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Horgan FG, Mundaca EA, Hadi BAR, Crisol-Martínez E. Diversified Rice Farms with Vegetable Plots and Flower Strips Are Associated with Fewer Pesticide Applications in the Philippines. INSECTS 2023; 14:778. [PMID: 37887790 PMCID: PMC10607731 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Ecological engineering is defined as the design of sustainable ecosystems for the benefit of both human society and the environment. In Southeast Asia, researchers have applied ecological engineering by diversifying farms using flower strips to restore regulatory services to rice ecosystems and thereby reduce herbivore-related yield losses and overall pesticide use. We conducted a survey of 302 rice farmers across four regions of the Philippines to assess their farm diversification practices and determine possible associations with pesticide use. Rice was the main product on all farms; however, the farmers also produced fruits and vegetables, either rotated with rice (47% of the farmers) or in small plots in adjacent farmland. In addition, 64% of the farmers produced flowers, herbs, and/or vegetables on rice bunds. Vegetables were cultivated mainly to supplement household food or incomes, but 30% of the farmers also believed that the vegetables reduced pest and weed damage to their rice. We found that 16% of the farmers grew flowers on their bunds to reduce pest damage to rice and vegetables, and many farmers applied botanical extracts, growth stimulants, and insect traps to reduce damage to the vegetables. Some farmers avoided insecticides on rice by using Trichogramma cards. Planting flowers on rice bunds, rearing ducks in the rice fields, and farmers' recognition of beneficial rice arthropods were statistically significantly associated with lower pesticide (particularly, insecticide) applications to rice. Our results indicate that farm diversification to produce supplementary foods for rural households and access to alternative pest management options can reduce pesticide use on rice farms in tropical Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finbarr G. Horgan
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56 P499 County Cork, Ireland;
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- School of Agronomy, Faculty of Agrarian and Forest Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Casilla 7-D, Curicó 3349001, Chile;
- International Rice Research Institute, Makati 1226, Metro Manila, Philippines;
| | - Enrique A. Mundaca
- School of Agronomy, Faculty of Agrarian and Forest Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Casilla 7-D, Curicó 3349001, Chile;
| | - Buyung A. R. Hadi
- International Rice Research Institute, Makati 1226, Metro Manila, Philippines;
- Plant Production and Protection Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Vialle delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Eduardo Crisol-Martínez
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56 P499 County Cork, Ireland;
- International Rice Research Institute, Makati 1226, Metro Manila, Philippines;
- COEXPHAL (Association of Vegetable and Fruit Growers of Almeria), Carretera de Ronda 11, 04004 Almeria, Spain
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2
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Ali MP, Clemente-Orta G, Kabir MMM, Haque SS, Biswas M, Landis DA. Landscape structure influences natural pest suppression in a rice agroecosystem. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15726. [PMID: 37735534 PMCID: PMC10514064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural landscapes are constantly changing as farmers adopt new production practices and respond to changing environmental conditions. Some of these changes alter landscape structure with impacts on natural pest control, pesticide use, and conservation of biodiversity. In rice agroecosystems the effect of landscape structure on natural enemies and pest suppression is often poorly understood. Here we investigate the effect of landscape composition and configuration on a key pest of rice, the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens). Using N. lugens as sentinel prey coupled with predator exclusions, we investigated landscape effects on herbivore suppression and rice grain yield at multiple spatial scales in two regions of Bangladesh. Ladybird beetles and spiders were the most abundant natural enemies of N. lugens with landscape effects observed at all scales on ladybird beetles. Specifically, ladybird beetles were positively influenced by road edges, and fallow land, while spiders were strongly influenced only by rice phenology. Predator exclusion cages showed that N. lugens abundance significantly increased in caged plots, reducing rice gain yield. We also used an estimated biocontrol service index that showed a significant positive relationship with landscape diversity and a significant negative impact on pest density and yield loss. These results suggest that promoting fallow lands and fragmented patches between rice fields could lead to more sustainable insect pest management in rice agroecosystems, potentially reducing the practice of prophylactic insecticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ali
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh.
