1
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Ashton T, Calic PPS, Dans MG, Ooi ZK, Zhou Q, Palandri J, Loi K, Jarman KE, Qiu D, Lehane AM, Maity BC, De N, Giannangelo C, MacRaild CA, Creek DJ, Mao EY, Gancheva MR, Wilson DW, Chowdury M, de Koning-Ward TF, Famodimu MT, Delves MJ, Pollard H, Sutherland CJ, Baud D, Brand S, Jackson PF, Cowman AF, Sleebs BE. Property and Activity Refinement of Dihydroquinazolinone-3-carboxamides as Orally Efficacious Antimalarials that Target PfATP4. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14493-14523. [PMID: 39134060 PMCID: PMC11345840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
To contribute to the global effort to develop new antimalarial therapies, we previously disclosed initial findings on the optimization of the dihydroquinazolinone-3-carboxamide class that targets PfATP4. Here we report on refining the aqueous solubility and metabolic stability to improve the pharmacokinetic profile and consequently in vivo efficacy. We show that the incorporation of heterocycle systems in the 8-position of the scaffold was found to provide the greatest attainable balance between parasite activity, aqueous solubility, and metabolic stability. Optimized analogs, including the frontrunner compound S-WJM992, were shown to inhibit PfATP4-associated Na+-ATPase activity, gave rise to a metabolic signature consistent with PfATP4 inhibition, and displayed altered activities against parasites with mutations in PfATP4. Finally, S-WJM992 showed appreciable efficacy in a malaria mouse model and blocked gamete development preventing transmission to mosquitoes. Importantly, further optimization of the dihydroquinazolinone class is required to deliver a candidate with improved pharmacokinetic and risk of resistance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent
D. Ashton
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department
of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Petar P. S. Calic
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department
of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Madeline G. Dans
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department
of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Zi Kang Ooi
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Qingmiao Zhou
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Josephine Palandri
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department
of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Katie Loi
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department
of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Kate E. Jarman
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department
of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Deyun Qiu
- Research
School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Adele M. Lehane
- Research
School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | | | - Nirupam De
- TCG
Lifesciences, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Carlo Giannangelo
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher A. MacRaild
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Emma Y. Mao
- Research
Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Maria R. Gancheva
- Research
Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Danny W. Wilson
- Research
Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Mrittika Chowdury
- School
of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
- Institute
for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Tania F. de Koning-Ward
- School
of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
- Institute
for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Mufuliat T. Famodimu
- Department
of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, U.K.
| | - Michael J. Delves
- Department
of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, U.K.
| | - Harry Pollard
- Department
of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, U.K.
| | - Colin J. Sutherland
- Department
of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, U.K.
| | - Delphine Baud
- MMV Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Geneva 1215, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Brand
- MMV Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Geneva 1215, Switzerland
| | - Paul F. Jackson
- Emerging Science & Innovation, Discovery
Sciences, Janssen R&D LLC, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department
of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department
of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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2
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Redway A, Spry C, Brown A, Wiedemann U, Fathoni I, Garnie LF, Qiu D, Egan TJ, Lehane AM, Jackson Y, Saliba KJ, Downer-Riley N. Discovery of antiplasmodial pyridine carboxamides and thiocarboxamides. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100536. [PMID: 38663046 PMCID: PMC11068522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a significant burden, particularly in Africa, which accounts for 95% of malaria deaths worldwide. Despite advances in malaria treatments, malaria eradication is hampered by insecticide and antimalarial drug resistance. Consequently, the need to discover new antimalarial lead compounds remains urgent. To help address this need, we evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of twenty-two amides and thioamides with pyridine cores and their non-pyridine analogues. Twelve of these compounds showed in vitro anti-proliferative activity against the intraerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent species of Plasmodium infecting humans. Thiopicolinamide 13i was found to possess submicromolar activity (IC50 = 142 nM) and was >88-fold less active against a human cell line. The compound was equally effective against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant parasites and did not inhibit β-hematin formation, pH regulation or PfATP4. Compound 13i may therefore possess a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Redway
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica; Chemistry Divison, University of Technology, 237 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6, Jamaica
