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Paladugu P, Ong J, Kumar R, Waisberg E, Zaman N, Kamran SA, Tavakkoli A, Rivolta MC, Nelson N, Yoo T, Douglas VP, Douglas K, Song A, Tso H, Lee AG. Lower body negative pressure as a research tool and countermeasure for the physiological effects of spaceflight: A comprehensive review. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 42:8-16. [PMID: 39067995 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) redistributes blood from the upper body to the lower body. LBNP may prove to be a countermeasure for the multifaceted physiological changes endured by astronauts during spaceflight related to cephalad fluid shift. Over more than five decades, beginning with the era of Skylab, advancements in LBNP technology have expanded our understanding of neurological, ophthalmological, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal adaptations in space, with particular emphasis on mitigating issues such as bone loss. To date however, no comprehensive review has been conducted that chronicles the evolution of this technology or elucidates the broad-spectrum potential of LBNP in managing the diverse physiological challenges encountered in the microgravity environment. Our study takes a chronological perspective, systematically reviewing the historical development and application of LBNP technology in relation to the various pathophysiological impacts of spaceflight. The primary objective is to illustrate how this technology, as it has evolved, offers an increasingly sophisticated lens through which to interpret the systemic effects of space travel on human physiology. We contend that the insights gained from LBNP studies can significantly aid in formulating targeted and effective countermeasures to ensure the health and safety of astronauts. Ultimately, this paper aspires to promote a more cohesive understanding of the broad applicability of LBNP as a countermeasure against multiple bodily effects of space travel, thereby contributing to a safer and more scientifically informed approach to human space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani Paladugu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joshua Ong
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rahul Kumar
- University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Ethan Waisberg
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sharif Amit Kamran
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | | | - Nicolas Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taehwan Yoo
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Konstantinos Douglas
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Gennimatas General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Amy Song
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hanna Tso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Texas A&M College of Medicine, TX, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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Ouchi T, Kono K, Satou R, Kurashima R, Yamaguchi K, Kimura M, Shibukawa Y. Upregulation of Amy1 in the salivary glands of mice exposed to a lunar gravity environment using the multiple artificial gravity research system. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1417719. [PMID: 38989048 PMCID: PMC11233762 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1417719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Space is a unique environment characterized by isolation from community life and exposure to circadian misalignment, microgravity, and space radiation. These multiple differences from those experienced on the earth may cause systemic and local tissue stress. Autonomic nerves, including sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, regulate functions in multiple organs. Saliva is secreted from the salivary gland, which is regulated by autonomic nerves, and plays several important roles in the oral cavity and digestive processes. The balance of the autonomic nervous system in the seromucous glands, such as the submandibular glands, precisely controls serous and mucous saliva. Psychological stress, radiation damage, and other triggers can cause an imbalance in salivary secretion systems. A previous study reported that amylase is a stress marker in behavioral medicine and space flight crews; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying amylase regulation in the space environment are still unknown. Methods: In this study, we aimed to elucidate how lunar gravity (1/6 g) changes mRNA expression patterns in the salivary gland. Using a multiple artificial gravity research system during space flight in the International Space Station, we studied the effects of two different gravitational levels, lunar and Earth gravity, on the submandibular glands of mice. All mice survived, returned to Earth from space, and their submandibular glands were collected 2 days after landing. Results: We found that lunar gravity induced the expression of the salivary amylase gene Amy1; however, no increase in Aqp5 and Ano1, which regulate water secretion, was observed. In addition, genes involved in the exocrine system, such as vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (Vamp8) and small G proteins, including Rap1 and Rab families, were upregulated under lunar gravity. Conclusion: These results imply that lunar gravity upregulates salivary amylase secretion via Rap/Rab signaling and exocytosis via Vamp8. Our study highlights Amy1 as a potential candidate marker for stress regulation in salivary glands in the lunar gravity environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Ouchi
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Kono
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Satou
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuya Kurashima
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- NeSTRA (Next-Generation Space System Technology Research Association), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maki Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Manon J, Saint-Guillain M, Pletser V, Buckland DM, Vico L, Dobney W, Baatout S, Wain C, Jacobs J, Comein A, Drouet S, Meert J, Casla IS, Chamart C, Vanderdonckt J, Cartiaux O, Cornu O. Adequacy of in-mission training to treat tibial shaft fractures in mars analogue testing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18072. [PMID: 37872309 PMCID: PMC10593937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Long bone fractures are a concern in long-duration exploration missions (LDEM) where crew autonomy will exceed the current Low Earth Orbit paradigm. Current crew selection assumptions require extensive complete training and competency testing prior to flight for off-nominal situations. Analogue astronauts (n = 6) can be quickly trained to address a single fracture pattern and then competently perform the repair procedure. An easy-to-use external fixation (EZExFix) was employed to repair artificial tibial shaft fractures during an inhabited mission at the Mars Desert Research Station (Utah, USA). Bone repair safety zones were respected (23/24), participants achieved 79.2% repair success, and median completion time was 50.04 min. Just-in-time training in-mission was sufficient to become autonomous without pre-mission medical/surgical/mechanical education, regardless of learning conditions (p > 0.05). Similar techniques could be used in LDEM to increase astronauts' autonomy in traumatic injury treatment and lower skill competency requirements used in crew selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Manon
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
- UCLouvain - IREC, Morphology Lab (MORF), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 - B1.52.04, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
- UCLouvain - IREC, Neuromusculoskeletal Lab (NMSK), Brussels, Belgium.
