1
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Macarelli V, Leventea E, Merkle FT. Regulation of the length of neuronal primary cilia and its potential effects on signalling. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:979-990. [PMID: 37302961 PMCID: PMC7615206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia protrude from most vertebrate cell bodies and act as specialized 'signalling antennae' that can substantially lengthen or retract in minutes to hours in response to specific stimuli. Here, we review the conditions and mechanisms responsible for regulating primary cilia length (PCL) in mammalian nonsensory neurons, and propose four models of how they could affect ciliary signalling and alter cell state and suggest experiments to distinguish between them. These models include (i) the passive indicator model, where changes in PCL have no consequence; (ii) the rheostat model, in which a longer cilium enhances signalling; (iii) the local concentration model, where ciliary shortening increases the local protein concentration to facilitate signalling; and (iv) the altered composition model where changes in PCL skew signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Macarelli
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Eleni Leventea
- Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Florian T Merkle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
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2
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Murray MJ, Bradley E, Ng Y, Thomas O, Patel K, Angus C, Atkinson C, Reeves MB. In silico interrogation of the miRNAome of infected hematopoietic cells to predict processes important for human cytomegalovirus latent infection. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104727. [PMID: 37080390 PMCID: PMC10206818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency in CD34+ progenitor cells is the outcome of a complex and continued interaction of virus and host that is initiated during very early stages of infection and reflects pro- and anti-viral activity. We hypothesized that a key event during early infection could involve changes to host miRNAs, allowing for rapid modulation of the host proteome. Here, we identify 72 significantly upregulated miRNAs and three that were downregulated by 6hpi of infection of CD34+ cells which were then subject to multiple in silico analyses to identify potential genes and pathways important for viral infection. The analyses focused on the upregulated miRNAs and were used to predict potential gene hubs or common mRNA targets of multiple miRNAs. Constitutive deletion of one target, the transcriptional regulator JDP2, resulted in a defect in latent infection of myeloid cells; interestingly, transient knockdown in differentiated dendritic cells resulted in increased viral lytic IE gene expression, arguing for subtle differences in the role of JDP2 during latency establishment and reactivation of HCMV. Finally, in silico predictions identified clusters of genes with related functions (such as calcium signaling, ubiquitination, and chromatin modification), suggesting potential importance in latency and reactivation. Consistent with this hypothesis, we demonstrate that viral IE gene expression is sensitive to calcium channel inhibition in reactivating dendritic cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate HCMV alters the miRNAome rapidly upon infection and that in silico interrogation of these changes reveals new insight into mechanisms controlling viral gene expression during HCMV latency and, intriguingly, reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Murray
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, UCL, London, United Kingdom.
| | - E Bradley
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Y Ng
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - O Thomas
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Patel
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Angus
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Atkinson
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - M B Reeves
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Campus, UCL, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Tian JL, Huang CW, Eslami F, Mannino MP, Mai RL, Hart GW. Regulation of Primary Cilium Length by O-GlcNAc during Neuronal Development in a Human Neuron Model. Cells 2023; 12:1520. [PMID: 37296641 PMCID: PMC10252524 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium plays critical roles in the homeostasis and development of neurons. Recent studies demonstrate that cilium length is regulated by the metabolic state of cells, as dictated by processes such as glucose flux and O-GlcNAcylation (OGN). The study of cilium length regulation during neuron development, however, has been an area left largely unexplored. This project aims to elucidate the roles of O-GlcNAc in neuronal development through its regulation of the primary cilium. Here, we present findings suggesting that OGN levels negatively regulate cilium length on differentiated cortical neurons derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. In neurons, cilium length increased significantly during maturation (after day 35), while OGN levels began to drop. Long-term perturbation of OGN via drugs, which inhibit or promote its cycling, during neuron development also have varying effects. Diminishing OGN levels increases cilium length until day 25, when neural stem cells expand and undergo early neurogenesis, before causing cell cycle exit defects and multinucleation. Elevating OGN levels induces greater primary cilia assembly but ultimately results in the development of premature neurons, which have higher insulin sensitivity. These results indicate that OGN levels and primary cilium length are jointly critical in proper neuron development and function. Understanding the interplays between these two nutrient sensors, O-GlcNAc and the primary cilium, during neuron development is important in paving connections between dysfunctional nutrient-sensing and early neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie L. Tian
