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Krajewski KT, Johnson CC, Ahamed NU, Moir GL, Mi Q, Flanagan SD, Anderst WJ, Connaboy C. Recruit-aged adults may preferentially weight task goals over deleterious cost functions during short duration loaded and imposed gait tasks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4910. [PMID: 36966216 PMCID: PMC10039906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal motor control that is stable and adaptable to perturbation is reflected in the temporal arrangement and regulation of gait variability. Load carriage and forced-marching are common military relevant perturbations to gait that have been implicated in the high incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in military populations. We investigated the interactive effects of load magnitude and locomotion pattern on motor variability, stride regulation and spatiotemporal complexity during gait in recruit-aged adults. We further investigated the influences of sex and task duration. Healthy adults executed trials of running and forced-marching with and without loads at 10% above their gait transition velocity. Spatiotemporal parameters were analyzed using a goal equivalent manifold approach. With load and forced-marching, individuals used a greater array of motor solutions to execute the task goal (maintain velocity). Stride-to-stride regulation became stricter as the task progressed. Participants exhibited optimal spatiotemporal complexity with significant but not meaningful differences between sexes. With the introduction of load carriage and forced-marching, individuals relied on a strategy that maximizes and regulates motor solutions that achieve the task goal of velocity specifically but compete with other task functions. The appended cost penalties may have deleterious effects during prolonged execution, potentially increasing the risk of musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen T Krajewski
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Camille C Johnson
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nizam U Ahamed
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gavin L Moir
- Exercise Science Department, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA, USA
| | - Qi Mi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Anderst
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Motor variability during a repetitive lifting task is impaired by wearing a passive back-support exoskeleton. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2023; 68:102739. [PMID: 36566692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate whether wearing a passive back-support exoskeleton during repetitive lifting impairs motor variability of erector spinae muscle and spine movement and whether this association is influenced by lifting style. SCOPE Thirty-six healthy males performed ten lifts in four randomized conditions with exoskeleton (without, with) and lifting style (squat, stoop) as dependent variables. One lifting cycle contained four phases: bending/straighten without/with load. Erector spinae muscular activity, thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis were measured with surface electromyography and gravimetric position sensors, respectively. Absolute and relative cycle-to-cycle variability were calculated. The effects of exoskeleton and exoskeleton × lifting style were assessed on outcomes during the complete lifting cycle and its four phases. RESULTS For the complete lifting cycle, muscular variability and thoracic kyphosis variability decreased whereas lumbar lordosis variability increased with exoskeleton. For lifting phases, effects of exoskeleton were mixed. Absolute and relative muscular variability showed a significant interaction effect for the phase straighten with load; variability decreased with exoskeleton during squat lifting. CONCLUSION Using the exoskeleton impaired several motor variability parameters during lifting, supporting previous findings that exoskeletons may limit freedom of movement. The impact of this result on longer-term development of muscular fatigue or musculoskeletal disorders cannot yet be estimated.
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Hawley SJ, Hamilton-Wright A, Fischer SL. Detecting subject-specific fatigue-related changes in lifting kinematics using a machine learning approach. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:113-124. [PMID: 35369856 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2061052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Individual responses to fatigue have been observed in lifting kinematics, suggesting a subject-specific approach is necessary for fatigue identification. One-class support vector machines (OCSVM) may provide an objective method to classify fatigue-related kinematic changes during repetitive lifting. Participants completed a repetitive lifting protocol while motion capture recorded lifting motions. Subject-specific kinematics from participants' first 35% of lifts trained OCSVM decision boundaries. The remaining lifts were separated into test sets and classified against the decision boundary to identify the percentage of outlier lifts within each test set. Spearman's correlation assessed if the test sets' percentage of outlier lifts increased concurrently with participants' rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Significant positive associations were found for participants who demonstrated evidence of fatigue, while no significant associations were found for participants who did not demonstrate evidence of fatigue. These results demonstrate the prospective efficacy of an outlier detection tool for fatigue detection during repetitive lifting.Practitioner Summary: An objective subject-specific fatigue detection method is desired for workplace tasks, such as lifting. An outlier detection machine learning approach was identified when lifting movement patterns changed from baseline throughout a repetitive lifting protocol. Participants who demonstrated an increase in outlier movement patterns had a concurrent increase in self-reported fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon J Hawley
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Steven L Fischer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Thiry P, Nocent O, Buisseret F, Bertucci W, Thévenon A, Simoneau-Buessinger E. Sample Entropy as a Tool to Assess Lumbo-Pelvic Movements in a Clinical Test for Low-Back-Pain Patients. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24040437. [PMID: 35455098 PMCID: PMC9032546 DOI: 10.3390/e24040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) obviously reduces the quality of life but is also the world’s leading cause of years lived with disability. Alterations in motor response and changes in movement patterns are expected in LBP patients when compared to healthy people. Such changes in dynamics may be assessed by the nonlinear analysis of kinematical time series recorded from one patient’s motion. Since sample entropy (SampEn) has emerged as a relevant index measuring the complexity of a given time series, we propose the development of a clinical test based on SampEn of a time series recorded by a wearable inertial measurement unit for repeated bending and returns (b and r) of the trunk. Twenty-three healthy participants were asked to perform, in random order, 50 repetitions of this movement by touching a stool and another 50 repetitions by touching a box on the floor. The angular amplitude of the b and r movement and the sample entropy of the three components of the angular velocity and acceleration were computed. We showed that the repetitive b and r “touch the stool” test could indeed be the basis of a clinical test for the evaluation of low-back-pain patients, with an optimal duration of 70 s, acceptable in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thiry
- LAMIH, CNRS, UMR 8201, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, F-59313 Valenciennes, France;
- CHU Lille, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
- CeREF Technique, Chaussée de Binche 159, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Olivier Nocent
- PSMS, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, F-51867 Reims, France; (O.N.); (W.B.)
