1
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Zhang R, Chen Y, Wang W, Chen J, Liu D, Zhang L, Xiang Q, Zhao K, Ma M, Yu X, Chen Q, Penttinen P, Gu Y. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed that pH changes affected the expression of carbohydrate and ribosome biogenesis-related genes in Aspergillus niger SICU-33. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1389268. [PMID: 38962137 PMCID: PMC11220263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1389268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of carbohydrate metabolism and genetic information transfer is an important part of the study on the effects of the external environment on microbial growth and development. As one of the most significant environmental parameters, pH has an important effect on mycelial growth. In this study, the effects of environmental pH on the growth and nutrient composition of Aspergillus niger (A. niger) filaments were determined. The pH values of the medium were 5, 7, and 9, respectively, and the molecular mechanism was further investigated by transcriptomics and metabolomics methods. The results showed that pH 5 and 9 significantly inhibited filament growth and polysaccharide accumulation of A. niger. Further, the mycelium biomass of A. niger and the crude polysaccharide content was higher when the medium's pH was 7. The DEGs related to ribosome biogenesis were the most abundant, and the downregulated expression of genes encoding XRN1, RRM, and RIO1 affected protein translation, modification, and carbohydrate metabolism in fungi. The dynamic changes of pargyline and choline were in response to the oxidative metabolism of A. niger SICU-33. The ribophorin_I enzymes and DL-lactate may be important substances related to pH changes during carbohydrate metabolism of A.niger SICU-33. The results of this study provide useful transcriptomic and metabolomic information for further analyzing the bioinformatic characteristics of A. niger and improving the application in ecological agricultural fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runji Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxian Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Liangshan Tobacco Corporation of Sichuan Province, Xichang, China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Liangshan Tobacco Corporation of Sichuan Province, Xichang, China
| | - Lingzi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanju Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Menggen Ma
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Petri Penttinen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Salvatori N, Moreno M, Zotti M, Iuorio A, Cartenì F, Bonanomi G, Mazzoleni S, Giannino F. Process based modelling of plants-fungus interactions explains fairy ring types and dynamics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19918. [PMID: 37963907 PMCID: PMC10646123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many mushroom-forming fungi can develop circular colonies affecting the vegetation in a phenomenon named fairy rings. Since the nineteenth century, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain how fairy ring fungi form ring-like shapes instead of disks and why they produce negative or positive effects on the surrounding vegetation. In this context, we present a novel process-based mathematical model aimed at reproducing the mycelial spatial configuration of fairy rings and test different literature-supported hypotheses explaining the suppressive and stimulating effects of fungi on plants. Simulations successfully reproduced the shape of fairy rings through the accumulation of fungal self-inhibitory compounds. Moreover, regarding the negative effects of fungi on vegetation, results suggest that fungal-induced soil hydrophobicity is sufficient to reproduce all observed types of fairy rings, while the potential production of phytotoxins is not. In relation to the positive effects of fungi on plants, results show that the release of phytostimulants is needed to reproduce the vegetation patterns associated to some fairy ring types. Model outputs can guide future experiments and field work to corroborate the considered hypotheses and provide more information for further model improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Salvatori
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
- 1DI4A, Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Moreno
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zotti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Iuorio
- Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Parthenope University of Naples, Department of Engineering, Centro Direzionale-Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cartenì
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
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3
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Kotajima M, Choi JH, Suzuki H, Suzuki T, Wu J, Hirai H, Nelson DC, Ouchi H, Inai M, Dohra H, Kawagishi H. Identification of Biosynthetic and Metabolic Genes of 2-Azahypoxanthine in Lepista sordida Based on Transcriptomic Analysis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:710-718. [PMID: 36802627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
2-Azahypoxanthine was isolated from the fairy ring-forming fungus Lepista sordida as a fairy ring-inducing compound. 2-Azahypoxanthine has an unprecedented 1,2,3-triazine moiety, and its biosynthetic pathway is unknown. The biosynthetic genes for 2-azahypoxanthine formation in L. sordida were predicted by a differential gene expression analysis using MiSeq. The results revealed that several genes in the purine and histidine metabolic pathways and the arginine biosynthetic pathway are involved in the biosynthesis of 2-azahypoxanthine. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) was produced by recombinant NO synthase 5 (rNOS5), suggesting that NOS5 can be the enzyme involved in the formation of 1,2,3-triazine. The gene encoding hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), one of the major phosphoribosyltransferases of purine metabolism, increased when 2-azahypoxanthine content was the highest. Therefore, we hypothesized that HGPRT might catalyze a reversible reaction between 2-azahypoxanthine and 2-azahypoxanthine-ribonucleotide. We proved the endogenous existence of 2-azahypoxanthine-ribonucleotide in L. sordida mycelia by LC-MS/MS for the first time. Furthermore, it was shown that recombinant HGPRT catalyzed reversible interconversion between 2-azahypoxanthine and 2-azahypoxanthine-ribonucleotide. These findings demonstrate that HGPRT can be involved in the biosynthesis of 2-azahypoxanthine via 2-azahypoxanthine-ribonucleotide generated by NOS5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | | | | | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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4
