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Garifo S, Vangijzegem T, Stanicki D, Laurent S. A Review on the Design of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as MRI Contrast Agents. Molecules 2024; 29:1639. [PMID: 38611919 PMCID: PMC11013788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The administration of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) has been conducted since 1988 by clinicians to enhance the clarity and interpretability of MR images. CAs based on gadolinium chelates are the clinical standard used worldwide for the diagnosis of various pathologies, such as the detection of brain lesions, the visualization of blood vessels, and the assessment of soft tissue disorders. However, due to ongoing concerns associated with the safety of gadolinium-based contrast agents, considerable efforts have been directed towards developing contrast agents with better relaxivities, reduced toxicity, and eventually combined therapeutic modalities. In this context, grafting (or encapsulating) paramagnetic metals or chelates onto (within) carbon-based nanoparticles is a straightforward approach enabling the production of contrast agents with high relaxivities while providing extensive tuneability regarding the functionalization of the nanoparticles. Here, we provide an overview of the parameters defining the efficacy of lanthanide-based contrast agents and the subsequent developments in the field of nanoparticular-based contrast agents incorporating paramagnetic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garifo
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Thomas Vangijzegem
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Dimitri Stanicki
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Sophie Laurent
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.S.)
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 8 Rue Adrienne Boland, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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2
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Tegafaw T, Liu S, Ahmad MY, Ali Al Saidi AK, Zhao D, Liu Y, Yue H, Nam SW, Chang Y, Lee GH. Production, surface modification, physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and bioimaging applications of nanodiamonds. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32381-32397. [PMID: 37928839 PMCID: PMC10623544 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06837d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (ND) are chemically inert and stable owing to their sp3 covalent bonding structure, but their surface sp2 graphitic carbons can be easily homogenized with diverse functional groups via oxidation, reduction, hydrogenation, amination, and halogenation. Further surface conjugation of NDs with hydrophilic ligands can boost their colloidal stability and functionality. In addition, NDs are non-toxic as they are made of carbons. They exhibit stable fluorescence without photobleaching. They also possess paramagnetic and ferromagnetic properties, making them suitable for use as a new type of fluorescence imaging (FI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe. In this review, we focused on recently developed ND production methods, surface homogenization and functionalization methods, biocompatibilities, and biomedical imaging applications as FI and MRI probes. Finally, we discussed future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirusew Tegafaw
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Mohammad Yaseen Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Abdullah Khamis Ali Al Saidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Dejun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Huan Yue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Sung-Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41944 South Korea +82-53-420-5471
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41944 South Korea +82-53-420-5471
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
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3
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Zandieh M, Liu J. Metal-Mediated DNA Adsorption on Carboxylated, Hydroxylated, and Hydrogenated Nanodiamonds. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11596-11602. [PMID: 37552885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their quantum properties and versatility in biological applications. In this study, we systematically investigated the adsorption of DNA oligonucleotides onto NDs with three types of surface groups: carboxylated (COOH-), hydroxylated (OH-), and hydrogenated (H-). Among them, only the H-NDs showed fluorescence quenching property that is useful for real-time DNA adsorption kinetic studies. The effect of common metal ions on DNA adsorption was studied. In the presence of Na+, the order of DNA adsorption efficiency was H- > OH- > COOH-, whereas all the NDs showed a similar DNA adsorption efficiency in the presence of divalent metal ions such as Ca2+ and Zn2+. Desorption studies revealed that hydrogen bonding and metal-mediated interactions were dominant for the adsorption of DNA, and the H-NDs exhibited extraordinarily tight DNA adsorption. Finally, a fluorescently labeled DNA was adsorbed on NDs for DNA detection, and the COOH-NDs had the highest target specificity, and a detection limit of 1.4 nM was achieved. This study indicates the feasibility of using metal ions to mediate the physical adsorption of DNA to NDs and compares various NDs with graphene oxide for fundamental understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Zandieh
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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4