| | - Fabien Buisseret
- CeREF Technique, Chaussée de Binche 159, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Service de Physique Nucléaire et Subnucléaire, Université de Mons, UMONS Research Institute for Complex Systems, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (F.B.)
| | - William Bertucci
- PSMS, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, F-51867 Reims, France; (O.N.); (W.B.)
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Krajewski KT, Allen IT, Johnson CC, Dever DE, Ahamed NU, Flanagan SD, Mi Q, Anderst WJ, Connaboy C. Loaded forced-marching shifts mechanical contributions proximally and disrupts stride-to-stride joint work modulation in recruit aged women. Gait Posture 2021; 88:22-27. [PMID: 33957553 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military personnel in combat roles often perform gait tasks with additional load, which can affect the contributions of joint mechanical work (positive and negative). Furthermore, different locomotion patterns can also affect joint specific work contributions. While mean behavior of joint work is important to understanding gait, changes in joint kinetic modulation, or the regulation/control of stride-to-stride joint work variability is necessary to elucidate locomotor system function. Suboptimal modulation exhibited as a stochastic time-series (large fluctuation followed by an opposite smaller fluctuation) could potentially affect locomotion efficiency and portend injury risk. It remains unclear how the locomotor system responds to a combination of load perturbations and varying locomotion patterns. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the interactive effects of load magnitude and locomotion pattern on joint positive/negative work and joint work modulation in healthy, active, recruit-aged women? METHODS Eleven healthy, active, recruit-aged (18-33 years) women ran and forced-marched (walking at a velocity an individual would typically jog) in bodyweight (BW), an additional 25 % of BW (+25 %BW) and an additional 45 % of BW (+45 %BW) conditions at a velocity above their gait transition velocity. Joint work was calculated as the time integral of joint power. Joint work modulation was assessed with detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) on consecutive joint work time-series. RESULTS Joint work contributions shifted proximally for forced-marching demonstrated by lesser (p < .001) positive/negative ankle work but greater (p = .001) positive hip work contributions compared to running. Running exhibited optimal positive ankle work modulation compared to forced-marching (p = .040). Knee and ankle negative joint work modulation was adversely impacted compared to the hip during forced-marching (p < .001). SIGNIFICANCE Employing forced-marching gait while under loads of 25 and 45 % of BW reduces the ability of the plantar-flexors and knee extensors to optimally contribute to energy absorption and propulsion in recruit-aged women, potentially reducing metabolic efficiency and increasing injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen T Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ian T Allen
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Camille C Johnson
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis E Dever
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nizam U Ahamed
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qi Mi
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Anderst
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Krajewski KT, Dever DE, Johnson CC, Mi Q, Simpson RJ, Graham SM, Moir GL, Ahamed NU, Flanagan SD, Anderst WJ, Connaboy C. Load Magnitude and Locomotion Pattern Alter Locomotor System Function in Healthy Young Adult Women. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:582219. [PMID: 33042981 PMCID: PMC7525027 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.582219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction During cyclical steady state ambulation, such as walking, variability in stride intervals can indicate the state of the system. In order to define locomotor system function, observed variability in motor patterns, stride regulation and gait complexity must be assessed in the presence of a perturbation. Common perturbations, especially for military populations, are load carriage and an imposed locomotion pattern known as forced marching (FM). We examined the interactive effects of load magnitude and locomotion pattern on motor variability, stride regulation and gait complexity during bipedal ambulation in recruit-aged females. Methods Eleven healthy physically active females (18–30 years) completed 1-min trials of running and FM at three load conditions: no additional weight/bodyweight (BW), an additional 25% of BW (BW + 25%), and an additional 45% of BW (BW + 45%). A goal equivalent manifold (GEM) approach was used to assess motor variability yielding relative variability (RV; ratio of “good” to “bad” variability) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) to determine gait complexity on stride length (SL) and stride time (ST) parameters. DFA was also used on GEM outcomes to calculate stride regulation. Results There was a main effect of load (p = 0.01) on RV; as load increased, RV decreased. There was a main effect of locomotion (p = 0.01), with FM exhibiting greater RV than running. Strides were regulated more tightly and corrected quicker at BW + 45% compared (p < 0.05) to BW. Stride regulation was greater for FM compared to running. There was a