| | - Christina Spry
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ainka Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Ursula Wiedemann
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Imam Fathoni
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Larnelle F Garnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Deyun Qiu
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Adele M Lehane
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Yvette Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Kevin J Saliba
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nadale Downer-Riley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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3
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Lindblom JR, Zhang X, Lehane AM. A pH Fingerprint Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Multiple Validated and Potential Antimalarial Drug Targets. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1185-1200. [PMID: 38499199 PMCID: PMC11019546 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
New drugs with novel modes of action are needed to safeguard malaria treatment. In recent years, millions of compounds have been tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of asexual blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites, resulting in the identification of thousands of compounds with antiplasmodial activity. Determining the mechanisms of action of antiplasmodial compounds informs their further development, but remains challenging. A relatively high proportion of compounds identified as killing asexual blood-stage parasites show evidence of targeting the parasite's plasma membrane Na+-extruding, H+-importing pump, PfATP4. Inhibitors of PfATP4 give rise to characteristic changes in the parasite's internal [Na+] and pH. Here, we designed a "pH fingerprint" assay that robustly identifies PfATP4 inhibitors while simultaneously allowing the detection of (and discrimination between) inhibitors of the lactate:H+ transporter PfFNT, which is a validated antimalarial drug target, and the V-type H+ ATPase, which was suggested as a possible target of the clinical candidate ZY19489. In our pH fingerprint assays and subsequent secondary assays, ZY19489 did not show evidence for the inhibition of pH regulation by the V-type H+ ATPase, suggesting that it has a different mode of action in the parasite. The pH fingerprint assay also has the potential to identify protonophores, inhibitors of the acid-loading Cl- transporter(s) (for which the molecular identity(ies) remain elusive), and compounds that act through inhibition of either the glucose transporter PfHT or glycolysis. The pH fingerprint assay therefore provides an efficient starting point to match a proportion of antiplasmodial compounds with their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adele M. Lehane
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory 2600, Australia
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4
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Parkyn Schneider M, Looker O, Rebelo M, Khoury DS, Dixon MWA, Oeuvray C, Crabb BS, McCarthy J, Gilson PR. The delayed bloodstream clearance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites after M5717 treatment is attributable to the inability to modify their red blood cell hosts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1211613. [PMID: 37457953 PMCID: PMC10340534 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1211613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
M5717 is a promising antimalarial drug under development that acts against multiple stages of the life cycle of Plasmodium parasites by inhibiting the translation elongation factor 2 (PfeEF2), thereby preventing protein synthesis. The parasite clearance profile after drug treatment in preclinical studies in mice, and clinical trials in humans showed a notable delayed clearance phenotype whereby parasite infected red blood cells (iRBCs) persisted in the bloodstream for a significant period before eventual clearance. In a normal P. falciparum infection iRBCs sequester in the deep circulation by cytoadherence, allowing them to avoid surveillance and clearance in the spleen. We found that M5717 blocks parasite modification of their host red blood cells (RBCs) by preventing synthesis of new exported proteins, rather than by directly blocking the export of these proteins into the RBC compartment. Using in vitro models, we demonstrated that M5717 treated ring/trophozoite stage iRBCs became less rigid, and cytoadhered less well compared to untreated iRBCs. This indicates that in vivo persistence of M5717 treated iRBCs in the bloodstream is likely due to reduced cytoadherence and splenic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Rebelo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David S. Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Paul R. Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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5
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Dans MG, Piirainen H, Nguyen W, Khurana S, Mehra S, Razook Z, Geoghegan ND, Dawson AT, Das S, Parkyn Schneider M, Jonsdottir TK, Gabriela M, Gancheva MR, Tonkin CJ, Mollard V, Goodman CD, McFadden GI, Wilson DW, Rogers KL, Barry AE, Crabb BS, de Koning-Ward TF, Sleebs BE, Kursula I, Gilson PR. Sulfonylpiperazine compounds prevent Plasmodium falciparum invasion of red blood cells through interference with actin-1/profilin dynamics. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002066. [PMID: 37053271 PMCID: PMC10128974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With emerging resistance to frontline treatments, it is vital that new antimalarial drugs are identified to target Plasmodium falciparum. We have recently described a compound, MMV020291, as a specific inhibitor of red blood cell (RBC) invasion, and have generated analogues with improved potency. Here, we generated resistance to MMV020291 and performed whole genome sequencing of 3 MMV020291-resistant populations. This revealed 3 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in 2 genes; 2 in profilin (N154Y, K124N) and a third one in actin-1 (M356L). Using CRISPR-Cas9, we engineered these mutations into wild-type parasites, which rendered them resistant to MMV020291. We demonstrate that MMV020291 reduces actin polymerisation that is required by the merozoite stage parasites to invade RBCs. Additionally, the series inhibits the actin-1-dependent process of apicoplast segregation, leading to a delayed death phenotype. In vitro cosedimentation experiments using recombinant P. falciparum proteins indicate that potent MMV020291 analogues disrupt the formation of filamentous actin in the presence of profilin. Altogether, this study identifies the first compound series interfering with the actin-1/profilin interaction in P. falciparum and paves the way for future antimalarial development against the highly dynamic process of actin polymerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Dans
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henni Piirainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - William Nguyen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sachin Khurana
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Somya Mehra
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zahra Razook
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Sujaan Das
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thorey K Jonsdottir
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mikha Gabriela
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria R Gancheva
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Vanessa Mollard
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Geoffrey I McFadden
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kelly L Rogers
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alyssa E Barry
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan S Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tania F de Koning-Ward
- School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Inari Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Lum KY, White JM, Johnson DJG, Avery VM, Davis RA. Synthesis and characterisation of new antimalarial fluorinated triazolopyrazine compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:107-114. [PMID: 36761470 PMCID: PMC9907012 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine new fluorinated analogues were synthesised by late-stage functionalisation using Diversinate™ chemistry on the Open Source Malaria (OSM) triazolopyrazine scaffold (Series 4). The structures of all analogues were fully characterised by NMR, UV and MS data analysis; three triazolopyrazines were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The inhibitory activity of all compounds against the growth of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 and Dd2 strains) and the cytotoxicity against a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line were tested. Some of the compounds demonstrated moderate antimalarial activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.2 to >80 µM; none of the compounds displayed any cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells at 80 µM. Antimalarial activity was significantly reduced when C-8 of the triazolopyrazine scaffold was substituted with CF3 and CF2H moieties, whereas incorporation of a CF2Me group at the same position completely abolished antiplasmodial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Yean Lum
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel J G Johnson
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia,Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia,NatureBank, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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7
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Wells M, Fossépré M, Hambye S, Surin M, Blankert B. Uncovering the antimalarial potential of toad venoms through a bioassay-guided fractionation process. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:97-107. [PMID: 36343571 PMCID: PMC9772263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains to date one of the most devastating parasitic diseases worldwide. The fight against this disease is rendered more difficult by the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains. The need for new therapeutic candidates is now greater than ever. In this study, we investigated the antiplasmodial potential of toad venoms. The wide array of bioactive compounds present in Bufonidae venoms has allowed researchers to consider many potential therapeutic applications, especially for cancers and infectious diseases. We focused on small molecules, namely bufadienolides, found in the venom of Rhinella marina (L.). The developed bio-guided fractionation process includes a four solvent-system extraction followed by fractionation using flash chromatography. Sub-fractions were obtained through preparative TLC. All samples were characterized using chromatographic and spectrometric techniques and then underwent testing on in vitro Plasmodium falciparum cultures. Two strains were considered: 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and W2 (chloroquine-resistant). This strategy highlighted a promising activity for one compound named resibufogenin. With IC50 values of (29 ± 8) μg/mL and (23 ± 1) μg/mL for 3D7 and W2 respectively, this makes it an interesting candidate for further investigation. A molecular modelling approach proposed a potential binding mode of resibufogenin to Plasmodium falciparum adenine-triphosphate 4 pump as antimalarial drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Wells
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Fossépré
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Faculty of Sciences, Research Institute for Biosciences and Research Institute for Materials, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Hambye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Faculty of Sciences, Research Institute for Biosciences and Research Institute for Materials, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Blankert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium.
