1
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Baran Ł, Tarasewicz D, Rżysko W. Interplay between the Formation of Colloidal Clathrate and Cubic Diamond Crystals. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5792-5801. [PMID: 38832806 PMCID: PMC11181313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the valency of directional interactions of patchy particles is insufficient for the selective formation of target crystalline structures due to the competition between phases of similar free energy. Examples of such are stacking hybrids of interwoven hexagonal and cubic diamonds with (i) its liquid phase, (ii) arrested glasses, or (iii) clathrates, all depending on the relative patch size, despite being within the one-bond-per-patch regime. Herein, using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that although tetrahedral patchy particles with narrow patches can assemble into clathrates or stacking hybrids in the bulk, this behavior can be suppressed by the application of external surface potential. Depending on its strength, the selective growth of either cubic diamond crystals or empty sII clathrate cages can be achieved. The formation of a given ordered network depends on the structure of the first adlayer, which is commensurate with the emerging network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Baran
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry,
Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria-Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Tarasewicz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry,
Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria-Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rżysko
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry,
Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria-Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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2
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Christ O, Nestola F, Alvaro M. Open questions on carbonaceous matter in meteorites. Commun Chem 2024; 7:118. [PMID: 38811753 PMCID: PMC11137045 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Christ
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Nestola
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Alvaro
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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3
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Németh P, Garvie LAJ, Salzmann CG. Canyon Diablo lonsdaleite is a nanocomposite containing c/h stacking disordered diamond and diaphite. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220344. [PMID: 37691464 PMCID: PMC10493553 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In 1967, a diamond polymorph was reported from hard, diamond-like grains of the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite and named lonsdaleite. This mineral was defined and identified by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) features that were indexed with a hexagonal unit cell. Since 1967, several natural and synthetic diamond-like materials with XRD data matching lonsdaleite have been reported and the name lonsdaleite was used interchangeably with hexagonal diamond. Its hexagonal structure was speculated to lead to physical properties superior to cubic diamond, and as such has stimulated attempts to synthesize lonsdaleite. Despite numerous reports, several recent studies have provided alternative explanations for the XRD, transmission electron microscopy and Raman data used to identify lonsdaleite. Here, we show that lonsdaleite from the Canyon Diablo diamond-like grains are a nanocomposite material dominated by subnanometre-scale cubic/hexagonal stacking disordered diamond and diaphite domains. These nanostructured elements are intimately intergrown, giving rise to structural features erroneously associated with h diamond. Our data suggest that the diffuse scattering in XRD and the hexagonal features in transmission electron microscopy images reported from various natural and laboratory-prepared samples that were previously used for lonsdaleite identification, in fact arise from cubic/hexagonal stacking disordered diamond and diaphite domains. This article is part of the theme issue 'Exploring the length scales, timescales and chemistry of challenging materials (Part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Németh
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest 1112, Hungary
- University of Pannonia, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Egyetem út 10, Veszprém 8200, Hungary
| | - Laurence A. J. Garvie
- Buseck Center for Meteorite Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6004, USA
| | - Christoph G. Salzmann
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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4
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Baran Ł, Tarasewicz D, Kamiński DM, Rżysko W. Pursuing colloidal diamonds. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:10623-10633. [PMID: 37310349 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01771k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The endeavor to selectively fabricate a cubic diamond is challenging due to the formation of competing phases such as its hexagonal polymorph or others possessing similar free energy. The necessity to achieve this is of paramount importance since the cubic diamond is the only polymorph exhibiting a complete photonic bandgap, making it a promising candidate in view of photonic applications. Herein, we demonstrate that due to the presence of an external field and delicate manipulation of its strength we can attain selectivity in the formation of a cubic diamond in a one-component system comprised of designer tetrahedral patchy particles. The driving force of such a phenomenon is the structure of the first adlayer which is commensurate with the (110) face of the cubic diamond. Moreover, after a successful nucleation event, once the external field is turned off, the structure remains stable, paving an avenue for further post-synthetic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Baran
