Neoplastic Transformation of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Mediated via LIN28B

Revisiting the role of mesenchymal stromal cells in cancer initiation, metastasis and immunosuppression

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) necessitates a thorough understanding of intricate cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) play a pivotal role in cancer generation, progression, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Within the TME, MSCs encompass both resident and circulating counterparts that dynamically communicate and actively participate in TME immunosurveillance and response to ICB. This review aims to reevaluate various facets of MSCs, including their potential self-transformation to function as cancer-initiating cells and contributions to the creation of a conducive environment for tumor proliferation and metastasis. Additionally, we explore the immune regulatory functions of tumor-associated MSCs (TA-MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) with analysis of potential connections between circulating and tissue-resident MSCs. A comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of MSC-immune cell communication and the heterogeneous cargo of tumor-educated versus naïve MSCs may unveil a new MSC-mediated immunosuppressive pathway that can be targeted to enhance cancer control by ICB.

miRNAs, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Major Neoplastic and Inflammatory Skin Diseases: A Page Being Written: A Systematic Review

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and typically interact with specific target mRNAs through complementary base pairing, affecting their translation and/or stability. MiRNAs regulate nearly all cellular functions, including the cell fate of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). It is now accepted that various pathologies arise at the stem level, and, in this scenario, the role played by miRNAs in the fate of MSCs becomes of primary concern. Here we have considered the existing literature in the field of miRNAs, MSCs and skin diseases, classified as inflammatory (such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis-AD) and neoplastic (melanoma and non-melanoma-skin-cancer including squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma) diseases. In this scoping review article, the evidence recovered indicates that this topic has attracted attention, but it is still a matter of opinion. A protocol for this review was registered in PROSPERO with the registration number "CRD42023420245". According to the different skin disorders and to the specific cellular mechanisms considered (cancer stem cells, extracellular vesicles, inflammation), miRNAs may play a pro- or anti-inflammatory, as well as a tumor suppressive, or supporting, role, indicating a complex regulation of their function. It is evident that the mode of action of miRNAs is more than a switch on-off, and all the observed effects of their dysregulated expression must be checked in a detailed analysis of the targeted proteins. The involvement of miRNAs has been studied mainly for squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, and much less in psoriasis and AD; different mechanisms have been considered, such as miRNAs included in extracellular vesicles derived both from MSCs or tumor cells, miRNAs involved in cancer stem cells formation, up to miRNAs as candidates to be new therapeutic tools.

Inhibition of GSK-3β Enhances Osteoblast Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Wnt Signalling Overexpressing Runx2

Small-molecule-inhibitor-based bone differentiation has been recently exploited as a novel approach to regulating osteogenesis-related signaling pathways. In this study, we identified 1-Azakenpaullone, a highly selective inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), as a powerful inducer of osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). GSK-3β is a serine-threonine protein kinase that plays a major role in different disease development. GSK-3β is a key regulator of Runx2 activity in osteoblastic formation. We evaluated alkaline phosphatase activity and staining assays to assess osteoblast differentiation and Alizarin Red staining to assess the mineralization of cultured human MSCs. Gene expression profiling was assessed using an Agilent microarray platform, and bioinformatics were performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Human MSCs treated with 1-Azakenpaullone showed higher ALP activity, increased in vitro mineralized matrix formation, and the upregulation of osteoblast-specific marker gene expression. Global gene expression profiling of 1-Azakenpaullone-treated human MSCs identified 1750 upregulated and 2171 downregulated mRNA transcripts compared to control cells. It also suggested possible changes in various signaling pathways, including Wnt, TGFβ, and Hedgehog. Further bioinformatics analysis employing Ingenuity Pathway Analysis recognized significant enrichment in the 1-Azakenpaullone-treated cells of genetic networks involved in CAMP, PI3K (Complex), P38 MAPK, and HIF1A signaling and functional categories associated with connective tissue development. Our results suggest that 1-Azakenpaullone significantly induced the osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of human MSCs mediated by the activation of Wnt signaling and the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, leading to the upregulation of Runx2, a key transcription factor that ultimately promotes the expression of osteoblast-specific genes. Thus, 1-Azakenpaullone could be used as an osteo-promotor factor in bone tissue engineering.