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8
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Barnes CBG, Dans MG, Jonsdottir TK, Crabb BS, Gilson PR. PfATP4 inhibitors in the Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box and Pathogen Box block the schizont-to-ring transition by inhibiting egress rather than invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1060202. [PMID: 36530423 PMCID: PMC9747762 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1060202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The cation efflux pump Plasmodium falciparum ATPase 4 (PfATP4) maintains Na+ homeostasis in malaria parasites and has been implicated in the mechanism of action of many structurally diverse antimalarial agents, including >7% of the antimalarial compounds in the Medicines for Malaria Venture's 'Malaria Box' and 'Pathogen Box'. Recent screens of the 'Malaria Box' and 'Pathogen Box' revealed that many PfATP4 inhibitors prevent parasites from exiting their host red blood cell (egress) or entering new host cells (invasion), suggesting that these compounds may have additional molecular targets involved in egress or invasion. Here, we demonstrate that five PfATP4 inhibitors reduce egress but not invasion. These compounds appear to inhibit egress by blocking the activation of protein kinase G, an enzyme that, once stimulated, rapidly activates parasite egress. We establish a direct link between egress and PfATP4 function by showing that the inhibition of egress is attenuated in a Na+-depleted environment and in parasites with a mutation in pfatp4. Finally, we show that PfATP4 inhibitors induce host cell lysis when administered prior to the completion of parasite replication. Since host cell lysis mimics egress but is not followed by invasion, this phenomenon likely explains why several PfATP4 inhibitors were previously classified as invasion inhibitors. Collectively, our results confirm that PfATP4-mediated Na+ efflux is critical to the regulation of parasite egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia B. G. Barnes
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Madeline G. Dans
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Thorey K. Jonsdottir
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Paul R. Gilson,
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9
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Qiu D, Pei JV, Rosling JEO, Thathy V, Li D, Xue Y, Tanner JD, Penington JS, Aw YTV, Aw JYH, Xu G, Tripathi AK, Gnadig NF, Yeo T, Fairhurst KJ, Stokes BH, Murithi JM, Kümpornsin K, Hasemer H, Dennis ASM, Ridgway MC, Schmitt EK, Straimer J, Papenfuss AT, Lee MCS, Corry B, Sinnis P, Fidock DA, van Dooren GG, Kirk K, Lehane AM. A G358S mutation in the Plasmodium falciparum Na + pump PfATP4 confers clinically-relevant resistance to cipargamin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5746. [PMID: 36180431 PMCID: PMC9525273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse compounds target the Plasmodium falciparum Na+ pump PfATP4, with cipargamin and (+)-SJ733 the most clinically-advanced. In a recent clinical trial for cipargamin, recrudescent parasites emerged, with most having a G358S mutation in PfATP4. Here, we show that PfATP4G358S parasites can withstand micromolar concentrations of cipargamin and (+)-SJ733, while remaining susceptible to antimalarials that do not target PfATP4. The G358S mutation in PfATP4, and the equivalent mutation in Toxoplasma gondii ATP4, decrease the sensitivity of ATP4 to inhibition by cipargamin and (+)-SJ733, thereby protecting parasites from disruption of Na+ regulation. The G358S mutation reduces the affinity of PfATP4 for Na+ and is associated with an increase in the parasite's resting cytosolic [Na+]. However, no defect in parasite growth or transmissibility is observed. Our findings suggest that PfATP4 inhibitors in clinical development should be tested against PfATP4G358S parasites, and that their combination with unrelated antimalarials may mitigate against resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyun Qiu
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Jinxin V Pei
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - James E O Rosling
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Vandana Thathy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Dongdi Li
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Yi Xue
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - John D Tanner
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Sietsma Penington
- Bioinformatic Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Yi Tong Vincent Aw
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Jessica Yi Han Aw
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Guoyue Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Abhai K Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nina F Gnadig
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tomas Yeo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kate J Fairhurst
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Barbara H Stokes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - James M Murithi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - Heath Hasemer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Adelaide S M Dennis
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Melanie C Ridgway
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | | | - Judith Straimer
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Bioinformatic Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Marcus C S Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ben Corry
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Giel G van Dooren
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Kiaran Kirk
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Adele M Lehane
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia.
