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Rimayanti R, Khairullah AR, Lestari TD, Hernawati T, Mulyati S, Utama S, Damayanti R, Moses IB, Yanestria SM, Kusala MKJ, Raissa R, Fauziah I, Wibowo S, Prasetyo A, Awwanah M, Fauzia KA. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome developments: An in-depth review of recent findings. Open Vet J 2024; 14:2138-2152. [PMID: 39553781 PMCID: PMC11563630 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i9.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) belonging to the Arteriviridae family is the cause of PRRS disease. After being discovered for the first time in the United States in 1987, this illness quickly expanded to Canada. The disease was initially discovered in late 1990 in Germany, from where it quickly spread throughout Europe. The consequences of PRRSV lead to a number of epidemiological issues, including a sickness with a delayed immune response that permits extended viremia, which facilitates viral transmission. The virus penetrates the nasal epithelium, tonsils, lung macrophages, and uterine endometrium through the oronasal and genital pathways. Abortions performed late in pregnancy and premature or delayed deliveries resulting in dead and mummified fetuses, stillborn pigs, and weakly born piglets are indicative of reproductive syndrome. In the meanwhile, dyspnea, fever, anorexia, and lethargic behavior are signs of respiratory syndrome. The virus can be isolated from the tissue or serum of animals that have been infected to confirm the diagnosis. Pig movements and potential airborne dissemination are two ways that the virus can enter new herds and propagate through nose-to-nose contact or aerosols. Various supportive therapies may enhance infant survival, and antibiotics may or may not lessen the impact of secondary bacterial infections. The absence of simple diagnostic tests, the virus's airborne transmission, the occurrence of subclinical infections, and the virus's persistence in infected populations have all contributed to the failure of control efforts for PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimayanti Rimayanti
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Tita Damayanti Lestari
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Tatik Hernawati
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sri Mulyati
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suzanita Utama
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Damayanti
- Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Ricadonna Raissa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Ima Fauziah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Syahputra Wibowo
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Agung Prasetyo
- Research Center for Estate Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mo Awwanah
- Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Kartika Afrida Fauzia
- Research Center for Preclinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
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Papatsiros VG, Papakonstantinou G, Meletis E, Tsekouras N, Maragkakis G, Bitchava D, Kostoulas P. Occurrence and Associated Risk Factors of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infections in Greece. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:200-211. [PMID: 35138937 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to identify factors associated with the probability of being polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive and the level of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) occurrence in Greek farms. The study included 56 pig farms, with a total population of 22.500 sows, which represent about 40% of the entire capacity of the Greek swine production. A total of 896 blood samples (224 pools*4 samples/pool = 896 samples) from breeding stock, weaners, growers, and finishers were collected from each farm and organized in pools of 4 samples size. Further, data regarding herd health management protocols were collected. The sera were tested for PRRSV and PCV2, using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The results indicated that both viruses remain a major challenge for the Greek swine industry. Main risk factors involved in the infection process by these viruses were identified. In particular, vaccination programs such as the mass PRRSV vaccination with modified-live virus (MLV) in breeding stock during the last stages of gestation or with killed-virus (KV) during the middle of gestation are more likely to be associated with PRRSV PCR-positivity. Farms with low biosecurity level are associated with higher PRRSV circulation. It has also been revealed that breeding stock is more likely to be associated with PCV2 circulation compared to weaners and growers. In conclusion, our results could be the basis of the development of surveillance protocols for a national monitoring system for PRRSV and PCV2, which could prevent future infection of Greek farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Georgios Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Eletherios Meletis
- Faculty of Public and Integrated (One) Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsekouras
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Giorgos Maragkakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Faculty of Public and Integrated (One) Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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Colomer MÀ, Margalida A, Alòs F, Oliva-Vidal P, Vilella A, Fraile L. Modelling the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: Assessing the usefulness of protective measures to reduce the pandemic at population level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147816. [PMID: 34052482 PMCID: PMC8137349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A new bioinspired computational model was developed for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic using the available epidemiological information, high-resolution population density data, travel patterns, and the average number of contacts between people. The effectiveness of control measures such as contact reduction measures, closure of communities (lockdown), protective measures (social distancing, face mask wearing, and hand hygiene), and vaccination were modelled to examine possibilities for control of the disease under several protective vaccination levels in the