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Erana-Perez Z, Igartua M, Santos-Vizcaino E, Hernandez RM. Genetically engineered loaded extracellular vesicles for drug delivery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:350-365. [PMID: 38508958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for drug delivery is being widely explored by scientists from several research fields. To fully exploit their therapeutic potential, multiple methods for loading EVs have been developed. Although exogenous methods have been extensively utilized, in recent years the endogenous method has gained significant attention. This approach, based on parental cell genetic engineering, is suitable for loading large therapeutic biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. We review the most commonly used EV loading methods and emphasize the inherent advantages of the endogenous method over the others. We also examine the most recent advances and applications of this innovative approach to inform on the diverse therapeutic opportunities that lie ahead in the field of EV-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriñe Erana-Perez
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Edorta Santos-Vizcaino
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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Schaffrath R, Brinkmann U. Diphthamide - a conserved modification of eEF2 with clinical relevance. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:164-177. [PMID: 38097404 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Diphthamide, a complex modification on eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2), assures reading-frame fidelity during translation. Diphthamide and enzymes for its synthesis are conserved in eukaryotes and archaea. Originally identified as target for diphtheria toxin (DT) in humans, its clinical relevance now proves to be broader than the link to pathogenic bacteria. Diphthamide synthesis enzymes (DPH1 and DPH3) are associated with cancer, and DPH gene mutations can cause diphthamide deficiency syndrome (DDS). Finally, new analyses provide evidence that diphthamide may restrict propagation of viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1, and that DPH enzymes are targeted by viruses for degradation to overcome this restriction. This review describes how diphthamide is synthesized and functions in translation, and covers its clinical relevance in human development, cancer, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Schaffrath
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany.
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3
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di Leandro L, Colasante M, Pitari G, Ippoliti R. Hosts and Heterologous Expression Strategies of Recombinant Toxins for Therapeutic Purposes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:699. [PMID: 38133203 PMCID: PMC10748335 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of therapeutic recombinant toxins requires careful host cell selection. Bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells are common choices, but no universal solution exists. Achieving the delicate balance in toxin production is crucial due to potential self-intoxication. Recombinant toxins from various sources find applications in antimicrobials, biotechnology, cancer drugs, and vaccines. "Toxin-based therapy" targets diseased cells using three strategies. Targeted cancer therapy, like antibody-toxin conjugates, fusion toxins, or "suicide gene therapy", can selectively eliminate cancer cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. Notable toxins from various biological sources may be used as full-length toxins, as plant (saporin) or animal (melittin) toxins, or as isolated domains that are typical of bacterial toxins, including Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE) and diphtheria toxin (DT). This paper outlines toxin expression methods and system advantages and disadvantages, emphasizing host cell selection's critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.d.L.); (M.C.); (G.P.)
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Casper J, Schenk SH, Parhizkar E, Detampel P, Dehshahri A, Huwyler J. Polyethylenimine (PEI) in gene therapy: Current status and clinical applications. J Control Release 2023; 362:667-691. [PMID: 37666302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyethlyenimine (PEI) was introduced 1995 as a cationic polymer for nucleic acid delivery. PEI and its derivatives are extensively used in basic research and as reference formulations in the field of polymer-based gene delivery. Despite its widespread use, the number of clinical applications to date is limited. Thus, this review aims to consolidate the past applications of PEI in DNA delivery, elucidate the obstacles that hinder its transition to clinical use, and highlight potential prospects for novel iterations of PEI derivatives. The present review article is divided into three sections. The first section examines the mechanism of action employed by PEI, examining fundamental aspects of cellular delivery including uptake mechanisms, release from endosomes, and transport into the cell nucleus, along with potential strategies for enhancing these delivery phases. Moreover, an in-depth analysis is conducted concerning the mechanism underlying cellular toxicity, accompanied with approaches to overcome this major challenge. The second part is devoted to the in vivo performance of PEI and its application in various therapeutic indications. While systemic administration has proven to be challenging, alternative localized delivery routes hold promise, such as treatment of solid tumors, application as a vaccine, or serving as a therapeutic agent for pulmonary delivery. In the last section, the outcome of completed and ongoing clinical trials is summarized. Finally, an expert opinion is provided on the potential of PEI and its future applications. PEI-based formulations for nucleic acid delivery have a promising potential, it will be an important task for the years to come to introduce innovations that address PEI-associated shortcomings by introducing well-designed PEI formulations in combination with an appropriate route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Casper
