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Liu L, Wang J, Xu H, Zhao S, Wang L, Huang J, Wang H, Tong H, Jin J. Prognosis influence of additional chromosome abnormalities in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(15;17)(q24;q21). Hematology 2024; 29:2293513. [PMID: 38149662 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2023.2293513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACAs) are prognostic indicators. However, the clinical features of ACAs were not systematically reported in Chinese patients. Therefore, we enrolled a large cohort of APLs to demonstrate the clinical characteristics and prognostic value of ACAs. METHODS 268 patients with newly diagnosed APL with t(15;17)(q24;q21) were retrospectively enrolled, and their clinical characteristics and the predictive value of ACAs were assessed between patients with the presence and absence of ACAs. RESULTS APL patients with and without ACAs did not differ significantly in their clinical features or treatment response and clinical outcomes like overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). It appeared to be substantially associated with worse OS in APL patients with trisomy 8, which was the most common ACA, although DFS was unaffected. Interestingly, the presence of ACAs or trisomy 8 affected OS and DFS in the subgroup of patients aged ≥60 years; by contrast, ACAs had no effect on OS or DFS in any treatment subgroup (ATRA + ATO/RIF or ATRA + ATO/RIF + CH or ATRA + CH), except for the ATRA + ATO/RIF + CH treatment subgroup, where their impact on DFS was less favorable. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that OS and DFS were unaffected by ACAs. Nonetheless, in the subgroup of patients older than 60, the existence of ACAs or trisomy 8 appeared to impact OS and DFS negatively. Individuals with t(15;17) alone had a higher DFS and were more susceptible to ATRA + ATO/RIF + CH than individuals with t(15;17) ACAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansong Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanping Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Tong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Xu R, Yang X, Tang B, Mao Y, Jiang F. Combined treatment of All-trans retinoic acid with Tamoxifen suppresses ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2024:10.1007/s00280-024-04671-7. [PMID: 38714534 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-024-04671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, and its mortality rate is as high as 70%. Estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive ovarian cancer accounted for most of all ovarian cancer patients. ERα can promote the growth and proliferation of tumors. METHODS The combined effect of All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and tamoxifen was obtained by the combination screening of tamoxifen and compound library by MTS. In addition, colony formation assay, flow cytometry analysis, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blot, and tumor xenotransplantation models were used to further evaluate the efficacy of tamoxifen and ATRA in vitro and in vivo for ER-α-positive ovarian cancer. RESULTS In our study, we found that All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) can cooperate with tamoxifen to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and inhibit ERα-positive ovarian cancer in vivo and in vitro. Further exploration of the mechanism found that ATRA can Inhibit genes related to the ERα signaling pathway, enhance the sensitivity of ERα-positive ovarian cancer cells to tamoxifen, and ascertain the effectiveness of tamoxifen and ATRA as treatments for ovarian cancer with an ERα-positive status. CONCLUSION Combination of ATRA and tamoxifen is a new way for the treatment of ERα-positive ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Gynecology, East China Normal University Wuhu Affiliated Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu City, No.259, Middle Jiuhua Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- Department of Electrocardiogram, East China Normal University Wuhu Affiliated Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu City, No.259, Middle Jiuhua Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Gynecology, East China Normal University Wuhu Affiliated Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu City, No.259, Middle Jiuhua Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yifan Mao
- Department of Gynecology, East China Normal University Wuhu Affiliated Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu City, No.259, Middle Jiuhua Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Feiyun Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, East China Normal University Wuhu Affiliated Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu City, No.259, Middle Jiuhua Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, 241000, China.
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Novikova S, Tolstova T, Kurbatov L, Farafonova T, Tikhonova O, Soloveva N, Rusanov A, Zgoda V. Systems Biology for Drug Target Discovery in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4618. [PMID: 38731835 PMCID: PMC11083274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Combining new therapeutics with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) could improve the efficiency of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment. Modeling the process of ATRA-induced differentiation based on the transcriptomic profile of leukemic cells resulted in the identification of key targets that can be used to increase the therapeutic effect of ATRA. The genome-scale transcriptome analysis revealed the early molecular response to the ATRA treatment of HL-60 cells. In this study, we performed the transcriptomic profiling of HL-60, NB4, and K562 cells exposed to ATRA for 3-72 h. After treatment with ATRA for 3, 12, 24, and 72 h, we found 222, 391, 359, and 1032 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HL-60 cells, as well as 641, 1037, 1011, and 1499 DEGs in NB4 cells. We also found 538 and 119 DEGs in K562 cells treated with ATRA for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. Based on experimental transcriptomic data, we performed hierarchical modeling and determined cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and transcriptional repressor CUX1 as the key regulators of the molecular response to the ATRA treatment in HL-60, NB4, and K562 cell lines, respectively. Mapping the data of TMT-based mass-spectrometric profiling on the modeling schemes, we determined CDK6 expression at the proteome level and its down-regulation at the transcriptome and proteome levels in cells treated with ATRA for 72 h. The combination of therapy with a CDK6 inhibitor (palbociclib) and ATRA (tretinoin) could be an alternative approach for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Systems Biology/methods
- HL-60 Cells
- Gene Expression Profiling
- K562 Cells
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Transcriptome
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/genetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Victor Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (S.N.) (T.T.); (L.K.); (T.F.); (O.T.); (N.S.); (A.R.)