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
- Crew 227 - Mission Analogue Research Simulation (M.A.R.S. UCLouvain) - Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), Utah, USA.
| | | | | | - Daniel Miller Buckland
- Human System Risk Board (HSRB), NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM, Mines Saint-Étienne, Univ Jean Monnet, U 1059 Sainbiose, 42023, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - William Dobney
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
- School of Aeronautical, Automotive, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Cyril Wain
- Crew 227 - Mission Analogue Research Simulation (M.A.R.S. UCLouvain) - Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), Utah, USA
| | - Jean Jacobs
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Crew 227 - Mission Analogue Research Simulation (M.A.R.S. UCLouvain) - Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), Utah, USA
| | - Audrey Comein
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Crew 227 - Mission Analogue Research Simulation (M.A.R.S. UCLouvain) - Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), Utah, USA
| | - Sirga Drouet
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Crew 227 - Mission Analogue Research Simulation (M.A.R.S. UCLouvain) - Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), Utah, USA
| | - Julien Meert
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Crew 227 - Mission Analogue Research Simulation (M.A.R.S. UCLouvain) - Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), Utah, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanchez Casla
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Crew 227 - Mission Analogue Research Simulation (M.A.R.S. UCLouvain) - Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), Utah, USA
| | - Cheyenne Chamart
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Crew 227 - Mission Analogue Research Simulation (M.A.R.S. UCLouvain) - Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), Utah, USA
| | - Jean Vanderdonckt
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Cartiaux
- Department of Health Engineering, ECAM Brussels Engineering School, Haute Ecole "ICHEC-ECAM-ISFSC", Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Cornu
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- UCLouvain - IREC, Neuromusculoskeletal Lab (NMSK), Brussels, Belgium
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Ha P, Kwak JH, Zhang Y, Shi J, Tran L, Liu TP, Pan HC, Lee S, Kim JK, Chen E, Shirazi-Fard Y, Stodieck LS, Lin A, Zheng Z, Dong SN, Zhang X, Wu BM, Ting K, Soo C. Bisphosphonate conjugation enhances the bone-specificity of NELL-1-based systemic therapy for spaceflight-induced bone loss in mice. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:75. [PMID: 37723136 PMCID: PMC10507033 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity-induced bone loss results in a 1% bone mineral density loss monthly and can be a mission critical factor in long-duration spaceflight. Biomolecular therapies with dual osteogenic and anti-resorptive functions are promising for treating extreme osteoporosis. We previously confirmed that NELL-like molecule-1 (NELL-1) is crucial for bone density maintenance. We further PEGylated NELL-1 (NELL-polyethylene glycol, or NELL-PEG) to increase systemic delivery half-life from 5.5 to 15.5 h. In this study, we used a bio-inert bisphosphonate (BP) moiety to chemically engineer NELL-PEG into BP-NELL-PEG and specifically target bone tissues. We found conjugation with BP improved hydroxyapatite (HA) binding and protein stability of NELL-PEG while preserving NELL-1's osteogenicity in vitro. Furthermore, BP-NELL-PEG showed superior in vivo bone specificity without observable pathology in liver, spleen, lungs, brain, heart, muscles, or ovaries of mice. Finally, we tested BP-NELL-PEG through spaceflight exposure onboard the International Space Station (ISS) at maximal animal capacity (n = 40) in a long-term (9 week) osteoporosis therapeutic study and found that BP-NELL-PEG significantly increased bone formation in flight and ground control mice without obvious adverse health effects. Our results highlight BP-NELL-PEG as a promising therapeutic to mitigate extreme bone loss from long-duration microgravity exposure and musculoskeletal degeneration on Earth, especially when resistance training is not possible due to incapacity (e.g., bone fracture, stroke).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Ha
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jin Hee Kwak
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jiayu Shi
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Luan Tran
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Timothy Pan Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hsin-Chuan Pan
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Samantha Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jong Kil Kim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Eric Chen
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yasaman Shirazi-Fard
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Louis S Stodieck
- BioServe Space Technologies and Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Andy Lin
- Office of Advanced Research Computing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stella Nuo Dong
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Kang Ting