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne H Schenk
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elahehnaz Parhizkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pascal Detampel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Bui S, Dancourt J, Lavieu G. Virus-Free Method to Control and Enhance Extracellular Vesicle Cargo Loading and Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1081-1091. [PMID: 36781171 PMCID: PMC10031566 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs)─including exosomes and microvesicles─are involved in cell-cell communication. EVs encapsulate different types of molecules such as proteins or nucleotides and are long-lasting contenders for the establishment of personalized drug delivery systems. Recent studies suggest that the intrinsic capacities for uptake and cargo delivery of basic EVs might be too limited to serve as a potent delivery system. Here, we develop two synergistic methods to, respectively, control EV cargo loading and enhance EV cargo delivery through fusion without requirement for any viral fusogenic protein. Briefly, cargo loading is enabled through a reversible drug-inducible system that triggers the interaction between a cargo of interest and CD63, a well-established transmembrane EV marker. Enhanced cargo delivery is promoted by overexpressing Syncytin-1, an endogenous retrovirus envelop protein with fusogenic properties encoded by the human genome. We validate our bioengineered EVs in a qualitative and quantitative manner. Finally, we utilize this method to develop highly potent killer EVs, which contain a lethal toxin responsible for protein translation arrest and acceptor cell death. These advanced methods and future downstream applications may open promising doors in the manufacture of virus-free and EV-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Bui
- INSERM U1316, CNRS UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Julia Dancourt
- INSERM U1316, CNRS UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Gregory Lavieu
- INSERM U1316, CNRS UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
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Dancourt J, Piovesana E, Lavieu G. Efficient cell death mediated by bioengineered killer extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1086. [PMID: 36658184 PMCID: PMC9852484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological vehicles that are thought to mediate cell-cell communication via the transfer of biomolecules from donor to acceptor cells. Repurposing those natural vesicles into therapeutics delivery vectors is a high priority challenge for translational science. Here we engineer donor cells to produce copious amount of fusogenic EVs loaded with the catalytic domain of the Diphteria Toxin, known to trigger cell death through protein synthesis inhibition. We show that, when incubated with cancer acceptor cells, these Killer EVs block protein synthesis and lead to cell death. This proof of concept establishes the efficacy of Killer EVs in vitro, and suggests that further development may lead to tumor ablation in vivo, expanding the existing cancer therapeutics arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dancourt
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1316, UMR 7057/CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Ester Piovesana
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, EOC Bellinzona (Bios+), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Lavieu
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1316, UMR 7057/CNRS, Paris, France.
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Sun Q, Levy RM, Kirby KA, Wang Z, Sarafianos SG, Deng N. Molecular Dynamics Free Energy Simulations Reveal the Mechanism for the Antiviral Resistance of the M66I HIV-1 Capsid Mutation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050920. [PMID: 34063519 PMCID: PMC8156065 DOI: 10.3390/v13050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While drug resistance mutations can often be attributed to the loss of direct or solvent-mediated protein−ligand interactions in the drug-mutant complex, in this study we show that a resistance mutation for the picomolar HIV-1 capsid (CA)-targeting antiviral (GS-6207) is mainly due to the free energy cost of the drug-induced protein side chain reorganization in the mutant protein. Among several mutations, M66I causes the most suppression of the GS-6207 antiviral activity (up to ~84,000-fold), and only 83- and 68-fold reductions for PF74 and ZW-1261, respectively. To understand the molecular basis of this drug resistance, we conducted molecular dynamics free energy simulations to study the structures, energetics, and conformational free energy landscapes involved in the inhibitors binding at the interface of two CA monomers. To minimize the protein−ligand steric clash, the I66 side chain in the M66I−GS-6207 complex switches to a higher free energy conformation from the one adopted in the apo M66I. In contrast, the binding of GS-6207 to the wild-type CA does not lead to any significant M66 conformational change. Based on an analysis that decomposes the absolute binding free energy into contributions from two receptor conformational states, it appears that it is the free energy cost of side chain reorganization rather than the reduced protein−ligand interaction that is largely responsible for the drug resistance against GS-6207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Sun
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Ronald M. Levy
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.M.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Karen A. Kirby
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.A.K.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.A.K.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nanjie Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
- Correspondence: (R.M.L.); (N.D.)
