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Najm KK, Gul SS, Abdulkareem AA. Efficacy of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy with Adjunctive Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue O Mediated Photodynamic in Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Pract 2024; 14:954-964. [PMID: 38804408 PMCID: PMC11130800 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract14030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the efficacy of methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue O (TBO) photodynamic therapy (PDT) as adjuncts to root surface debridement (RSD). METHODS This split-mouth, randomized, controlled clinical trial included eighteen patients, and a total of 332 sites (control = 102, MB = 124 and TBO = 106) were examined. Two sessions of PDT were completed at baseline and two weeks after RSD. Clinical parameters of bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured pre- and post-treatment. RESULTS PPD and BOP reductions in sites treated by RSD with adjunctive photosensitizers (MB and TBO) were significantly higher than in control sites. RSD with MB showed higher efficacy in improving moderately deep pockets (OR 3.350), while adjunctive TBO showed better results in treating deeper pockets (OR 4.643). CONCLUSIONS Results suggested that adjunctive use of MB and TBO to RSD could significantly improve periodontal pocket closure and reduce signs of inflammation. In addition, TBO seems to be more efficient in treating deep periodontal pockets than MB, which is more effective in resolving shallower pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashan Kamal Najm
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
| | - Sarhang Sarwat Gul
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
- Medical Laboratory Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq
| | - Ali Abbas Abdulkareem
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10011, Iraq;
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Nie M, Huang P, Peng P, Shen D, Zhao L, Jiang D, Shen Y, Wei L, Bible PW, Yang J, Wang J, Wu Y. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on clinical parameters and microbial composition in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol 2024. [PMID: 38501762 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) on clinical parameters and microbial composition in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients. METHODS Seventeen patients were included in this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥5 mm in combination with bleeding on probing in different quadrants were randomized into the control group, the group with a single PDT application right after SRP, and the group with three repeated PDT applications 1 week after SRP. The subgingival plaque was collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing at baseline, Week 2, and Week 8. RESULTS Seventeen patients with 60 sites completed this 8-week follow-up, and 157 subgingival plaques were successfully analyzed by sequencing. Significant improvements were observed in two primary outcomes: PPD at Week 8 and subgingival microbial composition. Compared to the control group, the repeated-PDT group showed a notable improvement in PPD, substantial alterations in the microbial profile, including a reduction in α-diversity and anaerobic bacteria, and an increase in aerobic bacteria at Week 2. Secondary outcomes, such as clinical attachment level and sulcus bleeding index, also showed improvement at Week 8. Furthermore, both the single- and repeated-PDT groups exhibited a decrease in periodontopathogens and an increase in beneficial bacteria compared with baseline. CONCLUSION PDT promotes changes in the microbial composition of periodontitis patients' subgingival plaque in a direction favorable to periodontal health, and repeated PDT is a promising adjunctive therapy for periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Nie
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peien Huang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiyao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daonan Shen
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Duan Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqin Shen
- Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul W Bible
- College of Arts and Sciences of Marian University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jingmei Yang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafei Wu
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Liu H, Yu Y, Dong A, Elsabahy M, Yang Y, Gao H. Emerging strategies for combating Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer treatment: Systematic review, improvements and future challenges. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20230092. [PMID: 38854496 PMCID: PMC10867388 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is generally characterized by a high prevalence of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a spindle-shaped, Gram-negative anaerobe pathogen derived from the oral cavity. This tumor-resident microorganism has been closely correlated with the occurrence, progression, chemoresistance and immunosuppressive microenvironment of CRC. Furthermore, F. nucleatum can specifically colonize CRC tissues through adhesion on its surface, forming biofilms that are highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Accordingly, it is crucial to develop efficacious non-antibiotic approaches to eradicate F. nucleatum and its biofilms for CRC treatment. In recent years, various antimicrobial strategies, such as natural extracts, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, polymers, inorganic-organic hybrid materials, bacteriophages, probiotics, and vaccines, have been proposed to combat F. nucleatum and F. nucleatum biofilms. This review summarizes the latest advancements in anti-F. nucleatum research, elucidates the antimicrobial mechanisms employed by these systems, and discusses the benefits and drawbacks of each antimicrobial technology. Additionally, this review also provides an outlook on the antimicrobial specificity, potential clinical implications, challenges, and future improvements of these antimicrobial strategies in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTiangong UniversityTianjinP. R. China
| | - Yunjian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTiangong UniversityTianjinP. R. China