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Moussa MS, Goldsmith M, Komarova SV. Craniofacial Bones and Teeth in Spacefarers: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JDR Clin Trans Res 2023; 8:113-122. [PMID: 35311413 PMCID: PMC10026165 DOI: 10.1177/23800844221084985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estimating the risk of dental problems in long-duration space missions to the Moon and Mars is critical for avoiding dental emergencies in an environment that does not support proper treatment. Previous risk estimates were constructed based on the experience in short-duration space missions and isolated environments on Earth. However, previous estimates did not account for potential changes in dental structures due to space travel, even though bone loss is a known problem for long-duration spaceflights. The objective of this study was to systematically analyze the changes in hard tissues of the craniofacial complex during spaceflights. METHODS Comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, Scopus, the NASA Technical Report Server, and other sources identified 1,585 potentially relevant studies. After screening, 32 articles that presented quantitative data for skull in humans (6/32) and for calvariae, mandible, and lower incisors in rats (20/32) and mice (6/32) were selected. RESULTS Skull bone mineral density showed a significant increase in spacefaring humans. In spacefaring rodents, calvariae bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV) demonstrated a trend toward increasing that did not reach statistical significance, while in mandibles, there was a significant decrease in BV/TV. Dentin thickness and incisor volume of rodent incisors were not significantly different between spaceflight and ground controls. DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates significant knowledge gaps regarding many structures of the craniofacial complex such as the maxilla, molar, premolar, and canine teeth, as well as small sample sizes for the studies of mandible and incisors. Understanding the effects of microgravity on craniofacial structures is important for estimating risks during long-duration spaceflight and for formulating proper protocols to prevent dental emergencies. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT Avoiding dental emergencies in long-duration spaceflights is critical since this environment does not support proper treatment. Prior risk estimates did not account for changes in dental structures due to space travel. We reviewed and synthesized the literature for changes in craniofacial complex associated with spaceflight. The results of our study will help clinicians and scientists to better prepare to mitigate potential oral health issues in space travelers on long-duration missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Moussa
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Goldsmith
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S V Komarova
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Gomes MM, da Silva MMR, de Araújo IM, de Paula FJA. Bone, fat, and muscle interactions in health and disease. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2022; 66:611-620. [PMID: 36382750 PMCID: PMC10118823 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a point of integration among the various organs and tissues of the human body, not only in terms of consumption of energy substrates but also because it concentrates a wide interconnected network controlled by endocrine factors. Thus, not only do tissues consume substrates, but they also participate in modulating energy metabolism. Soft mesenchymal tissues, in particular, play a key role in this process. The recognition that high energy consumption is involved in bone remodeling has been accompanied by evidence showing that osteoblasts and osteocytes produce factors that influence, for example, insulin sensitivity and appetite. Additionally, there are significant interactions between muscle, adipose, and bone tissues to control mutual tissue trophism. Not by chance, trophic and functional changes in these tissues go hand in hand from the beginning of an individual's development until aging. Likewise, metabolic and nutritional diseases deeply affect the musculoskeletal system and adipose tissue. The present narrative review highlights the importance of the interaction of the mesenchymal tissues for bone development and maintenance and the impact on bone from diseases marked by functional and trophic disorders of adipose and muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Macena Gomes
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Iana Mizumukai de Araújo
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Multi-system responses to altered gravity and spaceflight: Insights from Drosophila melanogaster. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104880. [PMID: 36126744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NASA is planning to resume human-crewed lunar missions and lay the foundation for human exploration to Mars. However, our knowledge of the overall effects of long-duration spaceflight on human physiology is limited. During spaceflight, astronauts are exposed to multiple risk factors, including gravitational changes, ionizing radiation, physiological stress, and altered circadian lighting. These factors contribute to pathophysiological responses that target different organ systems in the body. This review discusses the advancements in gravitational biology using Drosophila melanogaster, one of the first organisms to be launched into space. As a well-established spaceflight model organism, fruit flies have yielded significant information, including neurobehavioral, aging, immune, cardiovascular, developmental, and multi-omics changes across tissues and developmental stages, as detailed in this review.