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.-W.H.); (F.E.); (M.P.M.); (R.L.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.-W.H.); (F.E.); (M.P.M.); (R.L.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Farzad Eslami
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.-W.H.); (F.E.); (M.P.M.); (R.L.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael Philip Mannino
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.-W.H.); (F.E.); (M.P.M.); (R.L.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rebecca Lee Mai
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.-W.H.); (F.E.); (M.P.M.); (R.L.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gerald W. Hart
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.-W.H.); (F.E.); (M.P.M.); (R.L.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Agrawal Y, Sharma T, Islam S, Nadkarni KS, Santra MK. F-box protein FBXO41 suppresses breast cancer growth by inducing autophagic cell death through facilitating proteasomal degradation of oncogene SKP2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 147:106228. [PMID: 35598880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
F-box proteins form SCF (Cullin1, SKP1 and F-box-protein) ubiquitin ligase complexes to ubiquitinate cellular proteins. They play key role in several biological processes, including cell cycle progression, cellular signaling, stress response and cell death pathways. Therefore, deregulation of F-box proteins is closely associated with cancer progression. However, the role of most of the F-box proteins, including FBXO41, in cancer progression remains elusive. Here, we unravel the role of FBXO41 in cancer progression. We show that FBXO41 suppresses cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by inducing autophagic cell death through an alternative pathway. Results revealed that FBXO41-mediated autophagic cell death induction is dependent on accumulation of cell cycle checkpoint protein p21. We found that FBXO41 increases the expression levels of p21 at the post-translational level by promoting the proteasomal degradation of SKP2, an oncogenic F-box protein. Mechanistically, FBXO41 along with p21 disrupts the inhibitory BCL2 (anti-apoptotic protein)-Beclin1 (autophagy initiating factor) complex of autophagy induction to release Beclin1, thereby inducing autophagy. Overall, the present study establishes a new FBXO41-SKP2-p21 axis for induction of autophagic cell death to prevent cancer growth, which could be explored to develop promising cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Agrawal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S. P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007 India
| | - Tanisha Sharma
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S. P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007 India
| | - Sehbanul Islam
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Kaustubh S Nadkarni
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S. P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007 India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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5
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Guenette RG, Yang SW, Min J, Pei B, Potts PR. Target and tissue selectivity of PROTAC degraders. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5740-5756. [PMID: 35587208 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00200k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) strategies have revolutionized how scientists tackle challenging protein targets deemed undruggable with traditional small molecule inhibitors. Many promising campaigns to inhibit proteins have failed due to factors surrounding inhibition selectivity and targeting of compounds to specific tissues and cell types. One of the major improvements that PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimera) and molecular glue technology can exert is highly selective control of target inhibition. Multiple studies have shown that PROTACs can gain selectivity for their protein targets beyond that of their parent ligands via optimization of linker length and stabilization of ternary complexes. Due to the bifunctional nature of PROTACs, the tissue selective nature of E3 ligases can be exploited to uncover novel targeting mechanisms. In this review, we provide critical analysis of the recent progress towards making selective PROTAC molecules and new PROTAC technologies that will continue to push the boundaries of achieving selectivity. These efforts have wide implications in the future of treating disease as they will broaden the possible targets that can be addressed by small molecules, like undruggable proteins or broadly active targets that would benefit from degradation in specific tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung Wook Yang
- Induced Proximity Platform, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - Jaeki Min
- Induced Proximity Platform, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - Baikang Pei
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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6
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Quadros ARAA, Arazola RD, Álvarez AR, Pires J, Meredith RM, Saarloos I, Verhage M, Toonen RF. Neuronal F-Box protein FBXO41 regulates synaptic transmission and hippocampal network maturation. iScience 2022; 25:104069. [PMID: 35372812 PMCID: PMC8971942 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