| | - Gemma Clemente-Orta
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, AGROTECNIO Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
| | - M M M Kabir
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - S S Haque
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - M Biswas
- Department of Geography, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India
| | - Douglas A Landis
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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3
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He X, Batáry P, Zou Y, Zhou W, Wang G, Liu Z, Bai Y, Gong S, Zhu Z, Settele J, Zhang Z, Qi Z, Peng Z, Ma M, Lv J, Cen H, Wanger TC. Agricultural diversification promotes sustainable and resilient global rice production. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:788-796. [PMID: 37696964 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a staple food for half of the human population, but the effects of diversification on yields, economy, biodiversity and ecosystem services have not been synthesized. Here we quantify diversification effects on environmental and socio-economic aspects of global rice production. We performed a second-order meta-analysis based on 25 first-order meta-analyses covering four decades of research, showing that diversification can maintain soil fertility, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and yield. We used three individual first-order meta-analyses based on 39 articles to close major research gaps on the effects of diversification on economy, biodiversity and pest control, showing that agricultural diversification can increase biodiversity by 40%, improve economy by 26% and reduce crop damage by 31%. Trade-off analysis showed that agricultural diversification in rice production promotes win-win scenarios between yield and other ecosystem services in 81% of all cases. Knowledge gaps remain in understanding the spatial and temporal effects of specific diversification practices and trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing He
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems & Engineering Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Péter Batáry
- 'Lendület' Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Yi Zou
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhanyu Liu
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- Asia Hub, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Yaoyu Bai
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanxing Gong
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zengrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogen and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Josef Settele
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Zhongxue Zhang
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- School of Water and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhijuan Qi
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- School of Water and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaopu Peng
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyong Ma
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Lv
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- Huzhou Plant Protection Quarantine Soil and Fertilizer Management Station, Huzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Cen
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, and State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Cherico Wanger
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems & Engineering Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- ChinaRiceNetwork.org, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Mostafiz MM, Güncan A, Lee KY. Evaluation of Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Methyl Benzoate on the Generalist Predator Orius laevigatus (Fieber). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1911-1920. [PMID: 36124760 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Methyl benzoate (MBe), a volatile organic molecule, has been shown to have insecticidal effects on a variety of agricultural, stored products, and urban arthropod pests in recent investigations. However, the toxicity of MBe against nontarget organisms has rarely been investigated. This study investigated the lethal and sublethal effects of MBe on the generalist predator Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) via different exposure routes. This species is an important natural enemy of thrips, aphids, and mites in biological control programs globally. Acute toxicity bioassays conducted on O. laevigatus showed that the lethal median concentration (LC50) values of MBe for topical and residual toxicity were 0.73 and 0.94%, respectively, after 24 hr of exposure. Importantly, a sublethal concentration of MBe (LC30 = 0.51%) did not affect the survival and reproduction of O. laevigatus. In addition, prey consumption by O. laevigatus under different exposure conditions with varying densities of Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) adults demonstrated a good fit for a Type II functional response. The sublethal concentration of MBe did not affect the attack rate and handling time of O. laevigatus compared to untreated insects, nor did it affect the longevity and fecundity of O. laevigatus females. Thus, according to the International Organization for Biological Control, the sublethal MBe concentration for O. laevigatus is categorized as harmless and may be used in conjunction with this predator species for integrated control of many agricultural insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Munir Mostafiz
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Güncan
- Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 52200, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Gunwi, 39061, Republic of Korea
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Wang S, Zhu Y, Qian L, Song J, Yuan W, Sun K, Li W, Cheng Q. A novel rapid web investigation method for ecological agriculture patterns in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156653. [PMID: 35697222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of Ecological Agriculture (EA) patterns can reveal the differences, aggregation, and diversity of agricultural development, providing specific paths in agricultural development and environmental protection to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Although field surveys, literature analysis, and the method using administrative statistics can be employed to investigate EA records and determine EA distributions comprehensively, they still rely on manual operations that are generally unable to support the rapid and large-scale identification of EA patterns required by current agricultural sustainable researches. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel and rapid approach for Ecological Agriculture Pattern Investigation Based on Web-text (WEAPI), with the ability to automatically acquire EA pattern records, including pattern type, occurrence time, precise location, and other relevant information. The proposed method is employed in a national-scale case study to investigate trends in Chinese Ecological Agriculture (CEA). Results of the study reveal WEAPI's ability to detect new trends in CEA via the latest news and the corresponding distributions. The WEAPI method can also exhibit the unknown patterns of the current Chinese agricultural development. Further validation experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves over 95 % precision in the pattern parse processes and an 87 % coverage rate at the town level of the official CEA pattern list. Moreover, WEAPI can provide dynamic changing analyses on the annual evolution of the EA patterns in each type. Despite limitations under sparse records in partial classes, the results reveal WEAPI as a promising and powerful tool for agricultural research and agricultural development planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yunqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lang Qian
- Computer School, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China.
| | - Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Weirong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Quanying Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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6
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Li J, Chen L, Ding X, Fan W, Liu J. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Crosstalk between the Abscisic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathways in Rice-Mediated Defense against Nilaparvata lugens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6319. [PMID: 35682997 PMCID: PMC9181446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) impacts both rice yield and quality. The exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) has been previously shown to induce rice resistance to BPH; however, the regulation of rice-mediated defense by these plant growth regulators is unclear. We applied exogenous JA and ABA to rice and analyzed molecular responses to BPH infestation. Nine RNA libraries were sequenced, and 6218 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were generated and annotated. After ABA + BPH and JA + BPH treatments, 3491 and 2727 DEGs, respectively, were identified when compared with the control (BPH alone). GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the expression of several JA pathway genes (OsAOS2, encoding allene oxide synthase; OsOPR, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase; and OsACOX, acy1-CoA oxidase) were significantly up-regulated after ABA + BPH treatment. Furthermore, exogenous JA increased the expression of genes involved in ABA synthesis. Meanwhile, the expression levels of genes encoding WRKY transcription factors, myelocytomatosis protein 2 (MYC2) and basic leucine zippers (bZIPs) were up-regulated significantly, indicating that ABA and JA might function together to increase the expression of transcription factors during the rice defense response. The DEGs identified in this study provide vital insights into the synergism between ABA and JA and further contribute to the mechanistic basis of rice resistance to BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitong Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (L.C.); (X.D.); (W.F.)
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (L.C.); (X.D.); (W.F.)
| | - Xu Ding
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (L.C.); (X.D.); (W.F.)
| | - Wenyan Fan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (L.C.); (X.D.); (W.F.)
| | - Jinglan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (L.C.); (X.D.); (W.F.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Peñalver-Cruz A, Horgan FG. Interactions between Rice Resistance to Planthoppers and Honeydew-Related Egg Parasitism under Varying Levels of Nitrogenous Fertilizer. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030251. [PMID: 35323548 PMCID: PMC8948641 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Planthopper outbreaks in rice are associated with excessive fertilizer applications. Public research has focused on developing resistant rice to combat these outbreaks. However, to preserve ecosystem resilience, natural enemy efficacy should be maintained on resistant and susceptible rice. We examined the impact of egg parasitoids on planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) [BPH] and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) [WBPH]) and a leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens (Distant) [GLH]) in field plots of resistant (IR62) and susceptible (IR64) rice under low and high nitrogen. GLH and WBPH were more abundant in low-nitrogen plots during dry (GLH) and wet (GLH, WBPH) season sampling at an early crop stage. GLH were also more abundant on IR64. Parasitoids killed between 24 and 52% of planthopper eggs during exposures in trap plants. Parasitism by Oligosita and Anagrus wasps was higher on IR64 (BPH eggs) and in high-nitrogen plots (Oligosita spp. on BPH and WBPH eggs; Anagrus spp. on BPH eggs). Parasitism by Anagrus spp. was associated with the presence of honeydew and was highest where honeydew was derived from BPH feeding on IR62; these effects were only observed under high nitrogen. Results suggest that honeydew from IR62 favors parasitoids when plants are most vulnerable (i.e., under high nitrogen), thereby countering nitrogen-induced declines in host resistance. Abstract Host plant resistance is the most researched method for the management of planthoppers and leafhoppers in tropical rice. For optimal effects, resistance should be resilient to fertilizer inputs and work in synergy with natural enemies. In field plot experiments, we examined how rice resistance and fertilizer inputs affect mortality of planthopper and leafhopper eggs by hymenopteran parasitoids. We used IR62 as a variety with resistance to Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) [BPH], Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) [WBPH] and