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Kotajima M, Choi JH, Suzuki T, Wu J, Hirai H, Nelson DC, Ouchi H, Inai M, Dohra H, Kawagishi H. The role of xanthine dioxygenase in the biosynthetic pathway of 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine of Lepista sordida. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:420-425. [PMID: 36756780 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
2-Azahypoxanthine (AHX) and 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine (AOH), discovered as causal substances of fairy rings are known to be endogenous in the fairy ring-forming Lepista sordida. In this study, we showed that xanthine dioxygenase, an a-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, might catalyze the conversion of AHX to AOH in the fungus. Furthermore, this enzyme is the first reported molybdopterin-independent protein of hypoxanthine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaya Kotajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Jing Wu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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5
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Metabarcoding and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Mechanisms of Leymus chinensis Growth Promotion by Fairy Ring of Leucocalocybe mongolica. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090944. [PMID: 36135669 PMCID: PMC9505569 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fairy rings are a unique ecological phenomenon caused by the growth of the fungal mycelium in the soil. Fairy rings formed by Leucocalocybe mongolica (LM) are generally distributed in the Mongolian Plateau, where they promote plant growth without fertilization and alleviate fertilizer use. We previously investigated the soil factors regulating growth promotion in a fairy ring ecosystem; however, the aspects of the plant (Leymus chinensis, LC) that promote growth have not been explored. Therefore, the present study investigated the endophyte diversity and metabolome of LC in an LM fairy ring ecosystem. We analyzed the leaf and root samples of LC from the DARK (FR) and OUT (CK) zones. The fairy rings significantly improved the fungal diversity of roots and leaves and the bacterial diversity of leaves in the FR zone. Ralstonia was the dominant bacteria detected in the LC leaves. In addition, Marasmius, another fairy ring fungal genus, was also detected with a high abundance in the roots of the FR zone. Furthermore, widely targeted metabolome analysis combined with KEGG annotation identified 1011 novel metabolites from the leaves and roots of LC and seven pathways significantly regulated by the fairy ring in the FR zone. The fairy ring ecosystem significantly downregulated the flavonoid metabolism in the leaves and roots of LC. The correlation analysis found Ralstonia is a potential regulatory factor of flavonoid biosynthesis in LC. In addition, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were found upregulated in the leaves, probably related to Marasmius enrichment. Thus, the study details plant factors associated with enhanced growth in an LM fairy ring ecosystem. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for developing the fairy ring ecosystem in an agricultural system.
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6
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Soil Chemical Properties, Metabolome, and Metabarcoding Give the New Insights into the Soil Transforming Process of Fairy Ring Fungi Leucocalocybe mongolica. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070680. [PMID: 35887438 PMCID: PMC9324422 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique ecological landscape distributed in the Mongolian Plateau, called fairy rings, caused by the growth of the fungus Leucocalocybe mongolica (LM) in the soil could promote plant growth without fertilization. Therefore, this landscape can alleviate fertilizer use and has excellent value for agricultural production. The previous studies only investigated several parameters of the fairy rings, such as soil microbial diversity and some soil chemical properties, thus conclusions based on the studies on fairy rings lack comprehension. Therefore, the present study systematically investigated the chemical properties, metabolome, and metabarcoding of LM-transformed soil. We analyzed fairy ring soils from DARK (FR) and OUT (CK) zone correlated growth promotion with ten soil chemical properties, including N, nitrate-N, inorganic-P, cellulose, available boron, available sulfur, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, which were identified as important markers to screen fairy ring landscapes. Metabolomics showed that the accumulation of 17 carbohydrate-dominated metabolites was closely associated with plant growth promotion. Finally, metabarcoding detected fungi as the main components affecting soil conversion. Among the various fungi at the family level, Lasiosphaeriaceae, unidentified_Auriculariales_sp, and Herpotrichiellaceae were markers to screen fairy ring. Our study is novel and systematically reveals the fairy ring soil ecology and lists the key factors promoting plant growth. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for developing the fairy ring landscape in an agricultural system.