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4
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Ananta, Benerjee S, Tchounwou PB, Kumar S. Mechanistic update of Trisenox in blood cancer. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2023; 5:100166. [PMID: 38074774 PMCID: PMC10701371 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2023.100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)/blood cancer is M3 type of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) formed inside bone marrow through chromosomal translocation mutation usually between chromosome 15 & 17. It accounts around 10% cases of AML worldwide. Trisenox (TX/ATO) is used in chemotherapy for treatment of all age group of APL patients with highest efficacy and survival rate for longer period. High concentration of TX inhibits growth of APL cells by diverse mechanism however, it cures only PML-RARα fusion gene/oncogene containing APL patients. TX resistant APL patients (different oncogenic make up) have been reported from worldwide. This review summarizes updated mechanism of TX action via PML nuclear bodies formation, proteasomal degradation, autophagy, p53 activation, telomerase activity, heteromerization of pRb & E2F, and regulation of signaling mechanism in APL cells. We have also provided important information of combination therapy of TX with other molecules mechanism of action in acute leukemia cells. It provides updated information of TX action for researcher which may help finding new target for further research in APL pathophysiology or new TX resistant APL patients drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Earth, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
| | - Swati Benerjee
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Earth, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
| | - Paul B. Tchounwou
- RCMI Center for Urban Health Disparities Research and Innovation, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Earth, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
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5
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Jambrovics K, Póliska S, Scholtz B, Uray IP, Balajthy Z. ATO Increases ROS Production and Apoptosis of Cells by Enhancing Calpain-Mediated Degradation of the Cancer Survival Protein TG2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10938. [PMID: 37446117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a critical cancer cell survival factor that activates several signalling pathways to foster drug resistance, cancer stem cell survival, metastasis, inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy have been the standard treatments for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), but clinical studies have shown that arsenic trioxide (ATO), alone or in combination with ATRA, can improve outcomes. ATO exerts cytotoxic effects in a variety of ways by inducing oxidative stress, genotoxicity, altered signal transduction, and/or epigenetic modification. In the present study, we showed that ATO increased ROS production and apoptosis ratios in ATRA-differentiated NB4 leukaemia cells, and that these responses were enhanced when TG2 was deleted. The combined ATRA + ATO treatment also increased the amount of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor, an adaptive regulator of the cellular oxidative stress response, and calpain proteolytic activity, resulting in TG2 degradation and the reduced survival of WT leukaemia cells. We further showed that the induced TG2 protein expression was degraded in the MCF-7 epithelial cell line and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon ATO treatment, thereby sensitising these cell types to apoptotic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Jambrovics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Scholtz
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Iván P Uray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Paul NP, Galván AE, Yoshinaga-Sakurai K, Rosen BP, Yoshinaga M. Arsenic in medicine: past, present and future. Biometals 2023; 36:283-301. [PMID: 35190937 PMCID: PMC8860286 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenicals are one of the oldest treatments for a variety of human disorders. Although infamous for its toxicity, arsenic is paradoxically a therapeutic agent that has been used since ancient times for the treatment of multiple diseases. The use of most arsenic-based drugs was abandoned with the discovery of antibiotics in the 1940s, but a few remained in use such as those for the treatment of trypanosomiasis. In the 1970s, arsenic trioxide, the active ingredient in a traditional Chinese medicine, was shown to produce dramatic remission of acute promyelocytic leukemia similar to the effect of all-trans retinoic acid. Since then, there has been a renewed interest in the clinical use of arsenicals. Here the ancient and modern medicinal uses of inorganic and organic arsenicals are reviewed. Included are antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic and anticancer applications. In the face of increasing antibiotic resistance and the emergence of deadly pathogens such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, we propose revisiting arsenicals with proven efficacy to combat emerging pathogens. Current advances in science and technology can be employed to design newer arsenical drugs with high therapeutic index. These novel arsenicals can be used in combination with existing drugs or serve as valuable alternatives in the fight against cancer and emerging pathogens. The discovery of the pentavalent arsenic-containing antibiotic arsinothricin, which is effective against multidrug-resistant pathogens, illustrates the future potential of this new class of organoarsenical antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngozi P Paul
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Adriana E Galván
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kunie Yoshinaga-Sakurai
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Barry P Rosen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Masafumi Yoshinaga
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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7
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Benoit TM, Gundermann S. [Devil with angel wings - when vitamin A saves lives]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2023; 148:396-399. [PMID: 36940690 DOI: 10.1055/a-2038-9745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