Nephotettix virescens (Distant) [GLH], and IR64 as a susceptible control. The herbivores were more abundant during wet season sampling in low-nitrogen plots. During this study, parasitoids killed between 31 and 38% of BPH eggs and 24 and 52% of WBPH eggs during four days of field exposure. Parasitism, mainly due to Oligosita spp., was generally higher in high-nitrogen and IR64 plots. Similar densities of eggs in exposed plants suggest that these trends were mediated by semiochemicals and therefore support the Optimal Defense Hypothesis. Honeydew from BPH on IR62 had more xylem-derived wastes than honeydew on IR64. We applied honeydew from both varieties to sentinel plants. Parasitism by Anagrus spp. was higher on plants of either variety treated with honeydew derived from IR62; however, the effect was only apparent in high-nitrogen plots. Results suggest that Anagrus spp., by responding to honeydew, will counter the nitrogen-induced enhancement of planthopper fitness on resistant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Peñalver-Cruz
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université de Rennes, CEDEX, 49045 Angers, France;
- International Rice Research Institute, Makati 1226, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Finbarr G. Horgan
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56 P499 County Cork, Ireland
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Casilla 7-D, Curicó 3349001, Chile
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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8
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Peach DA, Almond M, Ko E, Meraj S, Gries R, Gries G. Cheese and cheese infusions: ecological traps for mosquitoes and spotted wing Drosophila. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5599-5607. [PMID: 34402165 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harnessing insect ecology for insect control is an innovative concept that seeks to exploit, among others, insect-microbe ecological interactions for improved control of pest insects. Microbe-produced cheese odour attracts several dipterans, including host-seeking mosquitoes, but this phenomenon has not been thoroughly explored for mosquito control. Here we tested the hypothesis that attraction of mosquitoes to cheese odour can be exploited as an ecological trap for mosquito control. RESULTS In laboratory and/or field experiments, we show that (i) each of five cheese varieties tested (Raclette, Pecorino, Brie, Gruyere, Limburger) strongly attracts female Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens; (ii) cheese infusions, or headspace odourant extracts (HOEs) of cheese infusions, significantly affect oviposition choices by mosquitoes, (iii) HOEs contain at least 13 odourants; (iv) in field settings, cheese infusions more effectively stimulate mosquito oviposition than positive bluegrass infusion controls, and also capture (by drowning) the spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii; and (v) home-made cheese infusions modulate oviposition choices by mosquito females and affect the survivorship of their offspring larvae. CONCLUSION Our data show that microbial metabolites associated with cheese are attractive to mosquito females seeking hosts and oviposition sites and are likely toxic to mosquito larvae. These microbes and their metabolites could thus be co-opted for both the attract, and the kill, function of 'attract & kill' mosquito control tactics. Implementation of customizable and non-conventional nutritional media as microbe-based ecological traps presents a promising concept which exploits insect ecology for insect control. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ah Peach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Max Almond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Elton Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sanam Meraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Regine Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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9
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Hsu G, Ou J, Ho C. Pest consumption by generalist arthropod predators increases with crop stage in both organic and conventional farms. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gen‐Chang Hsu
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jia‐Ang Ou
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chuan‐Kai Ho
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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10