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7
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Choi JH, Suzuki T, Ono A, Kotajima M, Tanaka Y, Suzuki T, Kawagishi H, Dohra H. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the fairy ring-forming fungus Lepista sordida. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:712-714. [PMID: 35493712 PMCID: PMC9045758 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2067496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepista sordida is a fairy ring-forming fungus that belongs to the family Tricholomataceae and is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. sordida. The mitochondrial genome (57,375 bp) contained 20 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 26 transfer RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 14 conserved protein sequences from L. sordida and 15 related basidiomycetes showed that L. sordida was located on the outermost branch of the Tricholomataceae clade. This study is the first to report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a fairy ring-forming fungus belonging to the genus Lepista.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Choi
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Japan.,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Akiko Ono
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Mihaya Kotajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Japan.,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Japan.,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Japan
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8
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Ito A, Choi JH, Yokoyama-Maruyama W, Kotajima M, Wu J, Suzuki T, Terashima Y, Suzuki H, Hirai H, Nelson DC, Tsunematsu Y, Watanabe K, Asakawa T, Ouchi H, Inai M, Dohra H, Kawagishi H. 1,2,3-Triazine formation mechanism of the fairy chemical 2-azahypoxanthine in the fairy ring-forming fungus Lepista sordida. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2636-2642. [PMID: 35293930 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Azahypoxanthine (AHX) was first isolated from the culture broth of the fungus Lepista sordida as a fairy ring-inducing compound. It has since been found that a large number of plants and mushrooms produce AHX endogenously and that AHX has beneficial effects on plant growth. The AHX molecule has an unusual, nitrogen-rich 1,2,3-triazine moiety of unknown biosynthetic origin. Here, we establish the biosynthetic pathway for AHX formation in L. sordida. Our results reveal that the key nitrogen sources that are responsible for the 1,2,3-triazine formation are reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are derived from nitric oxide (NO) produced by NO synthase (NOS). Furthermore, RNS are also involved in the biochemical conversion of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate (AICAR) to AHX-ribotide (AHXR), suggesting that a novel biosynthetic route that produces AHX exists in the fungus. These findings demonstrate a physiological role for NOS in AHX biosynthesis as well as in biosynthesis of other natural products containing a nitrogen-nitrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan. .,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan. .,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.,Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Waki Yokoyama-Maruyama
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Mihaya Kotajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Jing Wu
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Minemachi, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yurika Terashima
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Hyogo Suzuki
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan. .,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.,Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Asakawa
- Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.,Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan. .,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.,Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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9
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Ouchi H, Namiki T, Iwamoto K, Matsuzaki N, Inai M, Kotajima M, Wu J, Choi JH, Kimura Y, Hirai H, Xie X, Kawagishi H, Kan T. S-Adenosylhomocysteine Analogue of a Fairy Chemical, Imidazole-4-carboxamide, as its Metabolite in Rice and Yeast and Synthetic Investigations of Related Compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:453-458. [PMID: 33480692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the course of our investigations of fairy chemicals (FCs), we found S-ICAr-H (8a), as a metabolite of imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA) in rice and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In order to determine its absolute configuration, an efficient synthetic method of 8a was developed. This synthetic strategy was applicable to the preparation of analogues of 8a that might be biologically very important, such as S-ICAr-M (9), S-AICAr-H (10), and S-AICAr-M (11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ouchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takuya Namiki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Iwamoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nobuo Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mihaya Kotajima
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jing Wu
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yoko Kimura
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirai
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Xiaonan Xie
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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10
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Suzuki T. Genetic sequence analysis and characterization of bioactive compounds in mushroom-forming fungi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:8-12. [PMID: 33577662 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mushroom-forming fungi produce unique bioactive compounds that have potential applications as medicines, supplements, and agrochemicals. Thus, it is necessary to clarify the biosynthetic pathways of these compounds using genome and transcriptome analyses. This review introduces some of our research on bioactive compounds isolated from mushrooms, as well as genetic analysis with next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