Silver Nanoparticles Alone or in Combination with Calcium Hydroxide Modulate the Viability, Attachment, Migration, and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) alone or in combination with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) on the proliferation, viability, attachment, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Different concentrations of AgNPs alone or mixed with Ca(OH)₂ were prepared. Cell proliferation was measured using AlamarBlue, and hMSCs attachment to dentin disks was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Live-dead imaging was performed to assess apoptosis. Wound healing ability was determined using the scratch-migration assay. To evaluate osteogenic differentiation, the expression of Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX2), Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Osteocalcin (OCN) were measured using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. ALP staining and activity were also performed as indicators of osteogenic differentiation. AgNPs alone seemed to favor cell attachment. Lower concentrations of AgNPs enhanced cell proliferation. AgNP groups showed markedly less apoptosis. None of the medicaments had adverse effects on wound closure. The expression of TGF-β1 was significantly upregulated in all groups, and OCN was highly expressed in the AgNP groups. AgNPs 0.06% showed the most enhanced ALP gene expression levels, activity, and marked cytochemical staining. In conclusion, AgNPs positively affect hMSCs, making them a potential biomaterial for various clinical applications.

TA-MSCs, TA-MSCs-EVs, MIF: their crosstalk in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment

As an important component of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), it has been established that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote the progression of tumor cells. MSCs can directly promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells via cytokines and chemokines, as well as promote tumor progression by regulating the functions of anti-tumor immune and immunosuppressive cells. MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSCs-EVs) contain part of the plasma membrane and signaling factors from MSCs; therefore, they display similar effects on tumors in the immunosuppressive TME. The tumor-promoting role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the immunosuppressive TME has also been revealed. Interestingly, MIF exerts similar effects to those of MSCs in the immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we summarized the main effects and related mechanisms of tumor-associated MSCs (TA-MSCs), TA-MSCs-EVs, and MIF on tumors, and described their relationships. On this basis, we hypothesized that TA-MSCs-EVs, the MIF axis, and TA-MSCs form a positive feedback loop with tumor cells, influencing the occurrence and development of tumors. The functions of these three factors in the TME may undergo dynamic changes with tumor growth and continuously affect tumor development. This provides a new idea for the targeted treatment of tumors with EVs carrying MIF inhibitors.

miR-99b-5p, miR-380-3p, and miR-485-3p are novel chemosensitizing miRNAs in high-risk neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a deadly childhood cancer arising in the developing sympathetic nervous system. High-risk patients are currently treated with intensive chemotherapy, which is curative in only 50% of children and leaves some surviving patients with life-long side effects. microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of neural crest development and are deregulated during neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, making miRNA-based drugs an attractive therapeutic avenue. A functional screen of >1,200 miRNA mimics was conducted in neuroblastoma cell lines to discover miRNAs that sensitized cells to low doses (30% inhibitory concentration [IC30]) of doxorubicin and vincristine chemotherapy used in the treatment of the disease. Three miRNAs, miR-99b-5p, miR-380-3p, and miR-485-3p, had potent chemosensitizing activity with doxorubicin in multiple models of high-risk neuroblastoma. These miRNAs underwent genomic loss in a subset of neuroblastoma patients, and low expression predicted poor survival outcome. In vitro functional assays revealed each of these miRNAs enhanced the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of doxorubicin. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to show that miR-99b-5p represses neuroblastoma dependency genes LIN28B and PHOX2B both in vitro and in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrate that PHOX2B is a direct target of miR-99b-5p. We anticipate that restoring the function of the tumor-suppressive miRNAs discovered here may be a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neuroblastoma patients.

Cancer drug resistance related microRNAs: recent advances in detection methods

MiRNAs are related to cancer drug resistance through various mechanisms. The advanced detection methods for the miRNAs are reviewed.

Mechanism of Action of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs): impact of delivery method

INTRODUCTION

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs; AKA mesenchymal stem cells) stimulate healing and reduce inflammation. Promising therapeutic responses are seen in many late-phase clinical trials, but others have not satisfied their primary endpoints, making translation of MSCs into clinical practice difficult. These inconsistencies may be related to the route of MSC delivery, lack of product optimization, or varying background therapies received in clinical trials over time.