ANAMNESIS AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION A 40-year-old male patient presented to our emergency department with a new onset of hemorrhagic diathesis. Clinically, there were marked bleeding stigmata with extensive ecchymosis in the thigh area and oral mucosal hemorrhage with otherwise general well-being. DIAGNOSTICS The coagulation diagnostics performed were consistent with the picture of disseminated intravascular consumption coagulopathy. Microscopic blood count also revealed 74% morphologically atypical promyelocytes. DIAGNOSIS, THERAPY, AND CLINICAL COURSE Bone marrow investigation confirmed the diagnosis of a microgranular variant of acute promyelocytic leukemia. In addition to coagulation optimization, therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was initiated immediately. Subsequently, arsenic trioxide (ATO) and the anthracycline idarubicin were added. No severe complications occurred in the following course of treatment. Moreover, the patient is currently in complete remission regarding acute promyelocytes leukemia. CONCLUSIONS Acute promyelocytic leukemia accounts for approximately 10-15% of all acute myeloid leukemias. Often, association with marked coagulation abnormalities due to disseminated intravascular consumption coagulopathy, which is present at diagnosis, APL becomes fatal if untreated. Rapid therapy initiation with ATRA and coagulation optimization, initiated as soon as the diagnosis is suspected, are crucial for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Matthieu Benoit
- Klinik für Medizinische Onkologie und Hämatologie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Stefan Gundermann
- Klinik für Medizinische Onkologie und Hämatologie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
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8
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Hasbullah JS, Scott EN, Bhavsar AP, Gunaretnam EP, Miao F, Soliman H, Carleton BC, Ross CJD. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) regulates key genes in the RARG-TOP2B pathway and reduces anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276541. [PMID: 36331922 PMCID: PMC9635745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of anthracycline chemotherapeutics (e.g., doxorubicin) is limited by anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (ACT). A nonsynonymous variant (S427L) in the retinoic acid receptor-γ (RARG) gene has been associated with ACT. This variant causes reduced RARG activity, which is hypothesized to lead to increased susceptibility to ACT through reduced activation of the retinoic acid pathway. This study explored the effects of activating the retinoic acid pathway using a RAR-agonist, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), in human cardiomyocytes and mice treated with doxorubicin. In human cardiomyocytes, ATRA induced the gene expression of RARs (RARG, RARB) and repressed the expression of topoisomerase II enzyme genes (TOP2A, TOP2B), which encode for the molecular targets of anthracyclines and repressed downstream ACT response genes. Importantly, ATRA enhanced cell survival of human cardiomyocytes exposed to doxorubicin. The protective effect of ATRA was also observed in a mouse model (B6C3F1/J) of ACT, in which ATRA treatment improved heart function compared to doxorubicin-only treated mice. Histological analyses of the heart also indicated that ATRA treatment reduced the pathology associated with ACT. These findings provide additional evidence for the retinoic acid pathway’s role in ACT and suggest that the RAR activator ATRA can modulate this pathway to reduce ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar S. Hasbullah
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erika N. Scott
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amit P. Bhavsar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erandika P. Gunaretnam
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fudan Miao
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hesham Soliman
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce C. Carleton
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin J. D. Ross
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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The Development and Clinical Applications of Oral Arsenic Trioxide for Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia and Other Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091945. [PMID: 36145693 PMCID: PMC9504237 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Appreciation of the properties of arsenic trioxide (ATO) has redefined the treatment landscape for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) and offers promise as a treatment for numerous other diseases. The benefits of ATO in patients with APL is related to its ability to counteract the effects of PML::RARA, an oncoprotein that is invariably detected in the blood or bone marrow of affected individuals. The PML::RARA oncoprotein is degraded specifically by binding to ATO. Thus ATO, in combination with all-trans retinoic acid, has become the curative treatment for ATO. The multiple mechanisms of action of ATO has also paved the way for application in various condition encompassing autoimmune or inflammatory disorders, solid organ tumours, lymphomas and other subtypes of AML. The development of oral formulation of ATO (oral ATO) has reduced costs of treatment and improved treatment convenience allowing widespread applicability. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action of ATO, the development of oral ATO, and the applications of oral ATO in APL and other diseases.
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10
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Antagonizing RARγ Drives Necroptosis of Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094814. [PMID: 35563205 PMCID: PMC9105400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for agents that eliminate cancer stem cells, which sustain cancer and are also largely responsible for disease relapse and metastasis. Conventional chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy are often highly effective against the bulk of cancer cells, which are proliferating, but spare cancer stem cells. Therapeutics that target cancer stem cells may also provide a bona fide cure for cancer. There are two rationales for targeting the retinoic acid receptor (RAR)γ. First, RARγ is expressed selectively within primitive cells. Second, RARγ is a putative oncogene for a number of human cancers, including cases of acute myeloid leukemia, cholangiocarcinoma, and colorectal, renal and hepatocellular carcinomas. Prostate cancer cells depend on active RARγ for their survival. Antagonizing all RARs caused necroptosis of prostate and breast cancer stem cell-like cells, and the cancer stem cells that gave rise to neurospheres from pediatric patients’ primitive neuroectodermal tumors and an astrocytoma. As tested for prostate cancer, antagonizing RARγ was sufficient to drive necroptosis. Achieving cancer-selectively is a longstanding paradigm for developing new treatments. The normal prostate epithelium was less sensitive to the RARγ antagonist and pan-RAR antagonist than prostate cancer cells, and fibroblasts and blood mononuclear cells were insensitive. The RARγ antagonist and pan-RAR antagonist are promising new cancer therapeutics.
