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Dey AD, Mannan A, Dhiman S, Singh TG. Unlocking new avenues for neuropsychiatric disease therapy: the emerging potential of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as promising therapeutic targets. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1491-1516. [PMID: 38801530 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that regulate various physiological processes such as inflammation, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that targeting PPARs could be beneficial in treating neuropsychiatric disorders by modulating neuronal function and signaling pathways in the brain. PPAR-α, PPAR-δ, and PPAR-γ have been found to play important roles in cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection. Dysregulation of PPARs has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, major depression disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. The limitations and side effects of current treatments have prompted research to target PPARs as a promising novel therapeutic strategy. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential of PPAR agonists and antagonists to improve symptoms associated with these disorders. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of PPARs in neuropsychiatric disorders, their potential as therapeutic targets, and the challenges and future directions for developing PPAR-based therapies. METHODS An extensive literature review of various search engines like PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out with the keywords "PPAR, Neuropsychiatric disorders, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Major depression disorder, Autism spectrum disorder, molecular pathway". RESULT & CONCLUSION Although PPARs present a hopeful direction for innovative therapeutic approaches in neuropsychiatric conditions, additional research is required to address obstacles and convert this potential into clinically viable and individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Deka Dey
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Sonia Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
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2
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Mason M, Belvisi L, Pignataro L, Dal Corso A. A Tight Contact: The Expanding Application of Salicylaldehydes in Lysine-Targeting Covalent Drugs. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300743. [PMID: 37986243 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The installation of aldehydes into synthetic protein ligands is an efficient strategy to engage protein lysine residues in remarkably stable imine bonds and augment the compound affinity and selectivity for their biological targets. The high frequency of lysine residues in proteins and the reversibility of the covalent ligand-protein bond support the application of aldehyde-bearing ligands, holding promises for their future use as drugs. This review highlights the increasing exploitation of salicylaldehyde modules in various classes of protein binders, aimed at the reversible-covalent engagement of lysine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mason
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
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3
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Li W, Guo Y. Rational design of stapled helical peptides as antidiabetic PPARγ antagonists to target coactivator site by decreasing unfavorable entropy penalty instead of increasing favorable enthalpy contribution. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2022; 51:535-543. [PMID: 36057906 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-022-01616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor and has been exploited as a well-established druggable target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). Traditionally, small-molecule compounds have been developed to attack at the ligand site and Ser273 phosphorylation site of PPARγ. In this study, we derived helical peptide segments from the LXXLL motif region of coactivator proteins as antidiabetic PPARγ antagonists, which were expected to competitively disrupt the native interaction between PPARγ and its cognate coactivators by rebinding at PPARγ coactivator site. Structural analysis, dynamics simulation and energetics dissection revealed that these peptides cannot be well folded into active helical structure when splitting from the protein context of their parent coactivators and exhibit a large flexibility and intrinsic disorder in the free state, which would, therefore, incur a considerable entropy penalty upon rebinding to PPARγ. Hydrocarbon stapling strategy was employed to constrain these free coactivator peptides into ordered helical conformation, thus largely minimizing unfavorable entropy penalty but having only a moderate effect on favorable enthalpy contribution. The computational findings were further substantiated by fluorescence-based assays; the binding affinity of three potent SRC1, NCoA6 and p300 coactivator peptides to PPARγ was observed to be improved by 7.2-fold, 4.2-fold and 5.7-fold upon the stapling, which were also measured to have an efficient competitive potency with their unstapled counterparts for PPARγ coactivator site, with CC50 = 0.096, 0.12 and 0.18 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261041, China.
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4
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Covalent Warheads Targeting Cysteine Residue: The Promising Approach in Drug Development. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227728. [PMID: 36431829 PMCID: PMC9694382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine is one of the least abundant amino acids in proteins of many organisms, which plays a crucial role in catalysis, signal transduction, and redox regulation of gene expression. The thiol group of cysteine possesses the ability to perform nucleophilic and redox-active functions that are not feasible for other natural amino acids. Cysteine is the most common covalent amino acid residue and has been shown to react with a variety of warheads, especially Michael receptors. These unique properties have led to widespread interest in this nucleophile, leading to the development of a variety of cysteine-targeting warheads with different chemical compositions. Herein, we summarized the various covalent warheads targeting cysteine residue and their application in drug development.