| | - Alideertu Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotP. R. China
| | - Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Department of PharmaceuticsFaculty of PharmacyAssiut UniversityAssiutEgypt
| | - Ying‐Wei Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano‐Micro Architecture ChemistryCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchunP. R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTiangong UniversityTianjinP. R. China
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Tonon CC, de Souza Rastelli AN, Bodahandi C, Ghosh G, Hasan T, Xu Q, Greer A, Lyons AM. Superhydrophobic Tipped Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Device for the In Vivo Treatment of Periodontitis Using a Wistar Rat Model. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50083-50094. [PMID: 37862708 PMCID: PMC10800031 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Limited options exist for treatment of periodontitis; scaling and root planing (SRP) are not sufficient to eradicate P. gingivalis and the resulting inflammatory disease. Chlorhexidine (CHX), used as an adjuvant to SRP, may reduce bacterial loads but leads to pain and staining, while evidence for its efficacy is lacking. Antibiotics are effective but can lead to drug-resistance. The rising concern of antibiotic resistance limits the future use of this treatment approach. This study evaluates the efficacy of a novel superhydrophobic (SH) antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) device as an adjuvant to SRP for the treatment of periodontitis induced in a Wistar rat in vivo model relative to CHX. The SH-aPDT device comprises an SH silicone rubber strip coated with verteporfin photosensitizer (PS), sterilized, and secured onto a tapered plastic optical fiber tip connected to a red diode laser. The superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) strips were fabricated by using a novel soluble template method that creates a medical-grade elastomer with hierarchical surface roughness without the use of nanoparticles. Superhydrophobicity minimizes direct contact of the PS-coated surface with bacterial biofilms. Upon insertion of the device tip into the pocket and energizing the laser, the device generates singlet oxygen that effectively targets and eliminates bacteria within the periodontal pocket. SH-aPDT treatment using 125 J/cm2 of red light on three consecutive days reduced P. gingivalis significantly more than SRP-CHX controls (p < 0.05). Clinical parameters significantly improved (p < 0.05), and histology and stereometry results demonstrated SH-aPDT to be the most effective treatment for improving healing and reducing inflammation, with an increase in fibroblast cells and extracellular matrix and a reduction in vascularization, inflammatory cells, and COX-2 expression. The SH-aPDT approach resulted in complete disease clearance assessed 30 days after treatment initiation with significant reduction of the periodontal pocket and re-formation of the junctional epithelium at the enamel-cementum junction. PS isolation on a SH strip minimizes the potential for bacteria to develop resistance, where the treatment may be aided by the oxygen supply retained within the SH surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Coradi Tonon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, 1680 Humaita St., Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Chathuna Bodahandi
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - QianFeng Xu
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States
| | - Alan M. Lyons
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
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Costa FO, Esteves Lima RP, Costa AM, Costa AA, Mattos Pereira GH, Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Magalhães Cyrino R, Aparecida Silva T, Miranda Cota LO. Adjunctive effects of photodynamic therapy using indocyanine green in residual pockets during periodontal maintenance therapy: A split-mouth randomized controlled trial. J Periodontol 2023; 94:1100-1111. [PMID: 37051740 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective studies have reported conflicting results regarding the adjunctive effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on clinical and microbiological parameters in individuals under periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and microbiological adjunctive effects of aPDT using indocyanine green (ICG) in residual sites with probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm during PMT in comparison with scaling and root planing (SRP) alone. METHODS A split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with 24 individuals in a PMT program. Contralateral quadrants with eligible residual sites were randomly assigned to either SRP + aPDT (test group) or SRP alone (control). aPDT included ICG dye and diode laser (909 nm) performed together with SRP and repeated 15 days after. Periodontal clinical parameters, periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) index, and subgingival biofilm samples were collected at baseline (T1), 3 (T2), and 6 months later (T3). Microbiological analyses were performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Significant improvements were observed in all clinical and microbiological parameters in both groups from T1 to T3. However, no significant differences were observed regarding plaque index, PD, and clinical attachment level. Test group showed significantly greater reductions in bleeding on probing (BOP), PISA index, and Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans levels, when compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Both treatments resulted in significant clinical periodontal improvements, but with no significant differences between groups except from inflammation parameters. aPDT using ICG resulted in significant reductions in BOP and PISA index, as well as in P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Oliveira Costa
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Moreira Costa
- Department of Periodontics, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Almeida Costa
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Sheila Cavalca Cortelli
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Cortelli
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Magalhães Cyrino
