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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Magnetic Functionalization of Scanning Probes by Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition Technology. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of nanostructures with high resolution and precise control of the deposition site makes Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID) a unique nanolithography process. In the case of magnetic materials, apart from the FEBID potential in standard substrates for multiple applications in data storage and logic, the use of this technology for the growth of nanomagnets on different types of scanning probes opens new paths in magnetic sensing, becoming a benchmark for magnetic functionalization. This work reviews the recent advances in the integration of FEBID magnetic nanostructures onto cantilevers to produce advanced magnetic sensing devices with unprecedented performance.
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Synthetic Data in Quantitative Scanning Probe Microscopy. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071746. [PMID: 34361132 PMCID: PMC8308173 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic data are of increasing importance in nanometrology. They can be used for development of data processing methods, analysis of uncertainties and estimation of various measurement artefacts. In this paper we review methods used for their generation and the applications of synthetic data in scanning probe microscopy, focusing on their principles, performance, and applicability. We illustrate the benefits of using synthetic data on different tasks related to development of better scanning approaches and related to estimation of reliability of data processing methods. We demonstrate how the synthetic data can be used to analyse systematic errors that are common to scanning probe microscopy methods, either related to the measurement principle or to the typical data processing paths.
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Eguía-Eguía SI, Gildo-Ortiz L, Pérez-González M, Tomas SA, Arenas-Alatorre JA, Santoyo-Salazar J. Magnetic domains orientation in (Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles coated by Gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd3+-DTPA). NANO EXPRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ac0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, the magnetic domains (MDs) orientation was evaluated from magnetite/maghemite nanoparticles (Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3) NPs coated with Gadolinium (Gd3+) chelated with diethylenetriamine pentaacetate acid (Gd–DTPA). The (Fe3O4/γ–Fe2O3) superparamagnetic cores were configured by adding a DTPA organic layer and paramagnetic Gd as (Fe3O4/γ–Fe2O3)@Gd–DTPA NPs. The cores were obtained by coprecipitation and coated with additional modifications to the synthesis with Gd–DTPA. Analysis of properties showed that particles 9–12 nm, with Gd–DTPA layer thickness ∼10 nm increased their magnetisation from 62.72 to 75.82 emu/g. The result showed that the structure, particle size, composition, thickness and interface defects, as well as the anisotropy, play an important role in MDs orientation of (Fe3O4/γ–Fe2O3)@Gd–DTPA NPs. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) analysis showed an MDs uniaxial orientation of 90° at magnetisation and disorder at zero conditions and demagnetisation. The MDs interactions showed uniaxial anisotropy defined in the direction of the magnetic field. These addressable and rotational features could be considered for potential applications to induce hydrogen proton alignment in water by longitudinal spin-lattice relaxation T
1 and transversal spin-spin relaxation T
2 as a dual contrast agent and as a theranostic trigger.
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Fernández Scarioni A, Barton C, Corte-León H, Sievers S, Hu X, Ajejas F, Legrand W, Reyren N, Cros V, Kazakova O, Schumacher HW. Thermoelectric Signature of Individual Skyrmions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:077202. [PMID: 33666484 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.077202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally study the thermoelectrical signature of individual skyrmions in chiral Pt/Co/Ru multilayers. Using a combination of controlled nucleation, single skyrmion annihilation, and magnetic field dependent measurements the thermoelectric signature of individual skyrmions is characterized. The observed signature is explained by the anomalous Nernst effect of the skyrmion's spin structure. Possible topological contributions to the observed thermoelectrical signature are discussed. Such thermoelectrical characterization allows for noninvasive detection and counting of skyrmions and enables fundamental studies of topological thermoelectric effects on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Barton
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW110LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sibylle Sievers
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Xiukun Hu
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Fernando Ajejas
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - William Legrand
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Nicolas Reyren
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Vincent Cros
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW110LW, United Kingdom
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Corte-León H, Neu V, Manzin A, Barton C, Tang Y, Gerken M, Klapetek P, Schumacher HW, Kazakova O. Comparison and Validation of Different Magnetic Force Microscopy Calibration Schemes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906144. [PMID: 32037728 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The future of consumer electronics depends on the capability to reliably fabricate nanostructures with given physical properties. Therefore, techniques to characterize materials and devices with nanoscale resolution are crucial. Among these is magnetic force microscopy (MFM), which transduces the magnetic force between the sample and a magnetic oscillating probe into a phase shift, enabling the locally resolved study of magnetic field patterns down to 10 nm. Here, the progress done toward making quantitative MFM a common tool in nanocharacterization laboratories is shown. The reliability and ease of use of the calibration method based on a magnetic reference sample, with a calculable stray field, and a deconvolution algorithm is demonstrated. This is achieved by comparing two calibration approaches combined with numerical modeling as a quantitative link: measuring the probe's effect on the voltage signal when scanning above a nanosized graphene Hall sensor, and recording the MFM phase shift signal when the probe scans across magnetic fields produced by metallic microcoils. Furthermore, in the case of the deconvolution algorithm, it is shown how it can be applied using the open-source software package Gwyddion. The estimated magnetic dipole approximation for the most common probes currently in the market is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Corte-León
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Volker Neu
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Craig Barton
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Yuanjun Tang
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Gerken
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, D-38116, Germany
| | - Petr Klapetek
- Department of Nanometrology, Czech Metrology Institute Okružní 31, 638 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
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