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10
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Monteiro Júnior JC, Krüger A, Palmisano G, Wrenger C. Transporter-Mediated Solutes Uptake as Drug Target in Plasmodium falciparum. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845841. [PMID: 35370717 PMCID: PMC8965513 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a public health problem with still more than half a million deaths annually. Despite ongoing efforts of many countries, malaria elimination has been difficult due to emerging resistances against most traditional drugs, including artemisinin compounds - the most potent antimalarials currently available. Therefore, the discovery and development of new drugs with novel mechanisms of action to circumvent resistances is urgently needed. In this sense, one of the most promising areas is the exploration of transport proteins. Transporters mediate solute uptake for intracellular parasite proliferation and survival. Targeting transporters can exploit these processes to eliminate the parasite. Here, we focus on transporters of the Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell studied as potential biological targets and discuss published drugs directed at them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Monteiro Júnior
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arne Krüger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Lopes EA, Mestre R, Fontinha D, Legac J, Pei JV, Sanches-Vaz M, Mori M, Lehane AM, Rosenthal PJ, Prudêncio M, Santos MM. Discovery of spirooxadiazoline oxindoles with dual-stage antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Fatoki T, Awofisayo O, Faleye B. Cipargamin could inhibit human adenosine receptor A3 with higher binding affinity than Plasmodium falciparum P-type ATPase 4: An In silico study. ACTA FACULTATIS MEDICAE NAISSENSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/afmnai39-31499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to predict the molecular targets of cipargamin in humans and estimate the structural dynamics and binding affinity of their interactions compared to that of Plasmodium falciparum P-type ATPase 4 (PfATP4). Methods: In silico methods were used in this study which include target prediction, structure modeling and dynamics, and molecular docking. Results: The results showed that cipargamin had 100% probability of binding to the human adenosine A3 receptor (ADORA3) and about 15% for other human targets which include tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2, adenosine A2a receptor, phosphodiesterase 5A and cathepsin K. The results of molecular docking showed that binding energy of cipargamin to PfATP4 and hADORA3 were-12.40 kcal/mol-1 and-13.40 kcal/mol-1 respectively. The docking was validated by the binding of enprofylline and fostamatinib to PfATP4 and hADORA3. Overall, the binding of cipargamin was closely similar to that of fostamatinib. This study shows the potential of cipargamin to modulate the activities of PfATP4 of the parasite (P. falciparum) as well as ADORA3 of the host (Homo sapiens). Conclusion: All the previous studies of cirpagamin have not implicated its action on hADORA3, thus this study provides an insight into a possible role of hADORA3 in the mechanism of malarial infection.