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Montoya C, Roldan L, Yu M, Valliani S, Ta C, Yang M, Orrego S. Smart dental materials for antimicrobial applications. Bioact Mater 2023; 24:1-19. [PMID: 36582351 PMCID: PMC9763696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart biomaterials can sense and react to physiological or external environmental stimuli (e.g., mechanical, chemical, electrical, or magnetic signals). The last decades have seen exponential growth in the use and development of smart dental biomaterials for antimicrobial applications in dentistry. These biomaterial systems offer improved efficacy and controllable bio-functionalities to prevent infections and extend the longevity of dental devices. This review article presents the current state-of-the-art of design, evaluation, advantages, and limitations of bioactive and stimuli-responsive and autonomous dental materials for antimicrobial applications. First, the importance and classification of smart biomaterials are discussed. Second, the categories of bioresponsive antibacterial dental materials are systematically itemized based on different stimuli, including pH, enzymes, light, magnetic field, and vibrations. For each category, their antimicrobial mechanism, applications, and examples are discussed. Finally, we examined the limitations and obstacles required to develop clinically relevant applications of these appealing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montoya
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lina Roldan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Research Group (GIB), Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Michelle Yu
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Valliani
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christina Ta
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maobin Yang
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Endodontology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Santiago Orrego
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Wang W, Song Y, Tian Y, Chen B, Liang Y, Liang Y, Li C, Li Y. TCPP/MgO-loaded PLGA microspheres combining photodynamic antibacterial therapy with PBM-assisted fibroblast activation to treat periodontitis. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2828-2844. [PMID: 36857622 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01959k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria eradication and subsequent periodontal tissue reconstruction is the primary task for periodontitis treatment. Commonly used antibiotic therapy suffers from antibiotic resistance. Meanwhile, promoting fibroblast activity is crucial for re-establishing a damaged periodontal structure. In addition to the fibroblast activation property of Mg2+, photobiomodulation (PBM) has recently attracted increasing attention in wound healing. Using the same 635 nm laser resource, PBM could simultaneously work with antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) to achieve antibacterial function and fibroblast activation effect. Herein, multifunctional microspheres were designed by employing poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres to load tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, named as PMT, with sustained Mg2+ release for 20 days. PMT achieved excellent antibacterial photodynamic effect for periodontal pathogens F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis by generating reactive oxygen species, which increases cell membrane permeability and destroys bacteria integrity to cause bacteria death. Meanwhile, PMT itself exhibited improved fibroblast viability and adhesion, with the PMT + light group revealing further activation of fibroblast cells, suggesting the coordinated action of Mg2+ and PBM effects. The underlying molecular mechanism might be the elevated gene expressions of Fibronectin 1, Col1a1, and Vinculin. In addition, the in vivo rat periodontitis model proved the superior therapeutic effects of PMT with laser illumination using micro-computed tomography analysis and histological staining, which presented decreased inflammatory cells, increased collagen production, and higher alveolar bone level in the PMT group. Our study sheds light on a promising strategy to fight periodontitis using versatile microspheres, which combine aPDT and PBM-assisted fibroblast activation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanmeng Wang
- School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yunjia Song
- School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yuan Tian
- School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yunkai Liang
- School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yu Liang
- School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Changyi Li
- School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Ying Li
- School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Luchian I, Budală DG, Baciu ER, Ursu RG, Diaconu-Popa D, Butnaru O, Tatarciuc M. The Involvement of Photobiology in Contemporary Dentistry-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043985. [PMID: 36835395 PMCID: PMC9961259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is an emerging treatment approach that is being used to treat many diseases and conditions such as pain, inflammation, and wound healing. The light used in dental therapy generally lies in visible and invisible spectral regions. Despite many positive results in the treatment of different conditions, this therapy still faces some skepticism, which has prevented its widespread adoption in clinics. The main reason for this skepticism is the lack of comprehensive information about the molecular, cellular, and tissular mechanisms of action, which underpin the positive effects of phototherapy. However, there is currently promising evidence in support of the use of light therapy across a spectrum of oral hard and soft tissues, as well as in a variety of important dental subspecialties, such as endodontics, periodontics, orthodontics, and maxillofacial surgery. The merging of diagnostic and therapeutic light procedures is also seen as a promising area for future expansion. In the next decade, several light technologies are foreseen as becoming integral parts of modern dentistry practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionut Luchian
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Dana Gabriela Budală
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.G.B.); (E.-R.B.)