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Aguiari G, Crudele F, Taccioli C, Minotti L, Corrà F, Keillor JW, Grassilli S, Cervellati C, Volinia S, Bergamini CM, Bianchi N. Dysregulation of Transglutaminase type 2 through GATA3 defines aggressiveness and Doxorubicin sensitivity in breast cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:1-14. [PMID: 34975314 PMCID: PMC8692156 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of transglutaminase type 2 in cell physiology is related to protein transamidation and signal transduction (affecting extracellular, intracellular and nuclear processes) aided by the expression of truncated isoforms and of two lncRNAs with regulatory functions. In breast cancer TG2 is associated with disease progression supporting motility, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and drug resistance. The aim of his work is to clarify these issues by emphasizing the interconnections among TGM2 variants and transcription factors associated with an aggressive phenotype, in which the truncated TGH isoform correlates with malignancy. TGM2 transcripts are upregulated by several drugs in MCF-7, but only Doxorubicin is effective in MDA-MB-231 cells. These differences reflect the expression of GATA3, as demonstrated by silencing, suggesting a link between this transcription factor and gene dysregulation. Of note, NC9, an irreversible inhibitor of enzymatic TG2 activities, emerges to control NF-ĸB and apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines, showing potential for combination therapies with Doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Crudele
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristian Taccioli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Linda Minotti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Corrà
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Silvia Grassilli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Advanced Therapy Technologies (LTTA), Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44124 Ferrara FE, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Volinia
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Advanced Therapy Technologies (LTTA), Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44124 Ferrara FE, Italy
| | - Carlo M. Bergamini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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12
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The unfolding role of ceramide in coordinating retinoid-based cancer therapy. Biochem J 2021; 478:3621-3642. [PMID: 34648006 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipid-mediated regulation in cancer development and treatment is largely ceramide-centered with the complex sphingolipid metabolic pathways unfolding as attractive targets for anticancer drug discovery. The dynamic interconversion of sphingolipids is tightly controlled at the level of enzymes and cellular compartments in response to endogenous or exogenous stimuli, such as anticancer drugs, including retinoids. Over the past two decades, evidence emerged that retinoids owe part of their potency in cancer therapy to modulation of sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide generation. Ceramide has been proposed as a 'tumor-suppressor lipid' that orchestrates cell growth, cell cycle arrest, cell death, senescence, autophagy, and metastasis. There is accumulating evidence that cancer development is promoted by the dysregulation of tumor-promoting sphingolipids whereas cancer treatments can kill tumor cells by inducing the accumulation of endogenous ceramide levels. Resistance to cancer therapy may develop due to a disrupted equilibrium between the opposing roles of tumor-suppressor and tumor-promoter sphingolipids. Despite the undulating effect and complexity of sphingolipid pathways, there are emerging opportunities for a plethora of enzyme-targeted therapeutic interventions that overcome resistance resulting from perturbed sphingolipid pathways. Here, we have revisited the interconnectivity of sphingolipid metabolism and the instrumental role of ceramide-biosynthetic and degradative enzymes, including bioactive sphingolipid products, how they closely relate to cancer treatment and pathogenesis, and the interplay with retinoid signaling in cancer. We focused on retinoid targeting, alone or in combination, of sphingolipid metabolism nodes in cancer to enhance ceramide-based therapeutics. Retinoid and ceramide-based cancer therapy using novel strategies such as combination treatments, synthetic retinoids, ceramide modulators, and delivery formulations hold promise in the battle against cancer.
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13
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Desaulniers D, Vasseur P, Jacobs A, Aguila MC, Ertych N, Jacobs MN. Integration of Epigenetic Mechanisms into Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenicity Hazard Assessment: Focus on DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10969. [PMID: 34681626 PMCID: PMC8535778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics involves a series of mechanisms that entail histone and DNA covalent modifications and non-coding RNAs, and that collectively contribute to programing cell functions and differentiation. Epigenetic anomalies and DNA mutations are co-drivers of cellular dysfunctions, including carcinogenesis. Alterations of the epigenetic system occur in cancers whether the initial carcinogenic events are from genotoxic (GTxC) or non-genotoxic (NGTxC) carcinogens. NGTxC are not inherently DNA reactive, they do not have a unifying mode of action and as yet there are no regulatory test guidelines addressing mechanisms of NGTxC. To fil this gap, the Test Guideline Programme of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development is developing a framework for an integrated approach for the testing and assessment (IATA) of NGTxC and is considering assays that address key events of cancer hallmarks. Here, with the intent of better understanding the applicability of epigenetic assays in chemical carcinogenicity assessment, we focus on DNA methylation and histone modifications and review: (1) epigenetic mechanisms contributing to carcinogenesis, (2) epigenetic mechanisms altered following exposure to arsenic, nickel, or phenobarbital in order to identify common carcinogen-specific mechanisms, (3) characteristics of a series of epigenetic assay types, and (4) epigenetic assay validation needs in the context of chemical hazard assessment. As a key component of numerous NGTxC mechanisms of action, epigenetic assays included in IATA assay combinations can contribute to improved chemical carcinogen identification for the better protection of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Desaulniers
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Hazard Identification Division, Health Canada, AL:2203B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Paule Vasseur
- CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, 57070 Metz, France;
| | - Abigail Jacobs
- Independent at the Time of Publication, Previously US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - M. Cecilia Aguila
- Toxicology Team, Division of Human Food Safety, Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Norman Ertych
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Miriam N. Jacobs
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK;
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14
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Inhibition of the lncRNA Coded within Transglutaminase 2 Gene Impacts Several Relevant Networks in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7030049. [PMID: 34449674 PMCID: PMC8395837 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs are nucleotide molecules that regulate transcription in numerous cellular processes and are related to the occurrence of many diseases, including cancer. In this regard, we recently discovered a polyadenylated long non-coding RNA (named TG2-lncRNA) encoded within the first intron of the Transglutaminase type 2 gene (TGM2), which is related to tumour proliferation in human cancer cell lines. To better characterize this new biological player, we investigated the effects of its suppression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, using siRNA treatment and RNA-sequencing. In this way, we found modifications in several networks associated to biological functions relevant for tumorigenesis (apoptosis, chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, cell mobility, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition) that were originally attributed only to Transglutaminase type 2 protein but that could be regulated also by TG2-lncRNA. Moreover, our experiments strongly suggest the ability of TG2-lncRNA to directly interact with important transcription factors, such as RXRα and TP53, paving the way for several regulatory loops that can potentially influence the phenotypic behaviour of MCF-7 cells. These considerations imply the need to further investigate the relative relevance of the TG2 protein itself and/or other gene products as key regulators in the organization of breast cancer program.