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13
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Okombo J, Kanai M, Deni I, Fidock DA. Genomic and Genetic Approaches to Studying Antimalarial Drug Resistance and Plasmodium Biology. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:476-492. [PMID: 33715941 PMCID: PMC8162148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in genomics and molecular genetics has empowered novel approaches to study gene functions in disease-causing pathogens. In the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the application of genome-based analyses, site-directed genome editing, and genetic systems that allow for temporal and quantitative regulation of gene and protein expression have been invaluable in defining the genetic basis of antimalarial resistance and elucidating candidate targets to accelerate drug discovery efforts. Using examples from recent studies, we review applications of some of these approaches in advancing our understanding of Plasmodium biology and illustrate their contributions and limitations in characterizing parasite genomic loci associated with antimalarial drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Okombo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Kanai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ioanna Deni
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Johnson DJG, Jenkins ID, Huxley C, Coster MJ, Lum KY, White JM, Avery VM, Davis RA. Synthesis of New Triazolopyrazine Antimalarial Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092421. [PMID: 33919319 PMCID: PMC8122397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A radical approach to late-stage functionalization using photoredox and Diversinate™ chemistry on the Open Source Malaria (OSM) triazolopyrazine scaffold (Series 4) resulted in the synthesis of 12 new analogues, which were characterized by NMR, UV, and MS data analysis. The structures of four triazolopyrazines were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. Several minor and unexpected side products were generated during these studies, including two resulting from a possible disproportionation reaction. All compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 and Dd2 strains) and for cytotoxicity against a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line. Moderate antimalarial activity was observed for some of the compounds, with IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to >20 µM; none of the compounds displayed any toxicity against HEK293 at 80 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. G. Johnson
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Ian D. Jenkins
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Cohan Huxley
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Mark J. Coster
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Kah Yean Lum
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
- NatureBank, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Rohan A. Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
- NatureBank, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3735-6043
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15
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Joshi N, Hada R, Gupta S, Khan J, Dobrowolski J, Dhar PK, Kumar N, Singh S. Highly potent anti-malarial activity of benzopyrano(4,3-b)benzopyran derivatives and in silico interaction analysis with putative target Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5159-5174. [PMID: 33416018 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1868336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria infection caused by Plasmodium falciparum is majorly responsible for millions of deaths in humans every year. Moreover, a rapid increase in resistance to existing drugs has posed an urgent need for new anti-malarials. Herein, we report the highly potent anti-malarial activity of benzopyrano(4,3-b)benzopyran derivatives, inspired from naturally occurring dependensin against chloroquine (CQ) sensitive and resistant P. falciparum strains. Chemically synthesized, four dependensin analogs 85(A-D) exhibited growth inhibition at nanomolar concentrations ranging from 63.96 to 725.8 nM by blocking the parasite development at the ring and early trophozoite stages. The growth inhibitory activity of dependensin analogs was correlated with their anti-plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase activity by computational analysis. Molecular docking, 50 ns simulation and a 2D-Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (2D-QSAR) modelling revealed the interaction with their putative target P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH). Here, developing the predictive 2D descriptors such as thermodynamic, spatial, electronic, and topological with multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA), the structural requirements for potent and selective PfLDH inhibitory activity has been identified. The strong binding of compound 85D to the catalytic Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) binding pocket of the PfLDH further supported the PfLDH targeting potential of dependensin analogs. Overall, this study revealed a highly potent anti-malarial activity of benzopyrano(4,3-b)benzopyran derivatives with their putative anti-PfLDH activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Joshi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Hada
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Juveria Khan
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Pawan K Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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16
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Madhav H, Hoda N. An insight into the recent development of the clinical candidates for the treatment of malaria and their target proteins. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112955. [PMID: 33131885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions which cost half of million deaths annually. The eradication of malaria is one of the global health priority nevertheless, current therapeutic efforts seem to be insufficient due to the emergence of drug resistance towards most of the available drugs, even first-line treatment ACT, unavailability of the vaccine, and lack of drugs with a new mechanism of action. Intensification of antimalarial research in recent years has resulted into the development of single dose multistage therapeutic agents which has advantage of overcoming the antimalarial drug resistance. The present review explored the current progress in the development of new promising antimalarials against prominent target proteins that have the potential to be a clinical candidate. Here, we also reviewed different aspects of drug resistance and highlighted new drug candidates that are currently in a clinical trial or clinical development, along with a few other molecules with excellent antimalarial activity overs ACTs. The summarized scientific value of previous approaches and structural features of antimalarials related to the activity are highlighted that will be helpful for the development of next-generation antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Madhav
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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