| | - Elena-Raluca Baciu
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.G.B.); (E.-R.B.)
| | - Ramona Gabriela Ursu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity (IX)—Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Diana Diaconu-Popa
- Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Oana Butnaru
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Monica Tatarciuc
- Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
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9
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Toluidine blue O directly and photodynamically impairs the bioenergetics of liver mitochondria: a potential mechanism of hepatotoxicity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:279-302. [PMID: 36152272 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Toluidine blue O (TBO) is a phenothiazine dye that, due to its photochemical characteristics and high affinity for biomembranes, has been revealed as a new photosensitizer (PS) option for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT). This points to a possible association with membranous organelles like mitochondrion. Therefore, here we investigated its effects on mitochondrial bioenergetic functions both in the dark and under photostimulation. Two experimental systems were utilized: (a) isolated rat liver mitochondria and (b) isolated perfused rat liver. Our data revealed that, independently of photostimulation, TBO presented affinity for mitochondria. Under photostimulation, TBO increased the protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation levels (up to 109.40 and 119.87%, respectively) and decreased the reduced glutathione levels (59.72%) in mitochondria. TBO also uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation and photoinactivated the respiratory chain complexes I, II, and IV, as well as the FoF1-ATP synthase complex. Without photostimulation, TBO caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and loss of inner mitochondrial membrane integrity and inhibited very strongly succinate oxidase activity. TBO's uncoupling effect was clearly seen in intact livers where it stimulated oxygen consumption at concentrations of 20 and 40 μM. Additionally, TBO (40 μM) reduced cellular ATP levels (52.46%) and ATP/ADP (45.98%) and ATP/AMP (74.17%) ratios. Consequently, TBO inhibited gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis whereas it stimulated glycogenolysis and glycolysis. In conclusion, we have revealed for the first time that the efficiency of TBO as a PS may be linked to its ability to photodynamically inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. In contrast, TBO is harmful to mitochondrial energy metabolism even without photostimulation, which may lead to adverse effects when used in PDT.
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10
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Visible-Light-Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Silver and Copper Co-Doped Titania Formed on Titanium via Chemical and Thermal Treatments. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020650. [PMID: 36677708 PMCID: PMC9866272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dental implants made of titanium (Ti) are used in dentistry, but peri-implantitis is a serious associated problem. Antibacterial and osteoconductive Ti dental implants may decrease the risk of peri-implantitis. In this study, titania (TiO2) co-doped with silver (Ag) at 2.5 at.% and copper (Cu) at 4.9 at.% was formed on Ti substrates via chemical and thermal treatments. The Ag and Cu co-doped TiO2 formed apatite in a simulated body fluid, which suggests osteoconductivity. It also showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, which was enhanced by visible-light irradiation. This enhancement might be caused by the synergistic effect of the release of Ag and Cu and the generation of •OH from the sample. Dental implants with such a Ag and Cu co-doped TiO2 formed on their surface may reduce the risk of peri-implantitis.