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15
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MLL5 improves ATRA driven differentiation and promotes xenotransplant engraftment in acute promyelocytic leukemia model. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:371. [PMID: 33824267 PMCID: PMC8024355 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the mixed lineage leukemia 5 (MLL5) gene has prognostic implications in acute promyelocyte leukemia (APL), the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate the critical role exerted by MLL5 in APL regarding cell proliferation and resistance to drug-induced apoptosis, through mtROS regulation. Additionally, MLL5 overexpression increased the responsiveness of APL leukemic cells to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation, via regulation of the epigenetic modifiers SETD7 and LSD1. In silico analysis indicated that APL blasts with MLL5high transcript levels were associated with retinoic acid binding and downstream signaling, while MLL5low blasts displayed decreased expression of epigenetic modifiers (such as KMT2C, PHF8 and ARID4A). Finally, APL xenograft transplants demonstrated improved engraftment of MLL5-expressing cells and increased myeloid differentiation over time. Concordantly, evaluation of engrafted blasts revealed increased responsiveness of MLL5-expressing cells to ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation. Together, we describe the epigenetic changes triggered by the interaction of MLL5 and ATRA resulting in enhanced granulocytic differentiation.
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16
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Zhong G, Wan F, Ning Z, Wu S, Jiang X, Tang Z, Huang R, Hu L. The protective role of autophagy against arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity and ROS-dependent pyroptosis in NCTC-1469 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 217:111396. [PMID: 33610032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat tumors. This study investigated the effect of As(III) on pyroptosis in murine hepatocytes in vitro and how this relates to autophagy. NCTC1469-cells were treated with As(III) alone (6, 12 and 18 μM) or in combination with N-acetylcysteine (NAC,1 mM), 3-methyladenine (3-MA, 5 mM) or rapamycin (Rapa,100 nM) for 24 h. The results showed that As(III)-treatment reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, but induced lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. As(III)-treatment also resulted in increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), therefore promoting pyroptosis. Moreover, As(III)-treatment upregulated the expression of autophagy and pyroptosis-related genes (LC3-A, LC3-B, P62, Beclin-1, Atg5, Caspase-1, Gasdermin D, IL-18, IL-1β) and downregulated the expression of m-TOR, NLRP3, ASC genes. Meanwhile the accumulation of light chain 3-B/A (LC3B/LC3A), autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg-5), Bcl-2-interacting protein (Beclin-1), Caspase-1, Gasdermin D, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18 and poptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) proteins were upregulated while nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) was downregulated in all As(III)-treatment groups. Furthermore, the inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA aggravated AsIII-induced pyroptosis and cytotoxicity. However, NAC or Rapa markedly alleviated the abovementioned phenomenon under As(III) stress. In addition, we speculate that the protective mechanism of NAC on As(III)-induced pyroptosis in hepatocytes mainly include the elimination of ROS because of the chelation of As(III) in the culture medium. In conclusion, these results provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying AsIII-induced cytotoxicity and pyroptosis in hepatocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolong Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Fang Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhijun Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaofeng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xuanxuan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lianmei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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17
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Brown G, Petrie K. The RARγ Oncogene: An Achilles Heel for Some Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3632. [PMID: 33807298 PMCID: PMC8036636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer "stem cells" (CSCs) sustain the hierarchies of dividing cells that characterize cancer. The main causes of cancer-related mortality are metastatic disease and relapse, both of which originate primarily from CSCs, so their eradication may provide a bona fide curative strategy, though there maybe also the need to kill the bulk cancer cells. While classic anti-cancer chemotherapy is effective against the dividing progeny of CSCs, non-dividing or quiescent CSCs are often spared. Improved anti-cancer therapies therefore require approaches that target non-dividing CSCs, which must be underpinned by a better understanding of factors that permit these cells to maintain a stem cell-like state. During hematopoiesis, retinoic acid receptor (RAR) γ is selectively expressed by stem cells and their immediate progeny. It is overexpressed in, and is an oncogene for, many cancers including colorectal, renal and hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinomas and some cases of acute myeloid leukemia that harbor RARγ fusion proteins. In vitro studies suggest that RARγ-selective and pan-RAR antagonists provoke the death of CSCs by necroptosis and point to antagonism of RARγ as a potential strategy to treat metastatic disease and relapse, and perhaps provide a cure for some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | - Kevin Petrie
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR13SD, UK;
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18
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Zolghadr F, Bakhshinejad B, Davuchbabny S, Sarrafpour B, Seyedasli N. Critical regulatory levels in tumor differentiation: Signaling pathways, epigenetics and non-coding transcripts. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000190. [PMID: 33644880 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Approaches to induce tumor differentiation often result in manageable and therapy-naïve cellular states in cancer cells. This transformation is achieved by activating pathways that drive tumor cells away from plasticity, a state that commonly correlates with enhanced aggression, metastasis and resistance to therapy. Here, we discuss signaling pathways, epigenetics and non-coding RNAs as three main regulatory levels with the potential to drive tumor differentiation and hence as potential targets in differentiation therapy approaches. The success of an effective therapeutic regimen in one cancer, however, does not necessarily sustain across cancer types; a phenomenon largely resulting from heterogeneity in the genetic and physiological landscapes of tumor types necessitating an approach designed for each cancer's unique genetic and phenotypic build-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zolghadr
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Babak Bakhshinejad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sapir Davuchbabny
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Babak Sarrafpour