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Chen F, Ma L, Cai G, Tang J, Wang Y, Liu Q, Liu X, Hou N, Zhou Z, Yi W. Identification of a novel PPARγ modulator with good anti-diabetic therapeutic index via structure-based screening, optimization and biological validation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113653. [PMID: 36942599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARγ is well-known as the target receptor of TZD anti-diabetic drugs. However, recently the therapeutic benefits of these TZD drugs have been compromised by many severe side effects because of their full PPARγ agonistic action to lock the AF-2 helix. Herein, we conducted a virtual screening in the combination with structure-based design, synthesis and biological evaluation both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the identification of a potent candidate YG-C-20 as the SPPARγM with improved and safer anti-diabetic therapeutics. Mechanistically, this compound presented such desired pharmacological profiles (e.g., preferable anti-diabetic efficiencies and minimized side effects) mainly via selectively inhibiting the CDK5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ-Ser273 and up-regulating the expression of insulin-sensitive genes Adiponectin and Glut4, yet lacking the classical full agonism to induce the adipogenesis and the expression of key adipogenic genes including PPARγ, aP2, CD36, LPL, C/EBPα and FASN. Further validation led to the final recognition of its (R)-configured isomer as the potential conformational form. Subsequent molecular docking studies revealed a unique hydrogen-bonding network of (R)-YG-C-20 with three full PPARγ agonism-unrelated residues, especially with PPARγ-Ser273 phosphorylation-associated site Ser342, which not only gives a clear verification for our structure-based design but also provides a proof of concept for the abovementioned molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Guihui Cai
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Junyuan Tang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Xiawen Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China.
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital and Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, China.
| | - Wei Yi
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China.
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Kim H, Hwang YS, Kim M, Park SB. Recent advances in the development of covalent inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1037-1045. [PMID: 34355176 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00068c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of covalent inhibitors in the field of drug discovery has attracted considerable attention in the 2000s. As a result, more than 50 covalent drugs are currently on the market, and numerous covalent drug candidates are now under development. Therefore, interest in covalent drugs is expected to continue in the future. The purpose of this focused review is to provide an understanding of the development of covalent inhibitors by describing their inherent characteristics, possibilities, and limitations based on their mechanistic differences from noncovalent inhibitors. We also introduce the latest covalent warheads that can be applied to the development of potential covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Kim
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Hwang
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Mingi Kim
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea .,Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea.,SPARK Biopharma, Inc. Seoul 08791 Korea
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7
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Peng Y, Zhang Q, Zielinski RM, Howells RD, Welsh WJ. Identification of an irreversible PPARγ antagonist with potent anticancer activity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00693. [PMID: 33280279 PMCID: PMC7719157 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is responsible for most skin cancer deaths, and its incidence continues to rise year after year. Different treatment options have been developed for melanoma depending on the stage of the disease. Despite recent advances in immuno- and targeted therapies, advanced melanoma remains incurable and thus an urgent need persists for safe and more effective melanoma therapeutics. In this study, we demonstrate that a novel compound MM902 (3-(3-(bromomethyl)-5-(4-(tert-butyl) phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol) exhibited potent efficacies in inhibiting the growth of different cancer cells, and suppressed tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of malignant melanoma. Beginning with MM902 instead of specific targets, computational similarity- and docking-based approaches were conducted to search for known anticancer drugs whose structural features match MM902 and whose pharmacological target would accommodate an irreversible inhibitor. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) was computationally identified as one of the pharmacological targets and confirmed by in vitro biochemical assays. MM902 was shown to bind to PPARγ in an irreversible mode of action and to function as a selective antagonist for PPARγ over PPARα and PPARδ. It is hoped that MM902 will serve as a valuable research probe to study the functions of PPARγ in tumorigenesis and other pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Peng
- Biomedical Informatics Shared ResourceCancer Institute of New JerseyRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of PharmacologyRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
- Present address:
Intra‐Cellular Therapies, Inc.430 East 29th StreetNew YorkNY10016USA
| | - Robert M. Zielinski
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewarkNJUSA
| | - Richard D. Howells
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewarkNJUSA
| | - William J. Welsh
- Biomedical Informatics Shared ResourceCancer Institute of New JerseyRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNew BrunswickNJUSA
- Department of PharmacologyRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
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8