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11
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Skalerič E, Petelin M, Gašpirc B. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in treatment of aggressive periodontitis (stage III, grade C periodontitis): A comparison between photodynamic therapy and antibiotic therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 41:103251. [PMID: 36587861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of aggressive periodontitis (stage III, grade C periodontitis) represents a challenge. The aim of the study was to compare the long-term results of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and antibiotic therapy as an adjunct to conventional non-surgical therapy in patients with aggressive periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty subjects with untreated aggressive periodontitis (stage III, grade C periodontitis) were divided into two groups: the test group (TG) received non-surgical therapy and two sessions of aPDT using a laser (HELBO TheraLite laser) with a wavelength of 670 nm associated with HELBO Blue photosensitizer, and the control group (CG) received non-surgical therapy and antibiotics (amoxicillin 500 mg and metronidazole 400 mg, 7 days). Clinical parameters of probing depth, clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after treatment. RESULTS The mean probing pocket depths at baseline were 3.68 mm in TG and 3.51 mm in CG. These values decreased to 2.77 mm (p < 0.05) and 2.54 mm (p < 0.05) 3 months after treatment and stayed decreased after 12 months. Clinical attachment levels at baseline were 3.88 mm in TG and 3.70 mm in CG. These values decreased to 3.06 mm (p < 0.05) and 2.80 mm (p < 0.05) after 3 months and stayed decreased after 12 months. We also found a decrease in BOP after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in TG and in CG. CONCLUSIONS aPDT and antibiotics as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment lead to a comparable improvement in long term periodontal parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Skalerič
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Milan Petelin
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Boris Gašpirc
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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12
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Is a single session of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant to non-surgical scaling and root planing effective in reducing periodontal inflammation and subgingival presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in patients with periodontitis? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102847. [PMID: 35367618 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the influence of a single session of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to non-surgical scaling and root planing (SRP) in reducing periodontal inflammation and subgingival presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) in patients with periodontitis. METHODS Patients diagnosed with periodontitis were included. Information regarding age and gender was recorded using a questionnaire. All patients underwent full mouth non-surgical SRP and the following parameters were assessed at baseline: (a) marginal bone loss (MBL); (b) probing depth (PD) (c) clinical attachment loss (CAL); and (d) presence of supra-and subgingival bleeding and plaque (GI and PI). Identification of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was performed using polymerase chain reaction. For aPDT (test-group), methylene-blue (MB) (0.005%) was used as photosensitizer and it was applied over and inside the buccal pockets of teeth. Using a Diode laser at 660 nm and 150 mW, irradiation was performed All clinical parameters except for MBL and microbiological evaluations were re-assessed at 3-months of follow-up. Level of significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS At 3-months of follow-up A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were identified in significantly lower number of patients in groups 1 and 2 compared with their respective baseline values. Number of patients in whom A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were identified at 3-months of follow-up were similar in both groups. At baseline, there was no statistically significant difference in PI, GI, PD, CAL and MBL among patients in groups 1 and 2. In groups 1 and 2, scores of PI (P<0.001), GI (P<0.001) and PD (P<0.001) were significantly higher at baseline compared with their respective 3-months' follow-up scores. CONCLUSION One application of aPDT with non-surgical SRP is ineffective in managing periodontal inflammation and presence of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans in periodontitis patients.
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Ran B, Wang Z, Cai W, Ran L, Xia W, Liu W, Peng X. Organic Photo-antimicrobials: Principles, Molecule Design, and Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17891-17909. [PMID: 34677069 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug-resistant pathogens threatens the healthcare systems world-wide. Recent advances in phototherapy (PT) approaches mediated by photo-antimicrobials (PAMs) provide new opportunities for the current serious antibiotic resistance. During the PT treatment, reactive oxygen species or heat produced by PAMs would react with the cell membrane, consequently leaking cytoplasm components and effectively eradicating different pathogens like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and even parasites. This Perspective will concentrate on the development of different organic photo-antimicrobials (OPAMs) and their application as practical therapeutic agents into therapy for local infections, wound dressings, and removal of biofilms from medical devices. We also discuss how to design highly efficient OPAMs by modifying the chemical structure or conjugating with a targeting component. Moreover, this Perspective provides a discussion of the general challenges and direction for OPAMs and what further needs to be done. It is hoped that through this overview, OPAMs can prosper and will be more widely used for microbial infections in the future, especially at a time when the global COVID-19 epidemic is getting more serious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zuokai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenlin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lei Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenxi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Shenzhen Research Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