AREAS COVERED

Here we discuss the different routes of MSC delivery, highlighting the proposed mechanism(s) of therapeutic action as well as potential safety concerns. PubMed search criteria used: MSC plus: local administration; routes of administration; delivery methods; mechanism of action; therapy in different diseases.

EXPERT OPINION

Direct injection of MSCs using a controlled local delivery approach appears to have benefits in certain disease states, but further studies are required to make definitive conclusions regarding the superiority of one delivery method over another.

Transcriptional landscape associated with TNBC resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy revealed by single-cell RNA-seq

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) represents a major clinical challenge; therefore, delineating tumor heterogeneity can provide novel insight into resistance mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Herein, we identified the transcriptional landscape associated with TNBC resistance to NAC at the single-cell level by analyzing publicly available transcriptome data from more than 5,000 single cells derived from four extinction (responders) and four persistence (non-responders) patients, revealing remarkable tumor heterogeneity. Employing iterative clustering and guide-gene selection (ICGS) and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP), we classified TNBC single cells into several clusters based on their distinct gene signatures. The presence of clusters indicative of immune cell activation was a hallmark of the extinction group pre-NAC, while post NAC, the extinction tissue consisted mostly of breast, omental fat, and fibroblasts. The persistent gene signatures of pre-NAC resembled the gene signature of lung epithelial, mammary, and salivary glands and acute myeloid leukemia blast cells, which were associated with enhanced cellular movement and activation of FOXM1, NOTCH1, and MYC and suppression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IFNG mechanistic networks. Multivariate survival analysis identified persistence-derived three-gene signature (KIF5B^highHLA-C^lowIGHG2^low) predictive of relapse-free survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.2 [1.6–3.2, p < 0.0001]) in a second cohort of 360 TNBC patients. Mechanistically, loss of function of several upregulated genes in the persistent group (BYSL, FDPS, ENO1, MED20, MRPL9, MRPL37, NDUFB11, PMVK, MYC, and GSTP1) inhibited MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 TNBC models’ colony-forming unit (CFU) potential and enhanced their sensitivity to paclitaxel. Our data unraveled the transcriptional portrait associated with NAC resistance, identified several key genes, and suggested their potential utilization as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in TNBC.

Comprehensive Transcriptome and Pathway Analyses Revealed Central Role for Fascin in Promoting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression

Recent years have witnessed major progress in development of novel therapeutic agents such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors for breast cancer. However, cancer-related death remains high especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) due limited therapeutic options. Development of targeted therapies for TNBC requires better understanding of biology and signaling networks that promote disease progression. Fascin, an actin bundling protein, was identified as a key regulator of many signaling pathways that contribute to breast cancer progression. Herein, fascin ShRNA was used to generate stable fascin knockdown (FSCN1^KD) in the MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line and then were subjected to comprehensive mRNA and miRNA transcriptome analysis. We identified 129 upregulated and 114 downregulated mRNA transcripts, while 14 miRNAs were differentially expressed in FSCN1^KD. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used to predict the impact of differentially expressed transcripts on signaling pathways and functional categories and to construct miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks in the context of FSCN1 knockdown. Compared to FSCN1^KD, fascin-positive (FSCN1^CON) breast cancer cells showed enrichment in genes promoting cellular proliferation, migration, survival, DNA replication and repair. Expression of FSCN1^high (identified in BRCA dataset from TCGA) in conjunction with elevated expression of the top 10 upregulated or decreased expression of the top 10 downregulated genes (identified in our FSCN1^CON vs. FSCN1^KD) correlates with worst survival outcome. Taken together, these data confirmed fascin's role in promoting TNBC progression, and identified a novel opportunity for therapeutic interventions via targeting those FSCN1-related transcripts.

Predicting master transcription factors from pan-cancer expression data

Critical developmental “master transcription factors” (MTFs) can be subverted during tumorigenesis to control oncogenic transcriptional programs. Current approaches to identifying MTFs rely on ChIP-seq data, which is unavailable for many cancers. We developed the CaCTS (Cancer Core Transcription factor Specificity) algorithm to prioritize candidate MTFs using pan-cancer RNA sequencing data. CaCTS identified candidate MTFs across 34 tumor types and 140 subtypes including predictions for cancer types/subtypes for which MTFs are unknown, including e.g. PAX8, SOX17, and MECOM as candidates in ovarian cancer (OvCa). In OvCa cells, consistent with known MTF properties, these factors are required for viability, lie proximal to superenhancers, co-occupy regulatory elements globally, co-bind loci encoding OvCa biomarkers, and are sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of transcription. Our predictions of MTFs, especially for tumor types with limited understanding of transcriptional drivers, pave the way to therapeutic targeting of MTFs in a broad spectrum of cancers.

