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Bozkurt S, Ayten UE. ln silico simulation of the interaction among autoregulatory mechanisms regulating cerebral blood flow rate in the healthy and systolic heart failure conditions during exercise. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:1863-1879. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ma R, Gao J, Mao S, Wang Z. Association between heart rate and cardiovascular death in patients with coronary heart disease: A NHANES-based cohort study. Clin Cardiol 2022; 45:574-582. [PMID: 35352385 PMCID: PMC9045079 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the lack of research, this study aimed to assess the association between the specific range of heart rate and cardiovascular (CV) death in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. HYPOTHESIS Heart rate of 70-79 bpm may be associated with reduced risk of CV death in CHD patients. METHODS This retrospective cohort study collected the data of CHD patients from the eight cycles of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The included patients were divided into four groups: <60, 60-69, 70-79, and ≥80 bpm. The start of follow-up date was the mobile examination center date, the last follow-up date was December 31, 2015. The average follow-up time was 81.70 months, and the longest follow-up time was 200 months. Competing risk models were developed to evaluate the association between heart rate and CV death, with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. RESULTS A total of 1648 patients with CHD were included in this study. CHD patients at heart rate of <60 (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.34-1.36), 60-69 (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.04-1.06) or ≥80 (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.38-1.41) bpm had a higher risk of CV death than those at heart rate of 70-79 bpm. CONCLUSIONS Heart rate of <70 or ≥80 bpm was associated with an elevated risk of CV death among CHD patients. Continuous monitoring of heart rate may help to screen for health risks and offer early interventions to corresponding patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiyuan Mao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Sun N, Chen Y, Xi Y, Wang H, Wang L. Association Between Heart Rate and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events Among 9,991 Hypertentive Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Follow-Up Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:741784. [PMID: 34926603 PMCID: PMC8678089 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.741784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the effect of heart rate at baseline on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) among hypertensive patients in China. Methods: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted with a 24 month follow-up period. A total of 10,031 hypertensive patients treated with standard antihypertensive drugs were grouped according to their heart rate before treatment: <65 beats per min (bpm), 65-69 bpm, 70-74 bpm, 75-79 bpm, and ≥80 bpm. The occurrence of any of MACEs was as the endpoint event during the 24 month follow-up period. The effect of heart rate at baseline on MACEs was analyzed using univate and multivariable Cox proportional regression analyses, with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was used to fit the Cox proportional harzard model with 5 knots at the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles of heart rate. Results: Totally 9,991 patients were finally enrolled with the mean systolic pressure (SBP)/diastolic pressure (DBP) of 130.59 ± 7.13/77.66 ± 5.99 mmHg at 24 month follow-up. The incidence of MACEs was 4.80% (n = 480). After adjustment for age, gender, baseline blood pressure, alcohol drinking, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and antihypertensive drug use, patients with heart rate <65 bpm (HR = 1.450, 95% CI: 1.098-1.915) and ≥80 bpm (HR = 1.391, 95% CI: 1.056-11.832) showed 0.45 fold and 0.391 fold increases of MACE risks, compared with patients with heart rate of 70-74 bpm. Furthermore, MACE risks were increased by 86.0% and 65.4% in men, and 59.3% and 69.0% in elderly patients aged ≥65 years at heart rate <65 bpm or ≥80 bpm, respectively. We also found a non-liner U-shaped correlation between heart rate and the occurrence of MACEs. Conclusions: Heart rate might be an independent risk factor for MACEs in hypertensive patients. An appropriate range of heart rate control may offer guidance to hypertension treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningling Sun
- Department of Hypertension, Heart Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Hypertension, Heart Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xi
- Department of Hypertension, Heart Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Department of Hypertension, Heart Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luyan Wang
- Department of Hypertension, Heart Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Simonyan MA, Posnenkova OM, Kiselev AR. Capabilities of photoplethysmography as a method for screening of cardiovascular system pathology. CARDIO-IT 2020. [DOI: 10.15275/cardioit.2020.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, vegetative dysfunction considered to be one of principal mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular pathology, which causes a cascade of events leading to changes in the properties and a structure of vascular wall. This review article contains literature from various databases (Russian science citation index, PubMed, Google Shcolar, Scopus). It presents the methods for assessing vegetative imbalance. In particular, the method of photoplethysmography (PPGV) is considered for recording periodic fluctuations at various frequencies in the distal vascular bed which characterize physiological processes (cardiac activity, respiratory influences, neurogenic, myogenic and endothelial activity). In addition, other diagnostic capabilities of PPGV such as heart rate (HR) assessment, determining the properties of vascular wall and the level of blood saturation are elucidated. This paper demonstrates a wide range of PPGV applications. The simplicity of PPGV reproduction and its cost-effectiveness make it feasible both in routine clinical practice for the purposes of screening for cardiovascular pathology, and for individual health monitoring incorporated in smart devices.