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Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Field (PEMF) Effect on Bone Healing in Animal Models: A Review of Its Efficacy Related to Different Type of Damage. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030402. [PMID: 35336776 PMCID: PMC8945722 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) are a type of biophysical stimulation that has been shown to be effective in improving bone regeneration and preventing bone loss. Their use dates back to the 1970s, but a gold standard treatment protocol has not yet been defined. PEMF efficacy relies on the generation of biopotentials, which activate several molecular pathways. There is currently no clear understanding of the effects on bone healing and, in addition, there are several animal models relevant to this issue. Therefore, drawing guidelines and conclusions from the analysis of the studies is difficult. In vivo investigations on PEMF stimulation are reviewed in this paper, focusing on molecular and morphological improvements in bone. Currently, there is little knowledge about the biological mechanism of PEMF and its effect on bone healing. This is due to the variability of crucial characteristics of electro-magnetic fields, such as amplitude and exposure frequency, which may influence the type of biological response. Furthermore, a different responsiveness of cells involved in the bone healing process is documented. Heterogeneous setting parameters and different outcome measures are considered in various animal models. Therefore, achieving comparable results is difficult. Abstract Biophysical energies are a versatile tool to stimulate tissues by generating biopotentials. In particular, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation has intrigued researchers since the 1970s. To date, many investigations have been carried out in vivo, but a gold standard treatment protocol has not yet been defined. The main obstacles are represented by the complex setting of PEMF characteristics, the variety of animal models (including direct and indirect bone damage) and the lack of a complete understanding of the molecular pathways involved. In the present review the main studies about PEMF stimulation in animal models with bone impairment were reviewed. PEMF signal characteristics were investigated, as well as their effect on molecular pathways and osseous morphological features. We believe that this review might be a useful starting point for a prospective study in a clinical setting. Consistent evidence from the literature suggests a potential beneficial role of PEMF in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the wide variability of selected parameters (frequency, duration, and amplitude) and the heterogeneity of applied protocols make it difficult to draw certain conclusions about PEMF effectiveness in clinical implementation to promote bone healing. Deepening the knowledge regarding the most consistent results reported in literature to date, we believe that this review may be a useful starting point to propose standardized experimental guidelines. This might provide a solid base for further controlled trials, to investigate PEMF efficacy in bone damage conditions during routine clinical practice.