Transcriptional alterations of protein coding and noncoding RNAs in triple negative breast cancer in response to DNA methyltransferases inhibition

Background

DNA methylation plays a crucial role in multiple cellular processes such as gene regulation, chromatin stability, and genetic imprinting. In mammals, DNA methylation is achieved by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). A number of studies have associated alterations in DNMT activity to tumorigenesis; however, the exact role of DNMTs in shaping the genome in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is still being unraveled.

Methods

In the current study, we employed two DNMT inhibitors (Decitabine and 5-Azacytidine), two TNBC models (MDA-MB-231 and BT-549) and whole transcriptome RNA-Seq and characterized the transcriptional alterations associated with DNMT inhibition. Colony forming unit (CFU), flow cytometry, and fluorescent microscopy were used to assess cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and cell death, respectively. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used for network and pathway analyses.

Results

Remarkably, DNMT inhibition induced the expression of genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum response to stress, response to unfolder protein, as well as cobalamin metabolic processes. In contrast, suppression of cellular processes related to cell cycle and mitosis were hallmarks of DNMT inhibition. Concordantly, DNMT inhibition led to significant inhibition of TNBC cell proliferation, G2-M cell cycle arrest and induction of cell death. Mechanistically, DNMT inhibition activated TP53, NUPR1, and NFkB (complex) networks, while RARA, RABL6, ESR1, FOXM1, and ERBB2 networks were suppressed. Our data also identified the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcriptional portrait associated with DNMT inhibition and identified 25 commonly upregulated and 60 commonly downregulated lncRNAs in response to Decitabine and 5-Azacytidinec treatment in both TNBC models. TPT1-AS1 was the most highly induced (6.3 FC), while MALAT1 was the most highly suppressed (− 7.0 FC) lncRNA in response to DNMT inhibition.

Conclusions

Taken together, our data provides a comprehensive view of transcriptome alterations in the coding and noncoding transcriptome in TNBC in response to DNMT inhibition.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02213-2.

Molecular mechanisms underpinning sarcomas and implications for current and future therapy

Sarcomas are complex mesenchymal neoplasms with a poor prognosis. Their clinical management is highly challenging due to their heterogeneity and insensitivity to current treatments. Although there have been advances in understanding specific genomic alterations and genetic mutations driving sarcomagenesis, the underlying molecular mechanisms, which are likely to be unique for each sarcoma subtype, are not fully understood. This is in part due to a lack of consensus on the cells of origin, but there is now mounting evidence that they originate from mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs). To identify novel treatment strategies for sarcomas, research in recent years has adopted a mechanism-based search for molecular markers for targeted therapy which has included recapitulating sarcomagenesis using in vitro and in vivo MSC models. This review provides a comprehensive up to date overview of the molecular mechanisms that underpin sarcomagenesis, the contribution of MSCs to modelling sarcomagenesis in vivo, as well as novel topics such as the role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)/mesenchymal-to-epithelial-transition (MET) plasticity, exosomes, and microRNAs in sarcomagenesis. It also reviews current therapeutic options including ongoing pre-clinical and clinical studies for targeted sarcoma therapy and discusses new therapeutic avenues such as targeting recently identified molecular pathways and key transcription factors.