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14
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Abuderman AWA, Muzaheed. Antibacterial effectiveness of scaling and root planing with and without photodynamic therapy against Campylobacter rectus counts in the oral biofilm of patients with periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 33:102170. [PMID: 33401024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesized that scaling and root planning (SRP) with adjunct photodynamic therapy (PDT) is more effective in reducing Campylobacter rectus (C. rectus) from the oral biofilm (OB) among patients with periodontitis, than SRP alone. The objective was to compare the effectiveness of SRP with and without adjunct PDT in reducing OB C. rectus counts of patients with periodontitis. METHODS Chronic gastritis patients diagnosed with periodontitis were included. Therapeutically, the patients were divided into 2-groups. Patients in the test- and control-groups underwent SRP with and without adjunct PDT, respectively. In both groups, full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured and subgingival OB counts of C. rectus were measured at baseline and 12-weeks after treatment. Data normality was assessed and group-comparisons were done using the paired t-test and Man-Whitney U tests. A type-1 error rate of 5 % was used. RESULTS Thirty patients with periodontitis were included. All patients had Grade-B/Stage-II periodontitis. All participants were male with no significant difference in age. At baseline PI, BOP, PD and MBL were comparable in both groups. Counts of C. rectus in the subgingival OB samples were similar in both groups at baseline. At 12-weeks of follow-up, PI (P < 0.01), GI (P < 0.01) and PD (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the control- compared with the test-group compared with baseline. The percentages of C. rectus -positive individuals were higher in the control- than the test-group at 12-weeks' (P < 0.01). At 12-weeks' follow-up the percentages of C. rectus -positive patients were comparable with their respective baseline percentages in the control-group. CONCLUSION Compared with SRP alone, adjuvant use of PDT is more efficient in eliminating C. rectus in the OB and reducing clinical parameters in patients with grade-B/Stage-II periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab Ali Abuderman
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muzaheed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Song Y, Lin J, Zhang Z, Xu B, Bi L. Antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy using sinoporphyrin sodium and 390-400 nm light-emitting diode on Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:153-164. [PMID: 32621127 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) using a novel combination of sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) and light-emitting diode (LED) with a wavelength of 390-400 nm on Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro. Absorption spectrum of DVDMS was determined by spectrometer for selecting suitable wavelength light source. The uptake of DVDMS by P. gingivalis was evaluated according to fluorescence intensity detected by a spectrometer. Then effects of DVDMS alone, 390-400 nm LED alone, and photodynamic therapy produced by 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL DVDMS and 390-400 nm LED on the suspension of P. gingivalis were evaluated by counting the number of colony forming units (CFU) after incubation. In the experiment, the LED illumination time was 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 360 s, respectively, and the corresponding energy density was 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 J/cm2, respectively. According to the absorption spectrum of DVDMS, the 390-400-nm light emitted by the LED was selected as the light source. The fluorescence intensity of DVDMS on P. gingivalis increased significantly at 5 min, and with the extension of time, it decreased at 30 min. DVDMS alone did not produce a significant toxicity on P. gingivalis compared with PBS (p = 0.979). While 390-400 nm LED alone had a certain bactericidal effect on P. gingivalis, the bactericidal effect was more obvious as the light dose increased (p < 0.001). The effect of a-PDT produced by 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL DVDMS and 390-400 nm LED were significantly better than that of 390-400 nm LED alone (p < 0.05). Both DVDMS concentration and light dose could enchance the bactericidal effect. The strongest photo-killing effect was generated by 80 μg/mL DVDMS with 360 s illumination (energy density is 12 J/cm2), and the log reduction of bacteria was 5.69 ± 1.70. a-PDT using the combination of DVDMS with 390-400 nm LED shows promise as a new treatment modality for pathogens elimination in periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Song
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.,Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Liangjia Bi