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Li Y, Cheah BH, Fang YF, Kuang YH, Lin SC, Liao CT, Huang SH, Lin YF, Chuang WP. Transcriptomics identifies key defense mechanisms in rice resistant to both leaf-feeding and phloem feeding herbivores. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:306. [PMID: 34193042 PMCID: PMC8243607 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of insect pests in paddy fields cause heavy losses in global rice yield annually, a threat projected to be aggravated by ongoing climate warming. Although significant progress has been made in the screening and cloning of insect resistance genes in rice germplasm and their introgression into modern cultivars, improved rice resistance is only effective against either chewing or phloem-feeding insects. RESULTS In this study, the results from standard and modified seedbox screening, settlement preference and honeydew excretion tests consistently showed that Qingliu, a previously known leaffolder-resistant rice variety, is also moderately resistant to brown planthopper (BPH). High-throughput RNA sequencing showed a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the infestation site, with 2720 DEGs in leaves vs 181 DEGs in sheaths for leaffolder herbivory and 450 DEGs in sheaths vs 212 DEGs in leaves for BPH infestation. The leaf-specific transcriptome revealed that Qingliu responds to leaffolder feeding by activating jasmonic acid biosynthesis genes and genes regulating the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways that are essential for the biosynthesis of salicylic acid, melatonin, flavonoids and lignin defensive compounds. The sheath-specific transcriptome revealed that Qingliu responds to BPH infestation by inducing salicylic acid-responsive genes and those controlling cellular signaling cascades. Taken together these genes could play a role in triggering defense mechanisms such as cell wall modifications and cuticular wax formation. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the key defensive responses of a rarely observed rice variety Qingliu that has resistance to attacks by two different feeding guilds of herbivores. The leaffolders are leaf-feeder while the BPHs are phloem feeders, consequently Qingliu is considered to have dual resistance. Although the defense responses of Qingliu to both insect pest types appear largely dissimilar, the phenylpropanoid pathway (or more specifically phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes) could be a convergent upstream pathway. However, this possibility requires further studies. This information is valuable for breeding programs aiming to generate broad spectrum insect resistance in rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Boon Huat Cheah
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fu Fang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hung Kuang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ching Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Liao
- Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, COA, Changhua Country, 51544, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Horng Huang
- Department of Plant Protection, Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Chiayi, 60044, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fen Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Po Chuang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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11
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Potential of cold plasma to control Callosobruchus chinensis (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in chickpea cultivars during four year storage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13425. [PMID: 34183731 PMCID: PMC8238940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold plasma has proven itself as a promising method of food preservation by controlling food spoilage bacteria at very low temperatures. It is showing potential for insect control. Synthetic pesticides are mostly used to control Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) to which it has developed resistance. The prospective potential of cold plasma treatment to control pulse beetle infestation of chickpea in the storage for about four years of plasma treatment was studied. The four chickpea cultivars were treated with cold plasma at different power 40, 50, and 60 W each for 10, 15, 20 min. Plasma treated and untreated chickpeas were stored in an airtight ziplock pouch. At regular intervals, the grains were observed for infestation. It was found most effective in controlling the pulse beetle infestation of treated chickpea samples. While plasma untreated chickpeas were attacked and damaged mostly by pulse beetle within the first quarter of the storage study. To avoid the problems created by the use of pesticides cold plasma treatment is found to be the best alternative in the protection of chickpea invasion by pulse beetle during a longer storage period. The findings in the present research may be used for the preparation of legumes which may also soak and cook faster like quick-cooking legumes and preserved for years without invasion of pulse beetle.