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria-Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Tarasewicz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria-Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Daniel M Kamiński
- Department of Organic and Crystalochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria-Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rżysko
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria-Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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5
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Mödlinger M, Provino A, Solokha P, Caglieris F, Ceccardi M, Macciò D, Pani M, Bernini C, Cavallo D, Ciccioli A, Manfrinetti P. Cu 3As: Uncommon Crystallographic Features, Low-Temperature Phase Transitions, Thermodynamic and Physical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2501. [PMID: 36984382 PMCID: PMC10051385 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The formation and crystal structure of the binary Cu3As phase have been re-investigated. Some physical properties were then measured on both single crystal and polycrystalline bulk. Cu3As melts congruently at 835 °C. At room temperature (RT), this compound has been found to crystallize in the hexagonal Cu3P prototype (hP24, P63cm) with lattice parameters: a = 7.1393(1) Å and c = 7.3113(1) Å, rather than in the anti HoH3-type (hP24, P-3c1) as indicated in literature. A small compositional range of 74.0-75.5 at.% Cu (26.0-24.5 at.% As) was found for samples synthesized at 300 and 400 °C; a corresponding slight understoichiometry is found in one out of the four Cu atomic sites, leading to the final refined composition Cu2.882(1)As. The present results disprove a change in the crystal structure above RT actually reported in the phase diagram (from γ' to γ on heating). Instead, below RT, at T = 243 K (-30 °C), a first-order structural transition to a trigonal low-temperature superstructure, LT-Cu3-xAs (hP72, P-3c1) has been found. The LT polymorph is metrically related to the RT one, having the c lattice parameter three times larger: a = 7.110(2) Å and c = 21.879(4) Å. Both the high- and low-temperature polymorphs are characterized by the presence of a tridimensional (3D) uncommon and rigid Cu sublattice of the lonsdaleite type (Cu atoms tetrahedrally bonded), which remains almost unaffected by the structural change(s), and characteristic layers of triangular 'Cu3As'-units (each hosting one As atom at the center, interconnected each other by sharing the three vertices). The first-order transition is then followed by an additional structural change when lowering the temperature, which induces doubling of also the lattice parameter a. Differential scanning calorimetry nicely detects the first low-temperature structural change occurring at T = 243 K, with an associated enthalpy difference, ΔH(TR), of approximately 2 J/g (0.53 kJ/mol). Low-temperature electrical resistivity shows a typical metallic behavior; clear anomalies are detected in correspondence to the solid-state transformations. The Seebeck coefficient, measured as a function of temperature, highlights a conduction of n-type. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility displays an overall constant diamagnetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Provino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Pavlo Solokha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Caglieris
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
- Institute SPIN-CNR, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Macciò
- Department of Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcella Pani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
- Institute SPIN-CNR, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciccioli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Manfrinetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
- Institute SPIN-CNR, 16152 Genoa, Italy
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6
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Shock-formed carbon materials with intergrown sp 3- and sp 2-bonded nanostructured units. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203672119. [PMID: 35867827 PMCID: PMC9335297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203672119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of dense carbon materials formed by bolide impacts or produced by laboratory compression provide key information on the high-pressure behavior of carbon and for identifying and designing unique structures for technological applications. However, a major obstacle to studying and designing these materials is an incomplete understanding of their fundamental structures. Here, we report the remarkable structural diversity of cubic/hexagonally (c/h) stacked diamond and their association with diamond-graphite nanocomposites containing sp3-/sp2-bonding patterns, i.e., diaphites, from hard carbon materials formed by shock impact of graphite in the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite. We show evidence for a range of intergrowth types and nanostructures containing unusually short (0.31 nm) graphene spacings and demonstrate that previously neglected or misinterpreted Raman bands can be associated with diaphite structures. Our study provides a structural understanding of the material known as lonsdaleite, previously described as hexagonal diamond, and extends this understanding to other natural and synthetic ultrahard carbon phases. The unique three-dimensional carbon architectures encountered in shock-formed samples can place constraints on the pressure-temperature conditions experienced during an impact and provide exceptional opportunities to engineer the properties of carbon nanocomposite materials and phase assemblages.