JAK2 Inhibition by Fedratinib Reduces Osteoblast Differentiation and Mineralisation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Several signalling pathways, including the JAK/STAT signalling pathway, have been identified to regulate the differentiation of human bone marrow skeletal (mesenchymal) stem cells (hBMSCs) into bone-forming osteoblasts. Members of the JAK family mediate the intracellular signalling of various of cytokines and growth factors, leading to the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation into bone-forming osteoblastic cells. Inhibition of JAK2 leads to decoupling of its downstream mediator, STAT3, and the subsequent inhibition of JAK/STAT signalling. However, the crucial role of JAK2 in hBMSCs biology has not been studied in detail. A JAK2 inhibitor, Fedratinib, was identified during a chemical biology screen of a small molecule library for effects on the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC-TERT cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity and staining assays were conducted as indicators of osteoblastic differentiation, while Alizarin red staining was used as an indicator of in vitro mineralised matrix formation. Changes in gene expression were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Fedratinib exerted significant inhibitory effects on the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC-TERT cells, as demonstrated by reduced ALP activity, in vitro mineralised matrix formation and downregulation of osteoblast-related gene expression, including ALP, ON, OC, RUNX2, OPN, and COL1A1. To identify the underlying molecular mechanisms, we examined the effects of Fedratinib on a molecular signature of several target genes known to affect hMSC-TERT differentiation into osteoblasts. Fedratinib inhibited the expression of LIF, SOCS3, RRAD, NOTCH3, TNF, COMP, THBS2, and IL6, which are associated with various signalling pathways, including TGFβ signalling, insulin signalling, focal adhesion, Notch Signalling, IL-6 signalling, endochondral ossification, TNF-α, and cytokines and inflammatory response. We identified a JAK2 inhibitor (Fedratinib) as a powerful inhibitor of the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC-TERT cells, which may be useful as a therapeutic option for treating conditions associated with ectopic bone formation or osteosclerotic metastases.

Tankyrase inhibitor XAV-939 enhances osteoblastogenesis and mineralization of human skeletal (mesenchymal) stem cells

Tankyrase is part of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase superfamily required for numerous cellular and molecular processes. Tankyrase inhibition negatively regulates Wnt pathway. Thus, Tankyrase inhibitors have been extensively investigated for the treatment of clinical conditions associated with activated Wnt signaling such as cancer and fibrotic diseases. Moreover, Tankyrase inhibition has been recently reported to upregulate osteogenesis through the accumulation of SH3 domain-binding protein 2, an adaptor protein required for bone metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of Tankyrase inhibition in osteoblast differentiation of human skeletal (mesenchymal) stem cells (hMSCs). A Tankyrase inhibitor, XAV-939, identified during a functional library screening of small molecules. Alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin red staining were employed as markers for osteoblastic differentiation and in vitro mineralized matrix formation, respectively. Global gene expression profiling was performed using the Agilent microarray platform. XAV-939, a Tankyrase inhibitor, enhanced osteoblast differentiation of hBMSCs as evidenced by increased ALP activity, in vitro mineralized matrix formation, and upregulation of osteoblast-related gene expression. Global gene expression profiling of XAV-939-treated cells identified 847 upregulated and 614 downregulated mRNA transcripts, compared to vehicle-treated control cells. It also points towards possible changes in multiple signaling pathways, including TGFβ, insulin signaling, focal adhesion, estrogen metabolism, oxidative stress, RANK-RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) signaling, Vitamin D synthesis, IL6, and cytokines and inflammatory responses. Further bioinformatic analysis, employing Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified significant enrichment in XAV-939-treated cells of functional categories and networks involved in TNF, NFκB, and STAT signaling. We identified a Tankyrase inhibitor (XAV-939) as a powerful enhancer of osteoblastic differentiation of hBMSC that may be useful as a therapeutic option for treating conditions associated with low bone formation.

Cancer Stem Cells in Soft-Tissue Sarcomas

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a rare group of mesenchymal solid tumors with heterogeneous genetic profiles and clinical features. Systemic chemotherapy is the backbone treatment for advanced STS; however, STS frequently acquire resistance to standard therapies, which highlights the need to improve treatments and identify novel therapeutic targets. Increases in the knowledge of the molecular pathways that drive sarcomas have brought to light different molecular alterations that cause tumor initiation and progression. These findings have triggered a breakthrough of targeted therapies that are being assessed in clinical trials. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) features and represent a subpopulation of tumor cells that play an important role in tumor progression, chemotherapy resistance, recurrence and metastasis. In fact, CSCs phenotypes have been identified in sarcomas, allied to drug resistance and tumorigenesis. Herein, we will review the published evidence of CSCs in STS, discussing the molecular characteristic of CSCs, the commonly used isolation techniques and the new possibilities of targeting CSCs as a way to improve STS treatment and consequently patient outcome.

