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Gretschel J, El Hage R, Wang R, Chen Y, Pietzner A, Loew A, Leineweber CG, Wördemann J, Rohwer N, Weylandt KH, Schmöcker C. Harnessing Oxylipins and Inflammation Modulation for Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5408. [PMID: 38791445 PMCID: PMC11121665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, ranking as the third most malignant. The incidence of CRC has been increasing with time, and it is reported that Westernized diet and lifestyle play a significant role in its higher incidence and rapid progression. The intake of high amounts of omega-6 (n - 6) PUFAs and low levels of omega-3 (n - 3) PUFAs has an important role in chronic inflammation and cancer progression, which could be associated with the increase in CRC prevalence. Oxylipins generated from PUFAs are bioactive lipid mediators and have various functions, especially in inflammation and proliferation. Carcinogenesis is often a consequence of chronic inflammation, and evidence has shown the particular involvement of n - 6 PUFA arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins in CRC, which is further described in this review. A deeper understanding of the role and metabolism of PUFAs by their modifying enzymes, their pathways, and the corresponding oxylipins may allow us to identify new approaches to employ oxylipin-associated immunomodulation to enhance immunotherapy in cancer. This paper summarizes oxylipins identified in the context of the initiation, development, and metastasis of CRC. We further explore CRC chemo-prevention strategies that involve oxylipins as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Gretschel
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Racha El Hage
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Medical Department, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yifang Chen
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Medical Department, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Pietzner
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Loew
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Can G. Leineweber
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jonas Wördemann
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nadine Rohwer
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Medical Department, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Karsten H. Weylandt
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmöcker
- Medical Department B, Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany (R.E.H.); (Y.C.); (A.P.); (A.L.); (C.G.L.); (J.W.); (N.R.); (K.H.W.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Witt A, Mateska I, Palladini A, Sinha A, Wölk M, Harauma A, Bechmann N, Pamporaki C, Dahl A, Rothe M, Kopaliani I, Adolf C, Riester A, Wielockx B, Bornstein SR, Kroiss M, Peitzsch M, Moriguchi T, Fedorova M, Grzybek M, Chavakis T, Mirtschink P, Alexaki VI. Fatty acid desaturase 2 determines the lipidomic landscape and steroidogenic function of the adrenal gland. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6710. [PMID: 37478183 PMCID: PMC10361602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids regulate vital processes, including stress responses, systemic metabolism, and blood pressure. Here, we show that corticosteroid synthesis is related to the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of mitochondrial phospholipids in adrenocortical cells. Inhibition of the rate-limiting enzyme of PUFA synthesis, fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), leads to perturbations in the mitochondrial lipidome and diminishes steroidogenesis. Consistently, the adrenocortical mitochondria of Fads2-/- mice fed a diet with low PUFA concentration are structurally impaired and corticoid levels are decreased. On the contrary, FADS2 expression is elevated in the adrenal cortex of obese mice, and plasma corticosterone is increased, which can be counteracted by dietary supplementation with the FADS2 inhibitor SC-26192 or icosapent ethyl, an eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. In humans, FADS2 expression is elevated in aldosterone-producing adenomas compared to non-active adenomas or nontumorous adrenocortical tissue and correlates with expression of steroidogenic genes. Our data demonstrate that FADS2-mediated PUFA synthesis determines adrenocortical steroidogenesis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Witt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Ivona Mateska
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Alessandra Palladini
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Anupam Sinha
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Michele Wölk
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Akiko Harauma
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Christina Pamporaki
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | | | - Irakli Kopaliani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Christian Adolf
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Anna Riester
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Toru Moriguchi
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Michal Grzybek
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Peter Mirtschink
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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Garshick MS, Block R, Drenkova K, Tawil M, James G, Brenna JT. Statin therapy upregulates arachidonic acid status via enhanced endogenous synthesis in patients with plaque psoriasis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 180:102428. [PMID: 35490599 PMCID: PMC9870621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Circulating fatty acids (FA) may be important in the psoriatic pro-inflammatory phenotype. FADS1 converts linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor to potent signaling molecules. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase FADS1/2 expression in vitro. Psoriasis patients (42 ± 14 years/age, 47% male) were randomized to 40 mg of atorvastatin (n = 20) or nothing (n = 10) for two weeks and plasma FA measured pre and post treatment. After treatment, LDL-C was 44% lower in the statin compared to the no-treatment group. Statins increased FADS1/2 expression, and lowered LA 12% (33% - > 29%, p<0.001) and raised AA 14% (7.7% - > 9.0%, p<0.01) with no change in the no-treatment group. In psoriasis, statins enhance AA and decrease LA, consistent with the action of enhanced FADS expression in vivo. Therapies intended to blunt the effects of AA on platelet aggregation, such as aspirin or omega-3 fatty acids, may require dose adjustment when co-administered with atorvastatin. NCT: NCT03228017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Garshick
- Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, United States; Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, United States; Cardiovascular Research Center, NYU Langone Health, United States.
| | - Robert Block
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Kamelia Drenkova
- Cardiovascular Research Center, NYU Langone Health, United States
| | - Michael Tawil
- Cardiovascular Research Center, NYU Langone Health, United States
| | - Genevieve James
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and Dept of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and Dept of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, United States
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Wang C, Enssle J, Pietzner A, Schmöcker C, Weiland L, Ritter O, Jaensch M, Elbelt U, Pagonas N, Weylandt KH. Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Blood from Patients with and without Catheter-Proven Coronary Artery Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020766. [PMID: 35054948 PMCID: PMC8775772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Statins reduce morbidity and mortality of CAD. Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality in patients with CAD. Previous data indicate that a higher conversion of precursor fatty acids (FAs) to arachidonic acid (AA) is associated with increased CAD prevalence. Our study explored the FA composition in blood to assess n-3 PUFA levels from patients with and without CAD. We analyzed blood samples from 273 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Patients were stratified according to clinically relevant CAD (n = 192) and those without (n = 81). FA analysis in full blood was performed by gas chromatography. Indicating increased formation of AA from precursors, the ratio of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) to AA, the delta-5 desaturase index (D5D index) was higher in CAD patients. CAD patients had significantly lower levels of omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs (n-6 PUFA) and n-3 PUFA, particularly EPA, in the blood. Thus, our study supports a role of increased EPA levels for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxuan Wang
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (C.W.); (J.E.); (A.P.); (C.S.); (U.E.)