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7
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Luo K, Liu B, Hu W, Dong X, Wang Y, Huang Q, Gao Y, Sun L, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Ma M, Zhou XF, He J, Yu D, Liu Z, Xu B, Tian Y. Coherent interfaces govern direct transformation from graphite to diamond. Nature 2022; 607:486-491. [PMID: 35794481 PMCID: PMC9300464 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the direct transformation from graphite to diamond has been a long-standing challenge with great scientific and practical importance. Previously proposed transformation mechanisms1–3, based on traditional experimental observations that lacked atomistic resolution, cannot account for the complex nanostructures occurring at graphite−diamond interfaces during the transformation4,5. Here we report the identification of coherent graphite−diamond interfaces, which consist of four basic structural motifs, in partially transformed graphite samples recovered from static compression, using high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. These observations provide insight into possible pathways of the transformation. Theoretical calculations confirm that transformation through these coherent interfaces is energetically favoured compared with those through other paths previously proposed1–3. The graphite-to-diamond transformation is governed by the formation of nanoscale coherent interfaces (diamond nucleation), which, under static compression, advance to consume the remaining graphite (diamond growth). These results may also shed light on transformation mechanisms of other carbon materials and boron nitride under different synthetic conditions. The discovery of graphite–diamond hybrid carbon, Gradia, which consists of graphite and diamond nanodomains interlocked through coherent interfaces, clarifies the long-standing mystery of how graphite turns into diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.,Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- School of Physics and MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quan Huang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Yingju Wu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.,Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.,Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Mengdong Ma
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Zhou
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Julong He
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
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8
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Németh P, McColl K, Garvie LAJ, Salzmann CG, Murri M, McMillan PF. Complex nanostructures in diamond. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:1126-1131. [PMID: 32778814 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Németh
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Kit McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - Mara Murri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Paul F McMillan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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9
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Abstract
The origin of diamonds in ureilites is still a debated issue among the scientific community, with significant implications for the sizes of early Solar System bodies. We investigated three diamond-bearing ureilites by a multimethodological approach using scanning electron microscopy, micro X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy, with the aim of determining the origin of the diamonds. Our results show that formation of both microdiamonds and nanodiamonds in ureilites can be explained by impact shock events on a small planetesimal and does not require long growth times at high static pressures within a Mercury- or Mars-sized body. The origin of diamonds in ureilite meteorites is a timely topic in planetary geology as recent studies have proposed their formation at static pressures >20 GPa in a large planetary body, like diamonds formed deep within Earth’s mantle. We investigated fragments of three diamond-bearing ureilites (two from the Almahata Sitta polymict ureilite and one from the NWA 7983 main group ureilite). In NWA 7983 we found an intimate association of large monocrystalline diamonds (up to at least 100 µm), nanodiamonds, nanographite, and nanometric grains of metallic iron, cohenite, troilite, and likely schreibersite. The diamonds show a striking texture pseudomorphing inferred original graphite laths. The silicates in NWA 7983 record a high degree of shock metamorphism. The coexistence of large monocrystalline diamonds and nanodiamonds in a highly shocked ureilite can be explained by catalyzed transformation from graphite during an impact shock event characterized by peak pressures possibly as low as 15 GPa for relatively long duration (on the order of 4 to 5 s). The formation of “large” (as opposed to nano) diamond crystals could have been enhanced by the catalytic effect of metallic Fe-Ni-C liquid coexisting with graphite during this shock event. We found no evidence that formation of micrometer(s)-sized diamonds or associated Fe-S-P phases in ureilites require high static pressures and long growth times, which makes it unlikely that any of the diamonds in ureilites formed in bodies as large as Mars or Mercury.
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Németh P, McColl K, Smith RL, Murri M, Garvie LAJ, Alvaro M, Pécz B, Jones AP, Corà F, Salzmann CG, McMillan PF. Diamond-Graphene Composite Nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3611-3619. [PMID: 32267704 PMCID: PMC7227005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The search for new nanostructural topologies composed of elemental carbon is driven by technological opportunities as well as the need to understand the structure and evolution of carbon materials formed by planetary shock impact events and in laboratory syntheses. We describe two new families of diamond-graphene (diaphite) phases constructed from layered and bonded sp3 and sp2 nanostructural units and provide a framework for classifying the members of this new class of materials. The nanocomposite structures are identified within both natural impact diamonds and laboratory-shocked samples and possess diffraction features that have previously been assigned to lonsdaleite and postgraphite phases. The diaphite nanocomposites represent a new class of high-performance carbon materials that are predicted to combine the superhard qualities of diamond with high fracture toughness and ductility enabled by the graphitic units and the atomically defined interfaces between the sp3- and sp2-bonded nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Németh
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Pannonia, Egyetem
út 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Kit McColl
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael L. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mara Murri
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza
della Scienza 4, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Laurence A. J. Garvie
- Center for
Meteorite Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6004, United States
| | - Matteo Alvaro
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Béla Pécz
- Institute
of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrian P. Jones
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Furio Corà
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph G. Salzmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F. McMillan
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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