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naisana Seyedasli
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,The Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Arsenic hexoxide has differential effects on cell proliferation and genome-wide gene expression in human primary mammary epithelial and MCF7 cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3761. [PMID: 33580144 PMCID: PMC7881197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is reportedly a biphasic inorganic compound for its toxicity and anticancer effects in humans. Recent studies have shown that certain arsenic compounds including arsenic hexoxide (AS4O6; hereafter, AS6) induce programmed cell death and cell cycle arrest in human cancer cells and murine cancer models. However, the mechanisms by which AS6 suppresses cancer cells are incompletely understood. In this study, we report the mechanisms of AS6 through transcriptome analyses. In particular, the cytotoxicity and global gene expression regulation by AS6 were compared in human normal and cancer breast epithelial cells. Using RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses, differentially expressed genes in significantly affected biological pathways in these cell types were validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting assays. Our data show markedly differential effects of AS6 on cytotoxicity and gene expression in human mammary epithelial normal cells (HUMEC) and Michigan Cancer Foundation 7 (MCF7), a human mammary epithelial cancer cell line. AS6 selectively arrests cell growth and induces cell death in MCF7 cells without affecting the growth of HUMEC in a dose-dependent manner. AS6 alters the transcription of a large number of genes in MCF7 cells, but much fewer genes in HUMEC. Importantly, we found that the cell proliferation, cell cycle, and DNA repair pathways are significantly suppressed whereas cellular stress response and apoptotic pathways increase in AS6-treated MCF7 cells. Together, we provide the first evidence of differential effects of AS6 on normal and cancerous breast epithelial cells, suggesting that AS6 at moderate concentrations induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through modulating genome-wide gene expression, leading to compromised DNA repair and increased genome instability selectively in human breast cancer cells.
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20
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Yousefnia S. Mechanistic effects of arsenic trioxide on acute promyelocytic leukemia and other types of leukemias. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1148-1157. [PMID: 33527587 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia characterized with a translocation between promyelocytic leukemia gene (PML) on chromosome 15 and retinoic acid receptor alpha gene (RARα) on chromosome 17. Transcription of this fusion gene results in PML/RARα fusion protein blocking expression of critical genes involved in differentiation of myeloid cells through interaction with RAR element. PML/RARα fusion protein prevents normal function of PML and RARα as well as inhibiting apoptosis. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is an important agent for the treatment of relapsed and newly diagnosed APL. ATO induces apoptosis, autophagy, and partial cellular differentiation as well as inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. Recognition of signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms induced by ATO can be effective for discovering novel treatment strategies to target leukemia cells. Also, it can be developed for the treatment of a variety of cancer cells. This review provides a perspective on anticancerous effects of ATO on APL and leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Yousefnia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Skoczynska A, Skoczynska M, Wojakowska A, Turczyn B, Gruszczynski L, Scieszka M. Urinary leucine aminopeptidase 3 in population environmentally exposed to airborne arsenic. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1308-1319. [PMID: 33501841 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120988874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental arsenic contamination is a major toxicological problem worldwide due to its carcinogenic and nephrotoxic potential. AIM The purpose of this observational study was to determine the suspected association between urinary arsenic (uAs) and urinary leucine (or leucyl) aminopeptidase 3 (uLAP3) to evaluate uLAP3 as a candidate biomarker of exposure to airborne arsenic. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 918 adults occupationally and/or environmentally exposed to airborne arsenic were enrolled in the study. Baseline information (age; sex; history of smoking; alcohol, fish and seafood consumption) was gathered. Total uAs concentrations [μg/L] of 918 subjects, as well as the sum of arsenic species (ΣiAs) in 259 subjects, were obtained. Urinary LAP3 was measured by an immune-enzymatic assay using an ELISA kit. Urinary creatinine concentration was assessed with the IB/lAB/1289 research protocol (version II, 2015-09-17). The values of uAs and uLAP3 were recalculated per unit of creatinine. The association between uAs and uLAP3 was assessed using a logistic regression model adjusted for confounders. RESULTS The study identified a positive correlation between the logarithm of uAs and the logarithm of uLAP3 in the study population (r = 0.1737, p < 0.0000) and between urinary creatinine and uLAP3 concentration not adjusted for creatinine level (r = 0.1871, p < 0.001). In the logistic regression model, there was also an association between increased (≥15 µg/L) uAs and decreased (below the 25th quartile) uLAP3 [OR uLAP3 = 1.22 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.44, p < 0.02)]. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that urinary LAP3 may be a potential biomarker of arsenic exposure, which warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skoczynska
- Department of Internal and Occupational Medicine and Hypertension, 49550Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Skoczynska
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Diseases, 49550Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wojakowska
- Department of Internal and Occupational Medicine and Hypertension, 49550Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Turczyn
- Department of Internal and Occupational Medicine and Hypertension, 49550Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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22