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Saul P, Schröder L, Schmidt AB, Hövener JB. Nanomaterials for hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1879. [PMID: 36781151 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials play an important role in the development and application of hyperpolarized materials for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this context they can not only act as hyperpolarized materials which are directly imaged but also play a role as carriers for hyperpolarized gases and catalysts for para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) to generate hyperpolarized substrates for metabolic imaging. Those three application possibilities are discussed, focusing on carbon-based materials for the directly imaged particles. An overview over recent developments in all three fields is given, including the early developments in each field as well as important steps towards applications in MRI, such as making the initially developed methods more biocompatible and first imaging experiments with spatial resolution in either phantoms or in vivo studies. Focusing on the important features nanomaterials need to display to be applicable in the MRI context, a wide range of different approaches to that extent is covered, giving the reader a general idea of different possibilities as well as recent developments in those different fields of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Saul
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Division of Translational Molecular Imaging, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas B Schmidt
- Intergrative Biosciences (Ibio), Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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5
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Eills J, Hale W, Utz M. Synergies between Hyperpolarized NMR and Microfluidics: A Review. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 128:44-69. [PMID: 35282869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance and lab-on-a-chip microfluidics are two dynamic, but until recently quite distinct, fields of research. Recent developments in both areas increased their synergistic overlap. By microfluidic integration, many complex experimental steps can be brought together onto a single platform. Microfluidic devices are therefore increasingly finding applications in medical diagnostics, forensic analysis, and biomedical research. In particular, they provide novel and powerful ways to culture cells, cell aggregates, and even functional models of entire organs. Nuclear magnetic resonance is a non-invasive, high-resolution spectroscopic technique which allows real-time process monitoring with chemical specificity. It is ideally suited for observing metabolic and other biological and chemical processes in microfluidic systems. However, its intrinsically low sensitivity has limited its application. Recent advances in nuclear hyperpolarization techniques may change this: under special circumstances, it is possible to enhance NMR signals by up to 5 orders of magnitude, which dramatically extends the utility of NMR in the context of microfluidic systems. Hyperpolarization requires complex chemical and/or physical manipulations, which in turn may benefit from microfluidic implementation. In fact, many hyperpolarization methodologies rely on processes that are more efficient at the micro-scale, such as molecular diffusion, penetration of electromagnetic radiation into a sample, or restricted molecular mobility on a surface. In this review we examine the confluence between the fields of hyperpolarization-enhanced NMR and microfluidics, and assess how these areas of research have mutually benefited one another, and will continue to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute for Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55090 Mainz, Germany; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - William Hale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Ajoy A, Sarkar A, Druga E, Zangara P, Pagliero D, Meriles CA, Reimer JA. Low-field microwave-mediated optical hyperpolarization in optically pumped diamond. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 331:107021. [PMID: 34563333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a new class of optically polarizable electronic spins in diamond, nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect centers, has opened interesting new avenues for dynamic nuclear polarization. Here we review methods for the room-temperature hyperpolarization of lattice 13C nuclei using optically pumped NV centers, focusing particular attention to a polarization transfer via rotating-frame level anti-crossings. We describe special features of this optical DNP mechanism at low-field, in particular, its deployability to randomly oriented diamond nanoparticles. In addition, we detail methods for indirectly obtaining high-resolution NV ESR spectra via hyperpolarization readout. These mechanistic features provide perspectives for interesting new applications exploiting the optically generated 13C hyperpolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - E Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - P Zangara
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, and CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D Pagliero
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - C A Meriles
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - J A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Masys ŠN, Jonauskas V, Rinkevicius Z. Electronic g-Tensor Calculations for Dangling Bonds in Nanodiamonds. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8249-8260. [PMID: 34507490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronic g-tensor calculations are performed for dangling bonds (DBs) introduced into nanodiamonds (NDs) with four different functional groups on their surfaces. For hydrogenated and fluorinated NDs, it is found that g-shifts of the latter vary in a much wider range, and the same is also true for the total energy differences between the highest and the lowest energy DBs. In addition, it is shown that the shape of NDs significantly impacts the energetics and g-shifts of DBs, whereas the influence of the size is much less pronounced, as is the influence of the presence of one DB in the vicinity of the other, resulting in no substantial change on their magnetic behavior. For hydroxylated and aminated NDs, it is demonstrated that the variation range of g-shifts is larger for the former, whereas the opposite is seen regarding the total energy differences. On the whole, some of the positions of DBs can be energetically very costly in these NDs; besides, the lowest energy DBs are irregular, that is, formed by OH- and NH2-bonded C atoms, contrasting with hydrogenated and fluorinated NDs, for which irregular DBs are the most energetically unfavorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šaru Nas Masys