main effect of load for gait complexity (p = 0.002); as load increased gait complexity decreased, likewise FM had less (p = 0.02) gait complexity than running. Discussion This study is the first to employ a GEM approach and a complexity analysis to gait tasks under load carriage. Reduction in “good” variability as load increases potentially exposes anatomical structures to repetitive site-specific loading. Furthermore, load carriage magnitudes of BW + 45% potentially destabilize the system making individuals less adaptable to additional perturbations. This is further evidenced by the decrease in gait complexity, which all participants demonstrated values similarly observed in neurologically impaired populations during the BW + 45% load condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen T Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dennis E Dever
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Camille C Johnson
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Qi Mi
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Scott M Graham
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin L Moir
- Exercise Science Department, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA, United States
| | - Nizam U Ahamed
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - William J Anderst
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Sedighi A, Rashedi E, Nussbaum MA. A head-worn display ("smart glasses") has adverse impacts on the dynamics of lateral position control during gait. Gait Posture 2020; 81:126-130. [PMID: 32717669 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head-worn displays (e.g., "smart glasses") are an emerging technology to provide information, and in many situations they might be used while walking. However, little evidence exists regarding the effects of head-worn displays on walking performance. We found earlier that "smart glasses" had smaller adverse effects on measures of gait variability in the anterior-posterior direction vs. other types of information displays. Participants, however, complained about motion sickness and perceived instability while using smart glasses. RESEARCH QUESTION Were the participants' complaints a result of adverse effects of the smart glasses on the dynamics of lateral stepping and gait stability? METHODS Twenty individuals walked on a treadmill in four different conditions; single-task walking, and three dual-task walking conditions, the latter using smart glasses, smartphone, and a paper-based system to provide secondary cognitive tasks. We assessed the dynamics of lateral stepping and gait stability using the goal equivalent manifold and maximum Lyapunov exponent, respectively. RESULTS The dynamics of the lateral stepping were more adversely affected using smart glasses compared to the other types of information displays. However, stability measures revealed that the participants were more unstable when they used the smartphone and paper-based system. SIGNIFICANCE Promising results in terms of stability and adaptability suggest that head-worn display technology is a potentially useful alternative to smartphones and other types of information displays for reducing the risk of a fall. Results regarding perceptions of instability and a loss of control over lateral stepping, however, imply that this technology requires further development prior to real-work implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sedighi
- Bone and Joint Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA.
| | - Elaheh Rashedi
- Bone and Joint Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061, USA
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Jackson JA, Srinivasan D, Mathiassen SE. Consistent individual motor variability traits demonstrated by females performing a long-cycle assembly task under conditions differing in temporal organisation. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 85:103046. [PMID: 32174342 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests an association between motor variability (MV) during repetitive work and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). However, whether MV is a consistent individual trait, even across working conditions or tasks, remains unknown. This study assessed whether individual MV traits were consistent during complex work performed under different temporal conditions. Fifteen women performed cyclic assembly under four conditions differing in pace and organisation (line-type, batch-type). MV of trapezius muscle activity and upper arm elevation was quantified and partitioned into variance components. For all MV metrics, a non-zero between-subjects variance was found, indicating consistent individual MV traits across conditions. Variance between subjects was higher for electromyography (EMG) MV metrics compared with kinematic metrics. Our results showed individuals exhibited consistent MV traits across working conditions differing in pace and production process. Further research is needed to understand whether MV is an individual predictive factor for MSD onset or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie A Jackson
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational Health Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.
| | - Divya Srinivasan
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Svend Erik Mathiassen
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational Health Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.
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