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Transcriptional and Metabolic Dissection of ATRA-Induced Granulocytic Differentiation in NB4 Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112423. [PMID: 33167477 PMCID: PMC7716236 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a hematological disease characterized by a balanced reciprocal translocation that leads to the synthesis of the oncogenic fusion protein PML-RARα. APL is mainly managed by a differentiation therapy based on the administration of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). However, therapy resistance, differentiation syndrome, and relapses require the development of new low-toxicity therapies based on the induction of blasts differentiation. In keeping with this, we reasoned that a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms pivotal for ATRA-driven differentiation could definitely bolster the identification of new therapeutic strategies in APL patients. We thus performed an in-depth high-throughput transcriptional profile analysis and metabolic characterization of a well-established APL experimental model based on NB4 cells that represent an unevaluable tool to dissect the complex mechanism associated with ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation. Pathway-reconstruction analysis using genome-wide transcriptional data has allowed us to identify the activation/inhibition of several cancer signaling pathways (e.g., inflammation, immune cell response, DNA repair, and cell proliferation) and master regulators (e.g., transcription factors, epigenetic regulators, and ligand-dependent nuclear receptors). Furthermore, we provide evidence of the regulation of a considerable set of metabolic genes involved in cancer metabolic reprogramming. Consistently, we found that ATRA treatment of NB4 cells drives the activation of aerobic glycolysis pathway and the reduction of OXPHOS-dependent ATP production. Overall, this study represents an important resource in understanding the molecular “portfolio” pivotal for APL differentiation, which can be explored for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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23
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Endothelial damage and a thin intercellular fibrin network promote haemorrhage in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:102992. [PMID: 32949998 PMCID: PMC7501057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of vascular endothelium in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which APL cells interact with endothelial cells (ECs) and to further explore how the endothelium affects bleeding as well as therapeutic interventions. Method APL cells and an original APL cell line, NB4 cells, were used for experiments. The effects of leukaemic cells on ECs were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the endothelial barrier function and procoagulant activity were detected. An APL mouse model was established for in vivo studies. Findings APL cells interacted with ECs via ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 receptors to disrupt endothelial integrity. This binding activated MLCK signaling, resulting in the trans-endothelial passage of protein and red blood cells (RBCs). Combined treatment with asiatic acid or anti-adhesion receptor antibody inhibited the response of ECs to APL cells, thereby preventing APL-associated haemorrhage in vitro and in vivo. Activated ECs exhibited a procoagulant phenotype after phosphatidylserine exposure. Plasma from APL patients formed a thin fibrin network between procoagulant ECs, and this intercellular fibrin decreased the passage of albumin and RBCs. Ex vivo addition of fibrinogen further enhanced this barrier function in a dose-dependent manner. Interpretation Endothelial damage induced by leukaemic cell adherence promotes haemorrhaging in APL. Stabilization of ECs, decreasing adhesion receptor expression, and increasing fibrinogen transfusion levels may be a new therapeutic avenue to alleviate this fatal bleeding complication. Funding National Science Foundation of China (81670128, 81873433).
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24
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Turcas C, Moisoiu V, Stefancu A, Jurj A, Iancu SD, Teodorescu P, Pasca S, Bojan A, Trifa A, Iluta S, Zimta AA, Petrushev B, Zdrenghea M, Bumbea H, Coriu D, Dima D, Leopold N, Tomuleasa C. SERS-Based Assessment of MRD in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia? Front Oncol 2020; 10:1024. [PMID: 32695677 PMCID: PMC7336895 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by a unique chromosome translocation t(15;17)(q24;q21), which leads to the PML/RARA gene fusion formation. However, it is acknowledged that this rearrangement alone is not able to induce the whole leukemic phenotype. In addition, epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation, may play a crucial role in leukemia pathogenesis. DNA methylation, catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), involves the covalent transfer of a methyl group (-CH3) to the fifth carbon of the cytosine ring in the CpG dinucleotide and results in the formation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). The aberrant gene promoter methylation can be an alternative mechanism of tumor suppressor gene inactivation. Understanding cancer epigenetics and its pivotal role in oncogenesis, can offer us not only attractive targets for epigenetic treatment but can also provide powerful tools in monitoring the disease and estimating the prognosis. Several genes of interest, such as RARA, RARB, p15, p16, have been studied in APL and their methylation status was correlated with potential diagnostic and prognostic significance. In the present manuscript we comprehensively examine the current knowledge regarding DNA methylation in APL pathogenesis. We also discuss the perspectives of using the DNA methylation patterns as reliable biomarkers for measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring and as a predictor of relapse. This work also highlights the possibility of detecting aberrant methylation profiles of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) through liquid biopsies, using the conventional methods, such as methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR), sequencing methods, but also revolutionary methods, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Turcas
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Moisoiu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Physics, Babeş Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Stefancu
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefania D Iancu
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Patric Teodorescu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Bojan
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Trifa
- Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sabina Iluta
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina-Andreea Zimta
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Horia Bumbea
- Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Coriu
- Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicolae Leopold
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Vidovic D, Giacomantonio C. Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Behind Intralesional Immunotherapies for Advanced Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051321. [PMID: 32455916 PMCID: PMC7281646 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma, a highly malignant skin cancer, is increasing yearly. While surgical removal of the tumor is the mainstay of treatment for patients with locally confined disease, those with metastases face uncertainty when it comes to their treatment. As melanoma is a relatively immunogenic cancer, current guidelines suggest using immunotherapies that can rewire the host immune response to target melanoma tumor cells. Intralesional therapy, where immunomodulatory agents are injected directly into the tumor, are an emerging aspect of treatment for in-transit melanoma because of their ability to mitigate severe off-target immune-related adverse events. However, their immunomodulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the different intralesional therapies for metastatic melanoma with respect to their clinical outcomes and immune molecular mechanisms.