population. Lockdown and contact reduction measures only delay the spread of the virus in the population because it resumes its previous dynamics as soon as the restrictions are lifted. Nevertheless, these measures are probably useful to avoid hospitals being overwhelmed in the short term. Our model predicted that 56% of the Spanish population would have been infected and subsequently recovered over a 130 day period if no protective measures were taken but this percentage would have been only 34% if protective measures had been put in place. Moreover, this percentage would have been further reduced to 41.7, 27.7, and 13.3% if 25, 50 and 75% of the population had been vaccinated, respectively. Finally, this percentage would have been even lower at 25.5, 12.1 and 7.9% if 25, 50 and 75% of the population had been vaccinated in combination with the application of protective measures, respectively. Therefore, a combination of protective measures and vaccination would be highly efficacious in decreasing not only the number of those who become infected and subsequently recover, but also the number of people who die from infection, which falls from 0.41% of the population over a 130 day period without protective measures to 0.15, 0.08 and 0.06% if 25, 50 and 75% of the population had been vaccinated in combination with protective measures at the same time, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Àngels Colomer
- Department of Mathematics, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Antoni Margalida
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francesc Alòs
- Primary Health Center, Passeig Sant Joan, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Oliva-Vidal
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; Agrotecnio, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Colomer MÀ, Margalida A, Alòs F, Oliva-Vidal P, Vilella A, Fraile L. Modeling of Vaccination and Contact Tracing as Tools to Control the COVID-19 Outbreak in Spain. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:386. [PMID: 33920027 PMCID: PMC8071008 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an agent-based stochastic model, based on P Systems methodology, to decipher the effects of vaccination and contact tracing on the control of COVID-19 outbreak at population level under different control measures (social distancing, mask wearing and hand hygiene) and epidemiological scenarios. Our findings suggest that without the application of protection social measures, 56.1% of the Spanish population would contract the disease with a mortality of 0.4%. Assuming that 20% of the population was protected by vaccination by the end of the summer of 2021, it would be expected that 45% of the population would contract the disease and 0.3% of the population would die. However, both of these percentages are significantly lower when social measures were adopted, being the best results when social measures are in place and 40% of contacts traced. Our model shows that if 40% of the population can be vaccinated, even without social control measures, the percentage of people who die or recover from infection would fall from 0.41% and 56.1% to 0.16% and 33.5%, respectively compared with an unvaccinated population. When social control measures were applied in concert with vaccination the percentage of people who die or recover from infection diminishes until 0.10% and 14.5%, after vaccinating 40% of the population. Vaccination alone can be crucial in controlling this disease, but it is necessary to vaccinate a significant part of the population and to back this up with social control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Àngels Colomer
- Department of Mathematics, ETSEA, University of Lleida, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.À.C.); (P.O.-V.)
| | - Antoni Margalida
- Department of Game Resources and Wildlife Management, Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), E-13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francesc Alòs
- Primary Health Center, Passeig Sant Joan, 08010 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Pilar Oliva-Vidal
- Department of Mathematics, ETSEA, University of Lleida, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.À.C.); (P.O.-V.)
- Department of Game Resources and Wildlife Management, Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), E-13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Anna Vilella
- Public Health Department Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- Department of Animal Science, Agrotecnio, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Porcine Respiratory Bacteria in Spain. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070402. [PMID: 32664493 PMCID: PMC7400251 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of pig pathogens is critical to optimize antimicrobial treatments and prevent development of resistance with a one-health approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of swine respiratory pathogens in Spain from 2017 to 2019. Bacterial isolation and identification were carried out following standardized methods from samples coming from sacrificed or recently deceased pigs with acute clinical signs compatible with respiratory tract infections. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using the broth microdilution method containing a total of 10 and 7–8 antimicrobials/concentrations respectively, in accordance with the recommendations presented by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The obtained antimicrobial susceptibility varies between pig respiratory pathogens. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) were highly susceptible (≥90%) to ceftiofur, florfenicol and macrolides (tilmicosin, tildipirosin and tulathromycin). However, the antimicrobial susceptibility was intermediate (>60% but <90%) for amoxicillin and enrofloxacin in the case of APP and sulfamethoxazole/trimethropim and tiamulin in the case of PM. Both bacteria showed low (<60%) antimicrobial susceptibility to doxycycline. Finally, Bordetella bronchiseptica was highly susceptible only to tildipirosin and tulathromycin (100%) and its susceptibility for florfenicol was close to 50% and <30% for the rest of the antimicrobial families tested. These results emphasize the need of determining antimicrobial susceptibility in pig respiratory cases in order to optimize the antimicrobial treatment in a case-by-case scenario.