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Dadwal UC, de Andrade Staut C, Tewari NP, Awosanya OD, Mendenhall SK, Valuch CR, Nagaraj RU, Blosser RJ, Li J, Kacena MA. Effects of diet, BMP-2 treatment, and femoral skeletal injury on endothelial cells derived from the ipsilateral and contralateral limbs. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:439-448. [PMID: 33713476 PMCID: PMC8435543 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results in physiological and structural changes in bone, contributing to poor fracture healing. T2D compromises microvascular performance, which can negatively impact bone regeneration as angiogenesis is required for new bone formation. We examined the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) administered locally at the time of femoral segmental bone defect (SBD) surgery, and its angiogenic impacts on endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from the ipsilateral or contralateral tibia in T2D mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) starting at 8 weeks. After 12 weeks, the T2D phenotype in HFD mice was confirmed via glucose and insulin tolerance testing and echoMRI, and all mice underwent SBD surgery. Mice were treated with BMP-2 (5 µg) or saline at the time of surgery. Three weeks postsurgery, bone marrow ECs were isolated from ipsilateral and contralateral tibias, and proliferation, angiogenic potential, and gene expression of the cells was analyzed. BMP-2 treatment increased EC proliferation by two fold compared with saline in LFD contralateral tibia ECs, but no changes were seen in surgical tibia EC proliferation. BMP-2 treatment enhanced vessel-like structure formation in HFD mice whereas, the opposite was observed in LFD mice. Still, in BMP-2 treated LFD mice, ipsilateral tibia ECs increased expression of CD31, FLT-1, ANGPT1, and ANGPT2. These data suggest that the modulating effects of T2D and BMP-2 on the microenvironment of bone marrow ECs may differentially influence angiogenic properties at the fractured limb versus the contralateral limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushashi C. Dadwal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, IN, USA
| | | | - Nikhil P. Tewari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Conner R. Valuch
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rohit U. Nagaraj
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Rachel J. Blosser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, IN, USA
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa Ann Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, IN, USA,Corresponding Author: Melissa A. Kacena, Ph.D., Director of Basic and Translational Research, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN 46202, (317) 278-3482 – office, (317) 278-9568 – fax,
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10
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Zamarioli A, Adam G, Maupin KA, Childress PJ, Brinker A, Ximenez JPB, Chakraborty N, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Systemic effects of BMP2 treatment of fractures on non-injured skeletal sites during spaceflight. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:910901. [PMID: 36046782 PMCID: PMC9421301 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.910901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unloading associated with spaceflight results in bone loss and increased fracture risk. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is known to enhance bone formation, in part, through molecular pathways associated with mechanical loading; however, the effects of BMP2 during spaceflight remain unclear. Here, we investigated the systemic effects of BMP2 on mice sustaining a femoral fracture followed by housing in spaceflight (International Space Station or ISS) or on Earth. We hypothesized that in spaceflight, the systemic effects of BMP2 on weight-bearing bones would be blunted compared to that observed on Earth. Nine-week-old male mice were divided into four groups: 1) Saline+Earth; 2) BMP+Earth; 3) Saline+ISS; and 4) BMP+ISS (n = 10 mice/group, but only n = 5 mice/group were reserved for micro-computed tomography analyses). All mice underwent femoral defect surgery and were followed for approximately 4 weeks. We found a significant reduction in trabecular separation within the lumbar vertebrae after administering BMP2 at the fracture site of mice housed on Earth. In contrast, BMP2 treatment led to a significant increase in trabecular separation concomitant with a reduction in trabecular number within spaceflown tibiae. Although these and other lines of evidence support our hypothesis, the small sample size associated with rodent spaceflight studies limits interpretations. That said, it appears that a locally applied single dose of BMP2 at the femoral fracture site can have a systemic impact on distant bones, affecting bone quantity in several skeletal sites. Moreover, our results suggest that BMP2 treatment works through a pathway involving mechanical loading in which the best outcomes during its treatment on Earth occurred in the weight-bearing bones and in spaceflight occurred in bones subjected to higher muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Zamarioli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Anaesthesiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gremah Adam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kevin A. Maupin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paul J. Childress
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Alexander Brinker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joao P. B. Ximenez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nabarun Chakraborty
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Melissa A. Kacena,
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11
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Mhatre SD, Iyer J, Puukila S, Paul AM, Tahimic CGT, Rubinstein L, Lowe M, Alwood JS, Sowa MB, Bhattacharya S, Globus RK, Ronca AE. Neuro-consequences of the spaceflight environment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:908-935. [PMID: 34767877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As human space exploration advances to establish a permanent presence beyond the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with NASA's Artemis mission, researchers are striving to understand and address the health challenges of living and working in the spaceflight environment. Exposure to ionizing radiation, microgravity, isolation and other spaceflight hazards pose significant risks to astronauts. Determining neurobiological and neurobehavioral responses, understanding physiological responses under Central Nervous System (CNS) control, and identifying putative mechanisms to inform countermeasure development are critically important to ensuring brain and behavioral health of crew on long duration missions. Here we provide a detailed and comprehensive review of the effects of spaceflight and of ground-based spaceflight analogs, including simulated weightlessness, social isolation, and ionizing radiation on humans and animals. Further, we discuss dietary and non-dietary countermeasures including artificial gravity and antioxidants, among others. Significant future work is needed to ensure that neural, sensorimotor, cognitive and other physiological functions are maintained during extended deep space missions to avoid potentially catastrophic health and safety outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhita D Mhatre