- Medical Department, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Enssle
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (C.W.); (J.E.); (A.P.); (C.S.); (U.E.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne Pietzner
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (C.W.); (J.E.); (A.P.); (C.S.); (U.E.)
| | - Christoph Schmöcker
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (C.W.); (J.E.); (A.P.); (C.S.); (U.E.)
| | - Linda Weiland
- Division of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (L.W.); (O.R.); (M.J.); (N.P.)
| | - Oliver Ritter
- Division of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (L.W.); (O.R.); (M.J.); (N.P.)
| | - Monique Jaensch
- Division of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (L.W.); (O.R.); (M.J.); (N.P.)
| | - Ulf Elbelt
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (C.W.); (J.E.); (A.P.); (C.S.); (U.E.)
- Medical Department, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Pagonas
- Division of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; (L.W.); (O.R.); (M.J.); (N.P.)
| | - Karsten H. Weylandt
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (C.W.); (J.E.); (A.P.); (C.S.); (U.E.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)3391-39-3210
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Watanabe Y, Tatsuno I. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids focusing on eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases: a review of the state-of-the-art. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 14:79-93. [PMID: 33306922 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1863784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : An epidemiological study of Greenlandic Inuit suggested the importance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in preventing ischemic heart disease. After this landmark study, large-scale epidemiological studies have examined the benefits of omega-3 PUFAs in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. AREAS COVERED : This article reviews studies on omega-3 PUFAs, and identifies issues relevant to cardiovascular risk. EXPERT OPINION : Recent studies have focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 PUFAs and specialized pro-resolving mediators. High-purity eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl ester and EPA/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) preparations have been developed primarily for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Various trials on the cardiovascular protective effects of omega-3 PUFAs have been reported, but the results have not been consistent. Some issues of the trials have been suggested, such as using low-dose omega-3 PUFAs and not including hypertriglyceridemia in subject selection criteria. REDUCE-IT study that used a high dose of high-purity EPA preparation showed a relative reduction in cardiovascular events, but, the STRENGTH study that used a high dose of EPA/DHA preparation did not support this benefit. This article reviews the roles of omega-3 PUFAs in cardiovascular diseases, including progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms and recent large-scale clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Watanabe
- Center for Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center , Chiba, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- Center for Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center , Chiba, Japan
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Precision Nutrition and Childhood Obesity: A Scoping Review. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10060235. [PMID: 32521722 PMCID: PMC7345802 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposures such as nutrition during life stages with high developmental plasticity—in particular, the in utero period, infancy, childhood, and puberty—may have long-lasting influences on risk of chronic diseases, including obesity-related conditions that manifest as early as childhood. Yet, specific mechanisms underlying these relationships remain unclear. Here, we consider the study of ‘omics mechanisms, including nutrigenomics, epigenetics/epigenomics, and metabolomics, within a life course epidemiological framework to accomplish three objectives. First, we carried out a scoping review of population-based literature with a focus on studies that include ‘omics analyses during three sensitive periods during early life: in utero, infancy, and childhood. We elected to conduct a scoping review because the application of multi-‘omics and/or precision nutrition in childhood obesity prevention and treatment is relatively recent, and identifying knowledge gaps can expedite future research. Second, concomitant with the literature review, we discuss the relevance and plausibility of biological mechanisms that may underlie early origins of childhood obesity identified by studies to date. Finally, we identify current research limitations and future opportunities for application of multi-‘omics in precision nutrition/health practice.
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Watanabe Y, Tatsuno I. Prevention of Cardiovascular Events with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Mechanism Involved. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:183-198. [PMID: 31582621 PMCID: PMC7113138 DOI: 10.5551/jat.50658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemiological study of Greenlandic Inuit suggested that fish oil, or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), was important in preventing atherosclerotic disease. After this landmark study, many large-scale epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have examined the health benefits of omega-3 PUFA as part of a fatty acid-rich diet to demonstrate its beneficial roles in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Recent research has also focused attention on the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 PUFA and on specialized pro-resolving mediators. Findings of these studies have led to the development of omega-3 PUFA preparations for the treatment of dyslipidemia, including a highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-ethyl ester product (Epadel®) in Japan and an EPA/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) preparation (Lotriga®) in the United States and Europe. Although various large-scale clinical trials on the cardiovascular preventive effect of omega-3 PUFA were conducted and reported, the results were not always consistent. The issues of not targeting subjects with hypertriglyceridemia and using low dose of omega-3 PUFA have been suggested to contribute to the failure of demonstrating the preventive effect of omega-3 PUFA in these clinical trials. Taking into account the above issues, the REDUCE-IT trial evaluated a highly purified EPA preparation at a high dose of 4 g/day in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and high cardiovascular risk, and demonstrated an extraordinary outcome of 25% relative reduction in cardiovascular events. This article reviews studies on omega-3 fatty acids during the last 50 years, including the progress in elucidating molecular mechanisms and recent large-scale clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Watanabe
- Center for Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- Center for Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
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