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Valdas Jonauskas
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Zilvinas Rinkevicius
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Lv X, Walton JH, Druga E, Wang F, Aguilar A, McKnelly T, Nazaryan R, Liu FL, Wu L, Shenderova O, Vigneron DB, Meriles CA, Reimer JA, Pines A, Ajoy A. Background-free dual-mode optical and 13C magnetic resonance imaging in diamond particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023579118. [PMID: 34001612 PMCID: PMC8166172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023579118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal imaging-the ability to acquire images of an object through more than one imaging mode simultaneously-has opened additional perspectives in areas ranging from astronomy to medicine. In this paper, we report progress toward combining optical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in such a "dual" imaging mode. They are attractive in combination because they offer complementary advantages of resolution and speed, especially in the context of imaging in scattering environments. Our approach relies on a specific material platform, microdiamond particles hosting nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect centers that fluoresce brightly under optical excitation and simultaneously "hyperpolarize" lattice [Formula: see text] nuclei, making them bright under MR imaging. We highlight advantages of dual-mode optical and MR imaging in allowing background-free particle imaging and describe regimes in which either mode can enhance the other. Leveraging the fact that the two imaging modes proceed in Fourier-reciprocal domains (real and k-space), we propose a sampling protocol that accelerates image reconstruction in sparse-imaging scenarios. Our work suggests interesting possibilities for the simultaneous optical and low-field MR imaging of targeted diamond nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Lv
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jeffrey H Walton
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Tommy McKnelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Raffi Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Fanglin Linda Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, City University of New York-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
- City University of New York Graduate Center, City University of New York-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
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9
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Room Temperature Magnetic Memory Effect in Nanodiamond/γ-Fe 2O 3 Composites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030648. [PMID: 33800010 PMCID: PMC8001642 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a room temperature magnetic memory effect (RT-MME) from magnetic nanodiamond (MND) (ND)/γ-Fe2O3 nanocomposites. The detailed crystal structural analysis of the diluted MND was performed by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, revealing the composite nature of MND having 99 and 1% weight fraction ND and γ-Fe2O3 phases, respectively. The magnetic measurements carried out using a DC SQUID magnetometer show the non-interacting superparamagnetic nature of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles in MND have a wide distribution in the blocking temperature. Using different temperature, field, and time relaxation protocols, the memory phenomenon in the DC magnetization has been observed at room temperature (RT). These findings suggest that the dynamics of MND are governed by a wide distribution of particle relaxation times, which arise from the distribution of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticle size. The observed RT ferromagnetism coupled with MME in MND will find potential applications in ND-based spintronics.
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Abstract
Biomedical imaging allows in vivo studies of organisms, providing valuable information of biological processes at both cellular and tissue levels. Nanodiamonds have recently emerged as a new type of probe for fluorescence imaging and contrast agent for magnetic resonance and photoacoustic imaging. Composed of sp3-carbon atoms, diamond is chemically inert and inherently biocompatible. Uniquely, its matrix can host a variety of optically and magnetically active defects suited for bioimaging applications. Since the first production of fluorescent nanodiamonds in 2005, a large number of experiments have demonstrated that fluorescent nanodiamonds are useful as photostable markers and nanoscale sensors in living cells and organisms. In this review, we focus our discussion on the recent advancements of nanodiamond-enabled biomedical imaging for preclinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yiu Liu
- Institute of Atomic & Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Be-Ming Chang
- Institute of Atomic & Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic & Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science & Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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