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; KBR, Houston, TX, 77002, USA; COSMIAC Research Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Janani Iyer
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Stephanie Puukila
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA; Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amber M Paul
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Candice G T Tahimic
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; KBR, Houston, TX, 77002, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Linda Rubinstein
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Moniece Lowe
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Marianne B Sowa
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Sharmila Bhattacharya
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Ruth K Globus
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - April E Ronca
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Wake Forest Medical School, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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12
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Coulombe JC, Sarazin BA, Mullen Z, Ortega AM, Livingston EW, Bateman TA, Stodieck LS, Lynch ME, Ferguson VL. Microgravity-induced alterations of mouse bones are compartment- and site-specific and vary with age. Bone 2021; 151:116021. [PMID: 34087386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The age at which astronauts experience microgravity is a critical consideration for skeletal health and similarly has clinical relevance for musculoskeletal disuse on Earth. While astronauts are extensively studied for bone and other physiological changes, rodent studies enable direct evaluation of skeletal changes with microgravity. Yet, mouse spaceflight studies have predominately evaluated tissues from young, growing mice. We evaluated bone microarchitecture in tibiae and femurs from Young (9-week-old) and Mature (32-weeks-old) female, C57BL/6N mice flown in microgravity for ~2 and ~3 weeks, respectively. Microgravity-induced changes were both compartment- and site-specific. Changes were greater in trabecular versus cortical bone in Mature mice exposed to microgravity (-40.0% Tb. BV/TV vs -4.4% Ct. BV/TV), and bone loss was greater in the proximal tibia as compared to the distal femur. Trabecular thickness in Young mice increased by +25.0% on Earth and no significant difference following microgravity. In Mature mice exposed to microgravity, trabecular thickness rapidly decreased (-24.5%) while no change was detected in age-matched mice that were maintained on Earth. Mature mice exposed to microgravity experienced greater bone loss than Young mice with net skeletal growth. Moreover, machine learning classification models confirmed that microgravity exposure-driven decrements in trabecular microarchitecture and cortical structure occurred disproportionately in Mature than in Young mice. Our results suggest that age of disuse onset may have clinical implications in osteoporotic or other at-risk populations on Earth and may contribute to understanding bone loss patterns in astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Coulombe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America; BioFrontiers Institute, UCB 596, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Blayne A Sarazin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Zachary Mullen
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Statistical Analysis, UCB 526, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Alicia M Ortega
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Eric W Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Ted A Bateman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Louis S Stodieck
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences/BioServe Space Technologies, UCB 429, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Maureen E Lynch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America; BioFrontiers Institute, UCB 596, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America; BioFrontiers Institute, UCB 596, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America; Aerospace Engineering Sciences/BioServe Space Technologies, UCB 429, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America.
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13
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Bychkov A, Reshetnikova P, Bychkova E, Podgorbunskikh E, Koptev V. The current state and future trends of space nutrition from a perspective of astronauts' physiology. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Chakraborty N, Zamarioli A, Gautam A, Campbell R, Mendenhall SK, Childress PJ, Dimitrov G, Sowe B, Tucker A, Zhao L, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Gene-metabolite networks associated with impediment of bone fracture repair in spaceflight. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3507-3520. [PMID: 34194674 PMCID: PMC8220416 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse effects of spaceflight on musculoskeletal health increase the risk of bone injury and impairment of fracture healing. Its yet elusive molecular comprehension warrants immediate attention, since space travel is becoming more frequent. Here we examined the effects of spaceflight on bone fracture healing using a 2 mm femoral segmental bone defect (SBD) model. Forty, 9-week-old, male C57BL/6J mice were randomized into 4 groups: 1) Sham surgery on Ground (G-Sham); 2) Sham surgery housed in Spaceflight (FLT-Sham); 3) SBD surgery on Ground (G-Surgery); and 4) SBD surgery housed in Spaceflight (FLT-Surgery). Surgery procedures occurred 4 days prior to launch; post-launch, the spaceflight mice were house in the rodent habitats on the International Space Station (ISS) for approximately 4 weeks before euthanasia. Mice remaining on the Earth were subjected to identical housing and experimental conditions. The right femur from half of the