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11
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Ito A, Choi JH, Takemura H, Kotajima M, Wu J, Tokuyama S, Hirai H, Asakawa T, Ouchi H, Inai M, Kan T, Kawagishi H. Biosynthesis of the Fairy Chemicals, 2-Azahypoxanthine and Imidazole-4-carboxamide, in the Fairy Ring-Forming Fungus Lepista sordida. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2469-2476. [PMID: 32786881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fairy rings resulting from a fungus-plant interaction appear worldwide. 2-Azahypoxanthine (AHX) and imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA) were first isolated from the culture broth of one of the fairy ring-forming fungi, Lepista sordida. Afterward, a common metabolite of AHX in plants, 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine (AOH), was found in AHX-treated rice. The biosynthetic pathway of the three compounds that are named as fairy chemicals (FCs) in plants has been partially elucidated; however, that in mushrooms remains unknown. In this study, it was revealed that the carbon skeletons of AHX and ICA were constructed from Gly in L. sordida mycelia and the fungus metabolized 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) to both of the compounds. These results indicated that FCs were biosynthesized by a diversion of the purine metabolic pathway in L. sordida mycelia, similar to that in plants. Furthermore, we showed that recombinant adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) catalyzed reversible interconversion not only between 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate (AICAR) and AICA but also between ICA-ribotide (ICAR) and ICA. Furthermore, the presence of ICAR in L. sordida mycelia was proven for the first time by LC-MS/MS detection, and this study provided the first report that there was a novel metabolic pathway of ICA in which its ribotide was an intermediate in the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Ito
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | | | - Hirohide Takemura
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tomohiro Asakawa
- Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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12
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Huang X, Zhang R, Qiu Y, Wu H, Xiang Q, Yu X, Zhao K, Zhang X, Chen Q, Penttinen P, Gu Y. RNA-seq Profiling Showed Divergent Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes) Expression Patterns in Lentinula edodes at Brown Film Formation Stage Under Blue Light Induction. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1044. [PMID: 32536907 PMCID: PMC7267012 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) is one of the most important edible mushrooms worldwide. The L. edodes cultivation cycle includes a unique developing stage called brown film formation that directly affects the development of primordium and the quality of fruiting body. Brown film formation is induced by light, especially blue light. To promote our understanding of the role of blue light in brown film formation mechanisms of L. edodes, we used RNA-seq and compared the transcriptomes of L. edodes grown under blue light and in dark, and validated the expression profiles using qRT-PCR. Blue light stimulated the formation of brown film and increased the content of polysaccharides in L. edodes. Blue light also promoted L. edodes to absorb more polysaccharides by enhancing the activities of enzymes. Among the 730 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 433 genes were up-regulated and 297 were down-regulated. Most of the DEGs were in the oxidoreductase activity group. Pentose and glucuronic acid conversion and starch and sucrose metabolism were the most important pathways in the formation of brown film. A total of 79 genes of DEGs were identified as genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Fifty-one of the CAZymes genes were up-regulated, suggesting that CAZymes play important roles in brown film formation to provide sufficient nutrition for L. edodes. The results will facilitate future functional investigations of the genes involved in the developmental control of L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Huang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Runji Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijie Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibing Wu
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Mianyang Academy of Agricultural University, Mianyang, China
| | - Quanju Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Petri Penttinen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Choi JH, Matsuzaki N, Wu J, Kotajima M, Hirai H, Kondo M, Asakawa T, Inai M, Ouchi H, Kan T, Kawagishi H. Ribosides and Ribotide of a Fairy Chemical, Imidazole-4-carboxamide, as Its Metabolites in Rice. Org Lett 2019; 21:7841-7845. [PMID: 31518147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA) in plants has been unknown. Two metabolites (1 and 2) were isolated from ICA-treated rice, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis including the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique and synthesis. The ribotide of ICA (3), whose existence was predicted, was also synthesized and detected from the treated rice by LC-MS/MS. These results indicated that rice might interconvert ICA, 1, and 3 to regulate the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Choi
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan.,Research Institute of Green Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Nobuo Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Jing Wu
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Mihaya Kotajima
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirai
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan.,Research Institute of Green Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kondo
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Asakawa
- Tokai University Institute of Innovative Science and Technology , 4-1-1 Kitakaname , Hiratsuka City , Kanagawa 259-1292 , Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan.,Research Institute of Green Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
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