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The impact of time-updated resting heart rate on cause-specific mortality in a random middle-aged male population: a lifetime follow-up. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 110:822-830. [PMID: 32696079 PMCID: PMC8166682 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-020-01714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background A high resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with an increase in adverse events. However, the long-term prognostic value in a general population is unclear. We aimed to investigate the impact of RHR, based on both baseline and time-updated values, on mortality in a middle-aged male cohort. Methods A random population sample of 852 men, all born in 1913, was followed from age 50 until age 98, with repeated examinations including RHR over a period of 48 years. The impact of baseline and time-updated RHR on cause-specific mortality was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models and cubic spline models. Results A baseline RHR of ≥ 90 beats per minute (bpm) was associated with higher all-cause mortality, as compared with an RHR of 60–70 bpm (hazard ratio [HR] 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17–2.19, P = 0.003), but not with cardiovascular (CV) mortality. A time-updated RHR of < 60 bpm (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.07–1.85, P = 0.014) and a time-updated RHR of 70–80 bpm (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02–1.75, P = 0.036) were both associated with higher CV mortality as compared with an RHR of 60–70 bpm after multivariable adjustment. Analyses using cubic spline models confirmed that the association of time-updated RHR with all-cause and CV mortality complied with a U-shaped curve with 60 bpm as a reference. Conclusion In this middle-aged male cohort, a time-updated RHR of 60–70 bpm was associated with the lowest CV mortality, suggesting that a time-updated RHR could be a useful long-term prognostic index in the general population. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Md Lazin Md Lazim MR, Aminuddin A, Chellappan K, Ugusman A, Hamid AA, Wan Ahmad WAN, Mohamad MSF. Is Heart Rate a Confounding Factor for Photoplethysmography Markers? A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072591. [PMID: 32290168 PMCID: PMC7177218 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Finger photoplethysmography (PPG) waveform is blood volume change of finger microcirculation that reflects vascular function. Reflection index (RI), stiffness index (SI) and second derivative of photoplethysmogram (SDPPG) are derived from PPG waveforms proposed as cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers. Heart rate (HR) is a known factor that affects vascular function. Individual resting HR variation may affect RI, SI and SDPPG. This review aims to identify studies about the relationship between HR with RI, SI and SDPPG among humans. A literature search was conducted in Medline via the Ebscohost and Scopus databases to find relevant articles published within 11 years. The main inclusion criteria were articles in the English language that discuss the relationship between HR with RI, SI and SDPPG using PPG among humans. The search found 1960 relevant articles but only six articles that met the inclusion criteria. SI and RI showed an association with HR. SDPPG (SDPPG-b/SDPPG-a ratio, SDPPG-d/SDPPG-a ratio, aging index (AGI) and revised aging index (RAGI)) also had an association with HR. Only RI had a considerable association with HR, the association between SI and HR was non-considerable and the association between HR and SDPPG was inconclusive. Further interventional studies should be conducted to investigate this issue, as a variation in resting HR may challenge the validity of PPG-based CVD markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rizman Md Lazin Md Lazim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (A.A.); (A.U.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (A.A.); (A.U.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Kalaivani Chellappan
- Centre of Advance Electronic & Communication Engineering (PAKET), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8911-8374
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (A.A.); (A.U.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Adila A Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (A.A.); (A.U.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Shawal Faizal Mohamad
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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Quer G, Gouda P, Galarnyk M, Topol EJ, Steinhubl SR. Inter- and intraindividual variability in daily resting heart rate and its associations with age, sex, sleep, BMI, and time of year: Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of 92,457 adults. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227709. [PMID: 32023264 PMCID: PMC7001906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart rate is routinely measured as part of the clinical examination but is rarely acted upon unless it is well outside a population-based normal range. With wearable sensor technologies, heart rate can now be continuously measured, making it possible to accurately identify an individual’s “normal” heart rate and potentially important variations in it over time. Our objective is to describe inter- and intra-individual variability in resting heart rate (RHR) collected over the course of two years using a wearable device, studying the variations of resting heart rate as a function of time of year, as well as individuals characteristics like age, sex, average sleep duration, and body mass index (BMI). Methods and findings Our retrospective, longitudinal cohort study includes 92,457 de-identified individuals from the United States (all 50 states), who consistently—over at least 35 weeks in the period from March 2016 to February 2018, for at least 2 days per week, and at least 20 hours per day—wore a heart rate wrist-worn tracker. In this study, we report daily RHR and its association with age, BMI, sex, and sleep duration, and its variation over time. Individual daily RHR was available for a median of 320 days, providing nearly 33 million daily RHR values. We also explored the range in daily RHR variability between individuals, and the long- and short-term changes in the trajectory of an individual’s daily RHR. Mean daily RHR was 65 beats per minute (bpm), with a range of 40 to 109 bpm among all individuals. The mean RHR differed significantly by age, sex, BMI, and average sleep duration. Time of year variations were also noted, with a minimum in July and maximum in January. For most subjects, RHR remained relatively stable over the short term, but 20% experienced at least 1 week in which their RHR fluctuated by 10 bpm or more. Conclusions Individuals have a daily RHR that is normal for them but can differ from another individual’s normal by as much as 70 bpm. Within individuals, RHR was much more consistent over time, with a small but significant seasonal trend, and detectable discrete and infrequent episodes outside their norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Quer
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Pishoy Gouda
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- University of Alberta, Division of Cardiology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Galarnyk
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Topol
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Steinhubl
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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