FBXO41 is a neuron-specific E3 ligase subunit implicated in epileptic encephalopathies. Fbxo41 null mutant (KO) mice show behavioral deficits and early lethality. Here, we report that loss of FBXO41 causes defects in synaptic transmission and brain development. Cultured Fbxo41 KO neurons had normal morphology and showed no signs of degeneration. Single-cell electrophysiology showed a lower synaptic vesicle release probability in excitatory neurons. Inhibitory neurons exhibited reduced synaptophysin expression, a smaller readily releasable pool, and decreased charge transfer during repetitive stimulation. In Fbxo41 KO hippocampal slices at postnatal day 6, the dentate gyrus was smaller with fewer radial-glial-like cells and immature neurons. In addition, neuronal migration was delayed. Two-photon calcium imaging showed a delayed increase in network activity and synchronicity. Together, our findings point toward a role for FBXO41 in synaptic transmission and postnatal brain development, before behavioral deficits are detected in Fbxo41 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R A A Quadros
- Department of Functional Genomics, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rocío Díez Arazola
- Department of Functional Genomics, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Romaguera Álvarez
- Department of Functional Genomics, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johny Pires
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rhiannon M Meredith
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Saarloos
- Department of Functional Genomics, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud F Toonen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Chen X, Bai X, Liu H, Zhao B, Yan Z, Hou Y, Chu Q. Population Genomic Sequencing Delineates Global Landscape of Copy Number Variations that Drive Domestication and Breed Formation of in Chicken. Front Genet 2022; 13:830393. [PMID: 35391799 PMCID: PMC8980806 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.830393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) is an important genetic mechanism that drives evolution and generates new phenotypic variations. To explore the impact of CNV on chicken domestication and breed shaping, the whole-genome CNVs were detected via multiple methods. Using the whole-genome sequencing data from 51 individuals, corresponding to six domestic breeds and wild red jungle fowl (RJF), we determined 19,329 duplications and 98,736 deletions, which covered 11,123 copy number variation regions (CNVRs) and 2,636 protein-coding genes. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that these individuals could be divided into four populations according to their domestication and selection purpose. Seventy-two highly duplicated CNVRs were detected across all individuals, revealing pivotal roles of nervous system (NRG3, NCAM2), sensory (OR), and follicle development (VTG2) in chicken genome. When contrasting the CNVs of domestic breeds to those of RJFs, 235 CNVRs harboring 255 protein-coding genes, which were predominantly involved in pathways of nervous, immunity, and reproductive system development, were discovered. In breed-specific CNVRs, some valuable genes were identified, including HOXB7 for beard trait in Beijing You chicken; EDN3, SLMO2, TUBB1, and GFPT1 for melanin deposition in Silkie chicken; and SORCS2 for aggressiveness in Luxi Game fowl. Moreover, CSMD1 and NTRK3 with high duplications found exclusively in White Leghorn chicken, and POLR3H, MCM9, DOCK3, and AKR1B1L found in Recessive White Rock chicken may contribute to high egg production and fast-growing traits, respectively. The candidate genes of breed characteristics are valuable resources for further studies on phenotypic variation and the artificial breeding of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Huagui Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixun Yan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Chu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Agrawal Y, Nadkarni K, Gupta NA, Manne RK, Santra MK. F-box protein FBXO41 plays vital role in arsenic trioxide-mediated autophagic death of cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 441:115973. [PMID: 35278439 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO), a potent anti-neoplastic drug, is known to prevent cancer cell growth through induction of autophagic cell death. However, importance of cellular factors in ATO-mediated autophagic cell death is poorly understood. In this study, using biochemical and immunofluorescence techniques, we show that F-box protein FBXO41 plays a critical role in anti-proliferative activity of ATO. Our study reveals the importance of FBXO41 in induction of autophagic death of cancer cells by ATO. Further, we show that the autophagic cell death induced by FBXO41 is distinct and independent of apoptosis and necrosis, showing that FBXO41 may play vital role in inducing autophagic death of apoptosis resistant cancer cells. Overall, our study elucidates the importance of FBXO41 in ATO induced autophagic cell death to prevent cancer progression, which could be explored to develop promising cancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Agrawal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S.P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Kaustubh Nadkarni
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, S.P. Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Neha A Gupta
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Manne
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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9