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12
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Reducing Pesticides and Increasing Crop Diversification Offer Ecological and Economic Benefits for Farmers-A Case Study in Cambodian Rice Fields. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030267. [PMID: 33801159 PMCID: PMC8004109 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Intensified rice cultivation is mostly associated with high input of pesticides. Beneficial arthropods decrease in such environments while pesticide-resistant herbivores can increase, which, in turn, leads to even higher pesticide applications. To break the vicious circle, it is important to implement sustainable farming approaches. Here, we tested such an approach called “ecological engineering” (EE), where non-rice crops were grown in the surroundings of rice fields to provide additional food sources for beneficial arthropods. Farmers did not spray EE fields with pesticides in contrast to conventionally farmed fields, which had no crops in the surroundings, serving as a comparison. Additionally, we included control fields, which were neither treated with pesticides nor had crops in the surroundings. We interviewed farmers to obtain insight about their preference for crops growing in the surroundings and their willingness to use this approach. Our results showed that the yield of EE rice fields was equal to that of conventionally farmed fields. In addition, the benefit–cost ratio was highest for EE and the control fields highlighting their economic advantage. The abundance of parasitoids was lower in conventionally farmed treatments. The proper implementation of EE in combination with farmers’ choice of crops is a promising solution towards sustainable rice production. Abstract Rice production is often associated with high pesticide input. To improve farmers’ practice, sustainable management approaches are urgently needed, such as ecological engineering (EE), which aims at enhancing beneficial arthropods while reducing pesticides. Here, we implemented and tested EE in Cambodian rice fields by comparing: (i) fields not treated with pesticides (control); (ii) fields not treated with pesticides but with non-rice crops planted in the surrounding (EE); and (iii) conventionally farmed fields using pesticides (CR). Using benefit-cost analysis, we compared the economic value of each treatment. The non-rice crops preferred by men and women farmers as well as farmers’ willingness to implement EE were assessed using surveys. We sampled arthropod abundance and richness in rice fields and bunds during two seasons. During the dry season, we compared EE and CR among three Cambodian provinces. During the wet season, we specifically assessed the differences in EE, control and CR in arthropod abundance and rice yield in one province. While withholding from using pesticides did not result in a decrease in yield in EE and control treatments, parasitoid abundance was higher in both treatments during the wet season. The benefit–cost ratio was highest for EE and control treatments. Pesticides were likely the main driver causing low arthropod abundance, without any benefit towards increased rice yield. The proper implementation of EE coupled with farmers’ knowledge of ecologically based pest management is a promising solution towards sustainable rice production.
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13
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Bao L, Martínez S, Cadenazzi M, Urrutia M, Seijas L, Castiglioni E. Aquatic macroinvertebrates in Uruguayan rice agroecosystem. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e60745. [PMID: 33716544 PMCID: PMC7952373 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e60745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is a first approach to the knowledge of insects and other aquatic macroinvertebrates of rice agroecosystems from eastern Uruguay. The composition of the groups collected may represent an approximation to the knowledge of the quality of water sources associated with Uruguayan rice production. Sampling of aquatic macroinvertebrates was carried out during the grain-filling stage in crops without insecticide use, in three localities of Treinta y Tres Department. In each crop, macroinvertebrates were collected with a Surber-type network at the inlet and outlet of water to and from the paddy field and a neighbouring control area. Differences in morphospecies composition were found according to the location and source of water. Insecta was the most represented class in macroinvertebrate samplings (41.5%). Diptera (59.9%), Hemiptera (16.3%) and Ephemeroptera (14.0%) were the most abundant orders within insects. The Richness and Shannon Diversity Indices were higher than those recorded for similar studies in Costa Rica, Italy and Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Bao
- Crop Protection Department, University of Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay Crop Protection Department, University of Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Programa Nacional de Investigación en Producción de Arroz, Laboratorio de Patología Vegetal, Estación Experimental INIA Treinta y Tres, Ruta 8 km 281, Treinta y Tres, C.P. 33000, Treinta y Tres, Uruguay Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Programa Nacional de Investigación en Producción de Arroz, Laboratorio de Patología Vegetal, Estación Experimental INIA Treinta y Tres, Ruta 8 km 281, Treinta y Tres, C.P. 33000 Treinta y Tres Uruguay
| | - Mónica Cadenazzi