Downregulation of miRNA-146a-5p promotes malignant transformation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells by glioma stem-like cells

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are promising carriers in cell-based therapies against central nervous system diseases, and have been evaluated in various clinical trials in recent years. However, bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) are reportedly involved in tumorigenesis initiated by glioma stem-like cells (GSCs). We therefore established three different orthotopic models of GSC-MSC interactions in vivo using dual-color fluorescence tracing. Cell sorting and micropipetting techniques were used to obtain highly proliferative MSC monoclones from each model, and these cells were identified as transformed MSC lines 1, 2 and 3. Nineteen miRNAs were upregulated and 24 miRNAs were downregulated in all three transformed MSC lines compared to normal BMSCs. Reduced miR-146a-5p expression in the transformed MSCs was associated with their proliferation, malignant transformation and overexpression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D. These findings suggest that downregulation of miR-146a-5p leads to overexpression of its target gene, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D, thereby promoting malignant transformation of MSCs during interactions with GSCs. Given the risk that MSCs will undergo malignant transformation in the glioma microenvironment, targeted glioma therapies employing MSCs as therapeutic carriers should be considered cautiously.

MicroRNA Expression Profiling on Paired Primary and Lymph Node Metastatic Breast Cancer Revealed Distinct microRNA Profile Associated With LNM

Breast cancer (BC) is the foremost cause of cancer-related deaths in women. BC patients are oftentimes presented with lymph node metastasis (LNM), which increases their risk of recurrence. Compelling data have recently implicated microRNAs in promoting BC metastasis. Therefore, the identification of microRNA (miRNA)-based molecular signature associated with LNM could provide an opportunity for a more personalized treatment for BC patients with high risk of LNM. In current study, we performed comprehensive miRNA profiling in matched primary breast and LNM and identified 40 miRNAs, which were differentially expressed in LNM compared to primary tumors. The expression of 14 miRNAs (Up: hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-142-5p and down: hsa-miR-200a-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-200c-3p, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-210-3p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-125a-5p, and hsa-let-7c-5p) was subsequently validated in a second cohort of 32 breast and 32 matched LNM tumor tissues. Mechanistically, forced expression of hsa-miR-205-5p, or hsa-miR-214-3p epigenetically inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration. Global gene expression profiling on MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing hsa-miR-205-5p, or hsa-miR-214-3p in combination with in silico target prediction and ingenuity pathway analyses identified multiple bona fide targets for hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-214-3p affecting cellular proliferation and migration. Interestingly, interrogation of the expression levels of hsa-miR-205 and hsa-miR-214 in the METABRIC breast cancer dataset revealed significantly poor overall survival in patients with downregulated expression of miR-205 [HR = 0.75 (0.61–0.91)], p = 0.003 and hsa-miR-214 [HR = 0.74 (0.59–0.93) p = 0.008]. Our data unraveled the miRNA-transcriptional landscape associated with LNM and provide novel insight on the role of several miRNAs in promoting BC LNM, and suggest their potential utilization in the clinical management of BC patients.

Transgelin is a poor prognostic factor associated with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) stage promoting tumor growth and migration in a TGFβ-dependent manner

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer type globally. Investigating the signaling pathways that maintain cancer cell phenotype can identify new biomarkers for targeted therapy. Aberrant transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling has been implicated in CRC progression, however, the exact mechanism by which TGFβ exerts its function is still being unraveled. Herein, we investigated TAGLN expression, prognostic value, and its regulation by TGFβ in CRC. While TAGLN was generally found to be downregulated in CRC, elevated expression of TAGLN was associated with advanced CRC stage and predicted poor overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.8, log-rank test P-value = 0.014) and disease-free survival (HR = 1.6, log-rank test P-value = 0.046), hence implicating TAGLN as poor prognostic factor in CRC. Forced expression of TAGLN was associated with enhanced CRC cell proliferation, clonogenic growth, cell migration and in vivo tumor formation in immunocompromised mice, while targeted depletion of TAGLN exhibited opposing biological effects. Global gene expression profiling of TAGLN-overexpressing or TAGLN-deficient CRC cell lines revealed deregulation of multiple cancer-related genes and signaling pathways. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed ultrastructural changes due to loss of TAGLN, including disruption of actin cytoskeleton organization and aberrant actin filament distribution. Hierarchical clustering, principle component, and ingenuity pathway analyses revealed distinct molecular profile associated with TAGLN^high CRC patients with remarkable activation of a number of mechanistic networks, including SMARCA4, TGFβ1, and P38 MAPK. The P38 MAPK was the top predicted upstream regulator network promoting cell movement through regulation of several intermediate molecules, including TGFβ1. Concordantly, functional categories associated with cellular movement and angiogenesis were also enriched in TAGLN^high CRC, supporting a model for the molecular mechanisms linking TGFβ-induced upregulation of TAGLN and CRC tumor progression and suggesting TAGLN as potential prognostic marker associated with advanced CRC pathological stage.