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Kim H, Sim H, Lee JE, Seo MK, Lim J, Bang Y, Nam D, Lee SY, Chung SK, Choi HJ, Park SW, Son I, Kim J, Seol W. Ciliogenesis is Not Directly Regulated by LRRK2 Kinase Activity in Neurons. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:232-243. [PMID: 34230223 PMCID: PMC8278138 DOI: 10.5607/en21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most prevalent cause of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). The increase in LRRK2 kinase activity observed in the pathogenic G2019S mutation is important for PD development. Several studies have reported that increased LRRK2 kinase activity and treatment with LRRK2 kinase inhibitors decreased and increased ciliogenesis, respectively, in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In contrast, treatment of SH-SY5Y dopaminergic neuronal cells with PD-causing chemicals increased ciliogenesis. Because these reports were somewhat contradictory, we tested the effect of LRRK2 kinase activity on ciliogenesis in neurons. In SH-SY5Y cells, LRRK2 inhibitor treatment slightly increased ciliogenesis, but serum starvation showed no increase. In rat primary neurons, LRRK2 inhibitor treatment repeatedly showed no significant change. Little difference was observed between primary cortical neurons prepared from wild-type (WT) and G2019S+/- mice. However, a significant increase in ciliogenesis was observed in G2019S+/- compared to WT human fibroblasts, and this pattern was maintained in neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiated from the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) prepared from the same WT/G2019S fibroblast pair. NSCs differentiated from G2019S and its gene-corrected WT counterpart iPSCs were also used to test ciliogenesis in an isogenic background. The results showed no significant difference between WT and G2019S regardless of kinase inhibitor treatment and B27-deprivation-mimicking serum starvation. These results suggest that LRRK2 kinase activity may be not a direct regulator of ciliogenesis and ciliogenesis varies depending upon the cell type or genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Kim
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Hyuna Sim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Joo-Eun Lee
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Seo
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Juhee Lim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Yeojin Bang
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Daleum Nam
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Seo-Young Lee
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Sun-Ku Chung
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea.,Department of Convergence Biomedical Science, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
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10
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The novel testicular enrichment protein Cfap58 is required for Notch-associated ciliogenesis. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221781. [PMID: 31904090 PMCID: PMC6970087 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are critical organelles with conserved internal structures and diverse developmental and physiological processes according to cell type. Although the core components of structures are shared with thousands of associated proteins involved in cilia or flagella formation, we hypothesized that some unknown proteins, such as outer dense fiber 2 (Odf2/Cenexin) perform distinct functions in these organelles. In the present study, we identified several uncharacterized proteins through mass spectrometry interactome analysis of Odf2/Cenexin proteins. We further examined the expression patterns and functions of a protein named cilia and flagella associated protein 58 (Cfap58) in cultured astrocytes and sperm flagella. The results of a combination of biochemical analyses and drug administration studies reveal that Cfap58 is a testis-enrichment protein that exhibits similar localization to Odf2/Cenexin proteins and is required for the elongation of the primary cilium and sperm midpiece via modulation of the Notch signaling pathway. However, the cell cycle-related functions and localization of Odf2/Cenexin in the mother centriole were not altered in Cfap58 knockdown cells. These findings indicate that Cfap58 may be partially recruited by Odf2/Cenexin proteins and is indispensable for the cilia and flagellar assembly. These data provide us with a better understanding of ciliogenesis and flagellar elongation and may aid in identifying new targets for diseases caused by Notch-mediated ciliopathies and flagellar abnormalities.
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11
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Actin-based regulation of ciliogenesis - The long and the short of it. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:132-138. [PMID: 31862221 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilia is found on the mammalian cell surface where it serves as an antenna for the reception and transmission of a variety of cellular signaling pathways. At its core the cilium is a microtubule-based organelle, but it is clear that its assembly and function are dependent upon the coordinated regulation of both actin and microtubule dynamics. In particular, the discovery that the centrosome is able to act as both a microtubule and actin organizing centre implies that both cytoskeletal networks are acting directly on the process of cilia assembly. In this review, we set our recent results with the formin FHDC1 in the context of current reports that show each stage of ciliogenesis is impacted by changes in actin dynamics. These include direct effects of actin filament assembly on basal body positioning, vesicle trafficking to and entry into the cilium, cilia length, cilia membrane organization and cilia-dependent signaling.
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