- Department of Statistical Biometrics and Computing, University of Republic, Paysandú, Uruguay Department of Statistical Biometrics and Computing, University of Republic Paysandú Uruguay
| | - Mónica Urrutia
- University of Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay University of Republic Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Lucía Seijas
- Crop Protection Department, University of Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay Crop Protection Department, University of Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Enrique Castiglioni
- Eastern Region University Centre, University of Republic, Rocha, Uruguay Eastern Region University Centre, University of Republic Rocha Uruguay
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14
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Elevated temperatures diminish the effects of a highly resistant rice variety on the brown planthopper. Sci Rep 2021; 11:262. [PMID: 33420350 PMCID: PMC7794346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares the effects of temperature (constant at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) on adult longevity, oviposition, and nymph development of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, on susceptible and resistant rice varieties. The resistant variety contained the BPH32 gene. In our experiments, nymphs failed to develop to adults at 15, 20 and 35 °C on either variety. Host resistance had its greatest effect in reducing adult survival at 20–25 °C and its greatest effect in reducing nymph weight gain at 25 °C. This corresponded with optimal temperatures for adult survival (20–25 °C) and nymph development (25–30 °C). At 25 and 30 °C, adult females achieved up to three oviposition cycles on the susceptible variety, but only one cycle on the resistant variety. Maximum egg-laying occurred at 30 °C due to larger numbers of egg batches produced during the first oviposition cycle on both the susceptible and resistant varieties, and larger batches during the second and third oviposition cycles on the susceptible variety; however, resistance had its greatest effect in reducing fecundity at 25 °C. This revealed a mismatch between the optimal temperatures for resistance and for egg production in immigrating females. Increasing global temperatures could reduce the effectiveness of anti-herbivore resistance in rice and other crops where such mismatches occur.
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15
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Brewer TR, Bonsall MB. Combining refuges with transgenic insect releases for the management of an insect pest with non-recessive resistance to Bt crops in agricultural landscapes. J Theor Biol 2020; 509:110514. [PMID: 33053395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reinforcing the high-dose/refuge strategy with releases of transgenic insects has been suggested as a method for simultaneously managing agricultural pest populations and resistance to transgenic crops. Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that these approaches can work when deployed against closed populations and the assumptions of the HDR strategy are met. However, field-evolved resistance is often linked to non-recessive resistance or refuge non-compliance, and pest management regimes are likely to take place at the landscape-level. It is therefore important to understand how effective such strategies are when resistance is non-recessive, and how they could be employed in agricultural landscapes. We developed a spatially-explicit model to investigate the efficacy of strategies combining refuges with transgenic insect releases to manage a pest with non-recessive resistance in agricultural landscapes. We compared two release strategies, area-wide releases and localised releases targeted at population hotspots, and analysed the effects of refuge and release parameters on population and resistance dynamics. Area-wide releases reliably achieved landscape-level pest eradication. Localised releases also eradicated the pest when low release thresholds were combined with high release ratios, and maintained the pest at low densities when insufficient to achieve extinction. Reinforcing refuges with localised releases also greatly enhanced the probability of resistance extinction. However, when resistance remained in the population, localised releases prevented resistance from reaching fixation rather than greatly delaying or reversing resistance evolution. Our work indicates that combining refuges with simple release policies is effective for landscape-level pest suppression when the HDR assumptions are violated, but more nuanced release strategies may be required to enhance the benefits to resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom R Brewer
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael B Bonsall
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom; St. Peter's College, New Inn Hall Street, Oxford OX1 2DL, United Kingdom
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16