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Rinfret Robert C, McManus FP, Lamoliatte F, Thibault P. Interplay of Ubiquitin-Like Modifiers Following Arsenic Trioxide Treatment. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1999-2010. [PMID: 32223133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a therapeutic agent used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a disease caused by a chromosomal translocation of the retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) gene that can occur reciprocally with the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene. The mechanisms through which ATO exerts its effects on cells are not fully characterized though they involve the SUMOylation, the ubiquitylation, and the degradation of the PML/RARα oncoprotein through the PML moiety. To better understand the mechanisms that underlie the cytotoxicity induced with increasing ATO levels, we profiled the changes in protein SUMOylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation on HEK293 cells following exposure to low (1 μM) or elevated (10 μM) ATO for 4 h. Our analyses revealed that a low dose of ATO resulted in the differential modification of selected substrates including the SUMOylation (K380, K394, K490, and K497) and ubiquitylation (K337, K401) of PML. These experiments also highlighted a number of unexpected SUMOylated substrates involved in DNA damage response (e.g., PCNA, YY1, and poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1)) and messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing (e.g., ACIN1, USP39, and SART1) that were regulated at higher ATO concentrations. Interestingly, additional enzymatic assays revealed that SUMOylation of PARP1 impeded its proteolytic cleavage by caspase-3, suggesting that SUMOylation could have a protective role in delaying cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Rinfret Robert
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Francis P McManus
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lamoliatte
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Jimenez JJ, Chale RS, Abad AC, Schally AV. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): a review of the literature. Oncotarget 2020; 11:992-1003. [PMID: 32215187 PMCID: PMC7082115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) is characterized by a block in differentiation where leukemic cells are halted at the promyelocyte stage. A characteristic balanced chromosomal translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 t (15;17) (q24; q21) is seen in 95% of cases — the translocation results in the formation of the PML-RARA fusion protein. The introduction of retinoic acid (RA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been responsible for initially remarkable cure rates. However, relapsed APL, particularly in the high-risk subset of patients, remains an important clinical problem. In addition, despite the success of ATRA & ATO, many clinicians still elect to use cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of APL. Patients who become resistant to ATO have an increased risk of mortality. The probability of relapse is significantly higher in the high-risk subset of patients undergoing treatment for APL; overall approximately 10-20% of APL patients relapse regardless of their risk stratification. Furthermore, 20-25% of patients undergoing treatment will develop differentiation syndrome, a common side effect of differentiation agents. Recent evidence using in vitro models has shown that mutations in the B2 domain of the PML protein, mediate arsenic resistance. Alternative agents and approaches considering these clinical outcomes are needed to address ATO resistance as well as the relapse rate in high risk APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin J Jimenez
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ravinder S Chale
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrea C Abad
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Jambrovics K, Uray IP, Keillor JW, Fésüs L, Balajthy Z. Benefits of Combined All-Trans Retinoic Acid and Arsenic Trioxide Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells and Further Enhancement by Inhibition of Atypically Expressed Transglutaminase 2. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030648. [PMID: 32168763 PMCID: PMC7139906 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized trials in acute promyelocytic leukemia patients have shown that treatment with a combination of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) is superior in efficacy to monotherapy, with significantly decreased mortality. So far, there are little data available to explain the success of the ATRA and ATO combination treatment in molecular terms. We showed that ATRA- and ATO-treated cells had the same capacity for superoxide production, which was reduced by two-thirds in the combined treatment. Secreted inflammatory biomarkers (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β] and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were significantly decreased and were further reduced in a transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression-dependent manner. The amount of secreted TNF-α in the supernatant of NB4 TG2 knockout cells was close to 50 times lower than in ATRA-treated differentiated wild-type NB4 cells. The irreversible inhibitor of TG2 NC9 not only decreased reactive oxygen species production 28-fold, but decreased the concentration of MCP-1, IL-1β and TNF-α 8-, 15- and 61-fold, respectively in the combined ATRA + ATO-treated wild-type NB4 cell culture. We propose that atypical expression of TG2 leads to the generation of inflammation, which thereby serves as a potential target for the prevention of differentiation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Jambrovics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.J.); (L.F.)
| | - Iván P. Uray
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - László Fésüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.J.); (L.F.)
- MTA DE Apoptosis, Genomics and Stem Cell Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.J.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-416-432; Fax: +36-52-314-989
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29
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Inhibition of PI3K pathway using BKM120 intensified the chemo-sensitivity of breast cancer cells to arsenic trioxide (ATO). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 116:105615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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