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Kaupang Å, Hansen TV. The PPAR Ω Pocket: Renewed Opportunities for Drug Development. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:9657380. [PMID: 32695150 PMCID: PMC7351019 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9657380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade of PPARγ research has dramatically improved our understanding of the structural and mechanistic bases for the diverging physiological effects of different classes of PPARγ ligands. The discoveries that lie at the heart of these developments have enabled the design of a new class of PPARγ ligands, capable of isolating central therapeutic effects of PPARγ modulation, while displaying markedly lower toxicities than previous generations of PPARγ ligands. This review examines the emerging framework around the design of these ligands and seeks to unite its principles with the development of new classes of ligands for PPARα and PPARβ/δ. The focus is on the relationships between the binding modes of ligands, their influence on PPAR posttranslational modifications, and gene expression patterns. Specifically, we encourage the design and study of ligands that primarily bind to the Ω pockets of PPARα and PPARβ/δ. In support of this development, we highlight already reported ligands that if studied in the context of this new framework may further our understanding of the gene programs regulated by PPARα and PPARβ/δ. Moreover, recently developed pharmacological tools that can be utilized in the search for ligands with new binding modes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund Kaupang
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Montanari R, Capelli D, Yamamoto K, Awaishima H, Nishikata K, Barendregt A, Heck AJR, Loiodice F, Altieri F, Paiardini A, Grottesi A, Pirone L, Pedone E, Peiretti F, Brunel JM, Itoh T, Pochetti G. Insights into PPARγ Phosphorylation and Its Inhibition Mechanism. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4811-4823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Montanari
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Capelli
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen,
Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hirono Awaishima
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen,
Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kimina Nishikata
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen,
Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Arjan Barendregt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science4Life, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science4Life, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Department of Pharmacy & Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Pirone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Pedone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Franck Peiretti
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen,
Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Giorgio Pochetti
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
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Ahn S, Jang DM, Park SC, An S, Shin J, Han BW, Noh M. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Inhibitor Butyrolactone I Elicits a Partial Agonist Activity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020275. [PMID: 32054125 PMCID: PMC7072624 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine having an insulin-sensitizing activity. During the phenotypic screening of secondary metabolites derived from the marine fungus Aspergillus terreus, a poly cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor butyrolactone I affecting CDK1 and CDK5 was discovered as a potent adiponectin production-enhancing compound in the adipogenesis model of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). CDK5 inhibitors exhibit insulin-sensitizing activities by suppressing the phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). However, the adiponectin production-enhancing activities of butyrolactone I have not been correlated with the potency of CDK5 inhibitor activities. In a target identification study, butyrolactone I was found to directly bind to PPARγ. In the crystal structure of the human PPARγ, the ligand-binding domain (LBD) in complex with butyrolactone I interacted with the amino acid residues located in the hydrophobic binding pockets of the PPARγ LBD, which is a typical binding mode of the PPARγ partial agonists. Therefore, the adiponectin production-enhancing effect of butyrolactone I was mediated by its polypharmacological dual modulator activities as both a CDK5 inhibitor and a PPARγ partial agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Ahn
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.A.); (S.C.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Dong Man Jang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Sung Chul Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.A.); (S.C.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Seungchan An
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.A.); (S.C.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.A.); (S.C.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.N); (B.W.H); Tel.: +82-2-880-7898 (B.W.H.); +82-2-880-2481 (M.N.)
| | - Minsoo Noh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.A.); (S.C.P.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.N); (B.W.H); Tel.: +82-2-880-7898 (B.W.H.); +82-2-880-2481 (M.N.)
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11
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Structural Basis for the Regulation of PPARγ Activity by Imatinib. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193562. [PMID: 31581474 PMCID: PMC6803859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Imatinib is an effective anticancer drug for the treatment of leukemia. Interestingly, when an FDA-approved drug library was tested for agents that block peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) phosphorylation at Ser245 to evaluate possibilities of antidiabetic drug repositioning, imatinib was determined as a PPARγ antagonist ligand. However, it is not well understood how imatinib binds to PPARγ or would improve insulin sensitivity without classical agonism. Here, we report the crystal structure of the PPARγ R288A mutant in complex with imatinib. Imatinib bound to Arm2 and Arm3 regions in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of PPARγ, of which the Arm3 region is closely related to the inhibition of PPARγ phosphorylation at Ser245. The binding of imatinib in LBD induced a stable conformation of helix H2′ and the Ω loop compared with the ligand-free state. In contrast, imatinib does not interact with Tyr473 on PPARγ helix H12, which is important for the classical agonism associated with side effects. Our study provides new structural insights into the PPARγ regulation by imatinib and may contribute to the development of new antidiabetic drugs targeting PPARγ while minimizing known side effects.
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