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Balla E, Flórián N, Gergócs V, Gránicz L, Tóth F, Németh T, Dombos M. An Opto-electronic Sensor-ring to Detect Arthropods of Significantly Different Body Sizes. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20040982. [PMID: 32059444 PMCID: PMC7070424 DOI: 10.3390/s20040982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods, including pollinators and pests, have high positive and negative impacts on human well-being and the economy, and there is an increasing need to monitor their activity and population growth. The monitoring of arthropod species is a time-consuming and financially demanding process. Automatic detection can be a solution to this problem. Here, we describe the setup and operation mechanism of an infrared opto-electronic sensor-ring, which can be used for both small and large arthropods. The sensor-ring consists of 16 infrared (IR) photodiodes along a semicircle in front of an infrared LED. Using 3D printing, we constructed two types of sensor-ring: one with a wider sensing field for detection of large arthropods (flying, crawling, surface-living) in the size range of 2-35 mm; and another one with a narrower sensing field for soil microarthropods in the size range of 0.1-2 mm. We examined the detection accuracy and reliability of the two types of sensor-ring in the laboratory by using particles, and dead and living arthropods at two different sensitivity levels. For the wider sensor-ring, the 95% detectability level was reached with grain particles of 0.9 mm size. This result allowed us to detect all of the macroarthropods that were applied in the tests and that might be encountered in pest management. In the case of living microarthropods with different colors and shapes, when we used the narrower sensor-ring, we achieved the 95% detectability level at 1.1 mm, 0.9 mm, and 0.5 mm in the cases of F. candida, H. nitidus, and H. aculeifer, respectively. The unique potential of arthropod-detecting sensors lies in their real-time measurement system; the data are automatically forwarded to the server, and the end-user receives pest abundance data daily or even immediately. This technological innovation will allow us to make pest management more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esztella Balla
- Department of Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Bertalan Lajos utca 4-6, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Norbert Flórián
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
| | - Veronika Gergócs
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
| | - Laura Gránicz
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
| | - Franciska Tóth
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
| | - Tímea Németh
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
| | - Miklós Dombos
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Horgan FG, Crisol Martínez E, Stuart AM, Bernal CC, de Cima Martín E, Almazan MLP, Ramal AF. Effects of Vegetation Strips, Fertilizer Levels and Varietal Resistance on the Integrated Management of Arthropod Biodiversity in a Tropical Rice Ecosystem. INSECTS 2019; 10:E328. [PMID: 31581452 PMCID: PMC6835743 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Integrated biodiversity management aims to conserve the beneficial species components of production ecosystems and reduce the impacts of pests. In 2011 and 2013, experiments were conducted at Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, to compare arthropod communities in rice plots and on levees with and without vegetation strips. Vegetation strips included spontaneous weeds, sesame and okra (2011), or mung bean (2013). The plots were treated with one of three nitrogen levels and in one experiment were planted with planthopper-resistant (IR62) and susceptible (IR64) rice varieties. Parasitoids and predators of lepidopteran pests and of the ricebug, Leptocorisa oratorius, were more abundant in high-nitrogen rice plots where their prey/hosts also had highest densities. Planthoppers and leafhoppers were more abundant in low-nitrogen plots. Weedy and sesame/okra bunds provided habitat for a range of natural enemies including spiders, parasitoids and predatory bugs, but did not have higher pest numbers than cleared bunds. Higher abundances of the predator Cythorhinus lividipennis and higher parasitism of planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) eggs by Anagrus sp. were associated with sesame/okra bunds in late season rice plots. Mung bean also provided habitat for key predators and parasitoids that spilled over to adjacent rice; however, mung bean was also associated with higher numbers of lepidopteran and grain-sucking pests in the adjacent rice, albeit without increased damage to the rice. For ricebug in particular, damage was probably reduced by higher parasitoid:pest ratios adjacent to the vegetation strips. Varietal resistance and mung bean strips had an additive effect in reducing abundance of the planthopper Sogatella furcifera and the leafhopper Nephotettix virescens. Reduced numbers of these latter pests close to vegetation strips were often compensated for by other plant-sucking bugs, thereby increasing the intensity of potentially stabilizing interspecific interactions such as competition. We highlight the benefits of diversifying rice landscapes and the need to optimize vegetation strips, e.g., by including lepidopteran trap-plants, for intensive rice production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finbarr G Horgan
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56CD39, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Eduardo Crisol Martínez
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56CD39, Co. Cork, Ireland.
- COEXPHAL (Association of Vegetable and Fruit Growers of Almeria), C\Esteban Murillo, 3, 04746 La Mojonera, Almeria, Spain.
| | - Alexander M Stuart
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Carmencita C Bernal
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Elena de Cima Martín
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | | | - Angelee Fame Ramal
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines, 4030 Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
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