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Sahani RL, Diana-Rivero R, Vernekar SKV, Wang L, Du H, Zhang H, Castaner AE, Casey MC, Kirby KA, Tedbury PR, Xie J, Sarafianos SG, Wang Z. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of HIV-1 CA-Targeting Small Molecules: Conformational Restriction of PF74. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030479. [PMID: 33804121 PMCID: PMC8000227 DOI: 10.3390/v13030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules targeting the PF74 binding site of the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) confer potent and mechanistically unique antiviral activities. Structural modifications of PF74 could further the understanding of ligand binding modes, diversify ligand chemical classes, and allow identification of new variants with balanced antiviral activity and metabolic stability. In the current work, we designed and synthesized three series of PF74-like analogs featuring conformational constraints at the aniline terminus or the phenylalanine carboxamide moiety, and characterized them using a biophysical thermal shift assay (TSA), cell-based antiviral and cytotoxicity assays, and in vitro metabolic stability assays in human and mouse liver microsomes. These studies showed that the two series with the phenylalanine carboxamide moiety replaced by a pyridine or imidazole ring can provide viable hits. Subsequent SAR identified an improved analog 15 which effectively inhibited HIV-1 (EC50 = 0.31 μM), strongly stabilized CA hexamer (ΔTm = 8.7 °C), and exhibited substantially enhanced metabolic stability (t1/2 = 27 min for 15 vs. 0.7 min for PF74). Metabolic profiles from the microsomal stability assay also indicate that blocking the C5 position of the indole ring could lead to increased resistance to oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Lalji Sahani
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Raquel Diana-Rivero
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Sanjeev Kumar V. Vernekar
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Haijuan Du
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Huanchun Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andres Emanuelli Castaner
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mary C. Casey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Karen A. Kirby
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Philip R. Tedbury
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (A.E.C.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (R.L.S.); (R.D.-R.); (S.K.V.V.); (L.W.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-7025
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Toward Structurally Novel and Metabolically Stable HIV-1 Capsid-Targeting Small Molecules. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040452. [PMID: 32316297 PMCID: PMC7232165 DOI: 10.3390/v12040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) plays an important role in many steps of viral replication and represents an appealing antiviral target. Several CA-targeting small molecules of various chemotypes have been studied, but the peptidomimetic PF74 has drawn particular interest due to its potent antiviral activity, well-characterized binding mode, and unique mechanism of action. Importantly, PF74 competes against important host factors for binding, conferring highly desirable antiviral phenotypes. However, further development of PF74 is hindered by its prohibitively poor metabolic stability, which necessitates the search for structurally novel and metabolically stable chemotypes. We have conducted a pharmacophore-based shape similarity search for compounds mimicking PF74. We report herein the analog synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of two hits from the search, and a third hit designed via molecular hybridization. All analogs were characterized for their effect on CA hexamer stability, antiviral activity, and cytotoxicity. These assays identified three active compounds that moderately stabilize CA hexamer and inhibit HIV-1. The most potent analog (10) inhibited HIV-1 comparably to PF74 but demonstrated drastically improved metabolic stability in liver microsomes (31 min vs. 0.7 min t1/2). Collectively, the current studies identified a structurally novel and metabolically stable PF74-like chemotype for targeting HIV-1 CA.
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