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Li H, Sun T, Liu C, Cao Y, Liu X. Photobiomodulation (450 nm) alters the infection of periodontitis bacteria via the ROS/MAPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:838-853. [PMID: 32014500 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on periodontitis. A periodontitis model was established via Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in beagles. Mandibular second and third premolars were removed, and implants were positioned immediately after tooth extraction. Left gingiva was irradiated with PBM (450 nm) as the LG group, and right side without irradiation was regarded as the CG (control) group. PBM treatment increased oxidative stress by increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The elevated levels of H2O2 (a biomarker of oxidative stress) and the free radicals (NO• and O2•-) reduced the concentration of dominant pathogens and regulated ROS/RNS/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR pathway by affecting p-AMPK, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). PBM therapy increased salivary levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), interleukin (IL)-10, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase (CAT), and reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin (IL)-1β, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (p < 0.05). All the results contributed to preventing periodontitis infection. PBM therapy improved bone mineral density and implant osseointegration by controlling dominant pathogens invasion via the upregulation of salivary anti-inflammatory and antioxidant defense by affecting ROS/RNS/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
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17
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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy efficacy against specific pathogenic periodontitis bacterial species. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101688. [PMID: 32087294 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the safety and efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) combination of 0.33 mM Toluidine Blue O (TBO) with 60 mW/cm2 LED irradiation for 5 min that we had established, this study investigated the cytotoxic effect of aPDT combination on mammalian oral cells (gingival fibroblast and periodontal ligament cells) and compared the antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotics (the combination of amoxicillin (AMX) and metronidazole (MTZ)) against representative periodontitis pathogenic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) versus our aPDT combination. RESULT aPDT combination did not show any detectable effect on the viability of Streptococcus sanguinis or Streptococcus mitis, the most common resident species in the oral flora. However, it significantly reduced CFU values of P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The cytotoxicity of the present aPDT combination to mammalian oral cells was comparable to that of standard antiseptics used in oral cavity. In antimicrobial efficacy test, the present aPDT combination showed equivalent bactericidal rate compared to the combination of AMX + MTZ, the most widely used antibiotics in the periodontitis treatment. The bactericidal ability of the AMX + MTZ combination was effective against all five bacteria tested regardless of the bacterial species, whereas the bactericidal ability of the aPDT combination was effective only against P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and A. actinomycetemcomitans, the representative periodontitis pathogenic bacterial species. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the present aPDT combination in periodontitis treatment. TBO-mediated aPDT with LED irradiation has the potential to serve as a safe single or adjunctive antimicrobial procedure for nonsurgical periodontal treatment without damaging adjacent normal oral tissue or resident flora.
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18
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Qi M, Li X, Sun X, Li C, Tay FR, Weir MD, Dong B, Zhou Y, Wang L, Xu HHK. Novel nanotechnology and near-infrared photodynamic therapy to kill periodontitis-related biofilm pathogens and protect the periodontium. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1665-1681. [PMID: 31551152 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontal tissue destruction and tooth loss are increasingly a worldwide problem as the population ages. Periodontitis is caused by bacterial infection and biofilm plaque buildup. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a near-infrared light (NIR)-triggered core-shell nanostructure of upconversion nanoparticles and TiO2 (UCNPs@TiO2), and (2) investigate its inhibitory effects via antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against periodontitis-related pathogens. METHODS The core β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ were synthesized via thermal decomposition and further modified with the TiO2 shell via a hydrothermal method. The core-shell structure and the upconversion fluorescence-induced aPDT treatment via 980nm laser were studied. Three periodontitis-related pathogens Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) were investigated. The killing activity against planktonic bacteria was detected by a time-kill assay. Single species 4-day biofilms on dentin were tested by live/dead staining, colony-forming units (CFU), and metabolic activity. RESULTS The hexagonal shaped UCNPs@TiO2 had an average diameter of 39.7nm. UCNPs@TiO2 nanoparticles had positively charged (+12.4mV) surface and were biocompatible and non-cytotoxic. Under the excitation of NIR light (980nm), the core NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ UCNPs could emit intense ultraviolet (UV) light, which further triggered the aPDT function of the shell TiO2 via energy transfer, thereby realizing the remarkable antibacterial effects against planktons and biofilms of periodontitis-associated pathogens. NIR-triggered UCNPs@TiO2 achieved much greater reduction in biofilms than control (p<0.05). Biofilm CFU was reduced by 3-4 orders of magnitude via NIR-triggered aPDT, which is significantly greater than that of negative control and commercial aPDT control groups. The killing efficacy of UCNPs@TiO2-based aPDT against the three species was ranked to be: S. sanguinis<F. nucleatum=P. gingivalis. Metabolic activities of biofilms were also greatly reduced via NIR-triggered aPDT (p<0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Upconversion fluorescence-based aPDT achieved strong inhibiting effects against all three species of periodontitis-related pathogens. This novel nanotechnology demonstrated a high promise to inhibit periodontitis, with exciting potential to combat other oral infectious diseases such as deep endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlin Qi
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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