MicroRNA Expression Profiling on Paired Primary and Lymph Node Metastatic Breast Cancer Revealed Distinct microRNA Profile Associated With LNM

Breast cancer (BC) is the foremost cause of cancer-related deaths in women. BC patients are oftentimes presented with lymph node metastasis (LNM), which increases their risk of recurrence. Compelling data have recently implicated microRNAs in promoting BC metastasis. Therefore, the identification of microRNA (miRNA)-based molecular signature associated with LNM could provide an opportunity for a more personalized treatment for BC patients with high risk of LNM. In current study, we performed comprehensive miRNA profiling in matched primary breast and LNM and identified 40 miRNAs, which were differentially expressed in LNM compared to primary tumors. The expression of 14 miRNAs (Up: hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-142-5p and down: hsa-miR-200a-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-200c-3p, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-210-3p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-125a-5p, and hsa-let-7c-5p) was subsequently validated in a second cohort of 32 breast and 32 matched LNM tumor tissues. Mechanistically, forced expression of hsa-miR-205-5p, or hsa-miR-214-3p epigenetically inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration. Global gene expression profiling on MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing hsa-miR-205-5p, or hsa-miR-214-3p in combination with in silico target prediction and ingenuity pathway analyses identified multiple bona fide targets for hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-214-3p affecting cellular proliferation and migration. Interestingly, interrogation of the expression levels of hsa-miR-205 and hsa-miR-214 in the METABRIC breast cancer dataset revealed significantly poor overall survival in patients with downregulated expression of miR-205 [HR = 0.75 (0.61-0.91)], p = 0.003 and hsa-miR-214 [HR = 0.74 (0.59-0.93) p = 0.008]. Our data unraveled the miRNA-transcriptional landscape associated with LNM and provide novel insight on the role of several miRNAs in promoting BC LNM, and suggest their potential utilization in the clinical management of BC patients.

Sarcoma Tumor Microenvironment

Components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are known to play an essential role during malignant progression, but often in a context-dependent manner. In bone and soft tissue sarcomas, disease-regulatory activities in the TME remain largely uncharacterized. This chapter introduces the cellular, structural, and chemical composition of the sarcoma TME from a pathobiological and therapeutic perspective.Sarcomas are malignant tumors with diverse features when it comes to primary tumor appearance, metastatic potential, and response to treatment. Many of the classic subtypes are mainly composed of malignant cells and are therefore assumed to be committed to autocrine signaling. Some of the tumors are infiltrated by immune cells and contain necrotic areas or excessive amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) that regulates tissue stiffness and interstitial fluid pressure. Vascular invasion and blood vessel characteristics can in some instances be considered in the prognostic setting.Further insights into the disease-regulatory activities of the sarcoma TME will provide essential knowledge on how to develop successful combination treatments targeting not only malignant cells, but also their routes of nutrition and ability to shield themselves toward existing therapy.

Latest Advances in Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment for Tumor Suppression

The tumor bulk is composed of a highly heterogeneous population of cancer cells, as well as a large variety of resident and infiltrating host cells, extracellular matrix proteins, and secreted proteins, collectively known as the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is essential for driving tumor development by promoting cancer cell survival, migration, metastasis, chemoresistance, and the ability to evade the immune system responses. Therapeutically targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), regulatory T-cells (T-regs), and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) is likely to have an impact in cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on describing the normal physiological functions of each of these cell types and their behavior in the cancer setting. Relying on the specific surface markers and secreted molecules in this context, we review the potential targeting of these cells inducing their depletion, reprogramming, or differentiation, or inhibiting their pro-tumor functions or recruitment. Different approaches were developed for this targeting, namely, immunotherapies, vaccines, small interfering RNA, or small molecules.