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Colomer MA, Margalida A, Fraile L. Vaccination Is a Suitable Tool in the Control of Aujeszky's Disease Outbreaks in Pigs Using a Population Dynamics P Systems Model. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050909. [PMID: 32456342 PMCID: PMC7278389 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Maximizing the efficiency of pork production in line with sustainability and environmental restrictions presents a challenge for the pig industry in the coming years. It is necessary to develop practices based on cost/benefit analyses of the effects of disease on animal performance. Diseases can be controlled in various ways, such as vaccination programs and management protocols, among others, to control pathogens. We have developed a model to disentangle the effects of management and vaccination strategies to control one of the most important pig viral diseases, Aujeszky disease. Our results suggest that after confirming the diagnosis, early vaccination of most of the population is critical to decrease the spread of the virus and minimize its impact on pig productivity. However, the effect of management is negligible for the control of this virus. Thus, this model can be used to evaluate preventive medicine programs in the control of known diseases and for new ones that could appear in the future. Abstract Aujeszky’s disease is one of the main pig viral diseases and results in considerable economic losses in the pork production industry. The disease can be controlled using preventive measures such as improved stock management and vaccination throughout the pig-rearing period. We developed a stochastic model based on Population Dynamics P systems (PDP) models for a standard pig production system to differentiate between the effects of pig farm management regimes and vaccination strategies on the control of Aujeszky’s disease under several different epidemiological scenarios. Our results suggest that after confirming the diagnosis, early vaccination of most of the population (>75%) is critical to decrease the spread of the virus and minimize its impact on pig productivity. The direct economic cost of an outbreak of Aujeszky’s disease can be extremely high on a previously uninfected farm (from 352–792 Euros/sow/year) and highlights the positive benefits of investing in vaccination measures to control infections. We demonstrate the usefulness of computational models as tools in the evaluation of preventive medicine programs aimed at limiting the impact of disease on animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoni Margalida
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Castilla la Mancha-Junta de Comunidad de Castilla la Mancha (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Agrotecnio, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-973-70-28-14
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Mahmmod YS, Correa-Fiz F, Aragon V. Variations in association of nasal microbiota with virulent and non-virulent strains of Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis in weaning piglets. Vet Res 2020; 51:7. [PMID: 32014043 PMCID: PMC6996185 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-0738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella (formerly Haemophilus) parasuis causes Glässer’s disease, which results in high economic loss in the swine industry. To understand the polymicrobial interactions of G. parasuis and the nasal microbiota, the statistical association patterns of nasal colonizing bacteria with virulent and non-virulent strains of G. parasuis were studied accounting for the farm management practices as potential risk factors for the occurrence of Glässer’s disease. The nasal microbiota from 51 weaned-piglets from four farms with Glässer’s disease and three farms with no respiratory diseases was previously characterized and included in this study. The presence of virulent and/or non-virulent G. parasuis strains in the nasal cavities was determined in order to establish the potential association with other members of the nasal microbiota. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were performed among the various members of nasal microbiota and G. parasuis. The multi-site production system and disease presence in the farm were both significantly associated with the presence of G. parasuis virulent strains in the nose of the piglets. Differential bacterial associations were observed with virulent or non-virulent G. parasuis. Chitinophagaceae, Corynebacteriaceae and Corynebacterium were positively associated with the virulent G. parasuis strains, while Enterobacteriaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Clostridium XI, and Escherichia/Shigella were negatively associated with virulent G. parasuis. On the other hand, Flavobacteriaceae, Planobacterium, and Phascolarctobacterium were positively associated with the non-virulent G. parasuis strains, while Rikenellaceae, Enterococcaceae, Odoribacter, and Corynebacterium were negatively associated with non-virulent G. parasuis. In conclusion, the nasal microbiota communities showed variations in the association with the G. parasuis strains type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser S Mahmmod
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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