spaceflight and ground groups was investigated by micro-computed tomography (µCT). In the remaining mice, the callus regions from surgery groups and corresponding femoral segments in sham mice were probed by global transcriptomic and metabolomic assays. µCT confirmed escalated bone loss in FLT-Sham compared to G-Sham mice. Comparing to their respective on-ground counterparts, the morbidity gene-network signal was inhibited in sham spaceflight mice but activated in the spaceflight callus. µCT analyses of spaceflight callus revealed increased trabecular spacing and decreased trabecular connectivity. Activated apoptotic signals in spaceflight callus were synchronized with inhibited cell migration signals that potentially hindered the wound site to recruit growth factors. A major pro-apoptotic and anti-migration gene network, namely the RANK-NFκB axis, emerged as the central node in spaceflight callus. Concluding, spaceflight suppressed a unique biomolecular mechanism in callus tissue to facilitate a failed regeneration, which merits a customized intervention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariane Zamarioli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Anaesthesiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, SP, Brazil
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ross Campbell
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Geneva Foundation, Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K Mendenhall
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paul J. Childress
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George Dimitrov
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Geneva Foundation, Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bintu Sowe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- ORISE, Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Aamir Tucker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liming Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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15
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Fu J, Goldsmith M, Crooks SD, Condon SF, Morris M, Komarova SV. Bone health in spacefaring rodents and primates: systematic review and meta-analysis. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:19. [PMID: 34075059 PMCID: PMC8169759 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals in space exploration studies serve both as a model for human physiology and as a means to understand the physiological effects of microgravity. To quantify the microgravity-induced changes to bone health in animals, we systematically searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, BIOSIS, and NASA Technical reports. We selected 40 papers focusing on the bone health of 95 rats, 61 mice, and 9 rhesus monkeys from 22 space missions. The percentage difference from ground control in rodents was -24.1% [Confidence interval: -43.4, -4.9] for trabecular bone volume fraction and -5.9% [-8.0, -3.8] for the cortical area. In primates, trabecular bone volume fraction was lower by -25.2% [-35.6, -14.7] in spaceflight animals compared to GC. Bone formation indices in rodent trabecular and cortical bone were significantly lower in microgravity. In contrast, osteoclast numbers were not affected in rats and were variably affected in mice. Thus, microgravity induces bone deficits in rodents and primates likely through the suppression of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Fu
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Matthew Goldsmith
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montréal, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Sean F Condon
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Morris
- Schulich Library of Physical Sciences, Life Sciences and Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Svetlana V Komarova
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montréal, Canada.
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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16
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Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092784. [PMID: 34066886 PMCID: PMC8125950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity constituted the only constant environmental parameter, during the evolutionary period of living matter on Earth. However, whether gravity has affected the evolution of species, and its impact is still ongoing. The topic has not been investigated in depth, as this would require frequent and long-term experimentations in space or an environment of altered gravity. In addition, each organism should be studied throughout numerous generations to determine the profound biological changes in evolution. Here, we review the significant abnormalities presented in the cardiovascular, immune, vestibular and musculoskeletal systems, due to altered gravity conditions. We also review the impact that gravity played in the anatomy of snakes and amphibians, during their evolution. Overall, it appears that gravity does not only curve the space–time continuum but the biological continuum, as well.
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17
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The Effect of Space Travel on Bone Metabolism: Considerations on Today's Major Challenges and Advances in Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094585. [PMID: 33925533 PMCID: PMC8123809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity-induced bone loss is currently a significant and unresolved health risk for space travelers, as it raises the likelihood for irreversible changes that weaken skeletal integrity and the incremental onset of fracture injuries and renal stone formation. Another issue related to bone tissue homeostasis in microgravity is its capacity to regenerate following fractures due to weakening of the tissue and accidental events during the accomplishment of particularly dangerous tasks. Today, several pharmacological and non-pharmacological countermeasures to this problem have been proposed, including physical exercise, diet supplements and administration of antiresorptive or anabolic drugs. However, each class of pharmacological agents presents several limitations as their prolonged and repeated employment is not exempt from the onset of serious side effects, which limit their use within a well-defined range of time. In this review, we will focus on the various countermeasures currently in place or proposed to address bone loss in conditions of microgravity, analyzing in detail the advantages and disadvantages of each option from a pharmacological point of view. Finally, we take stock of the situation in the currently available literature concerning bone loss and fracture healing processes. We try to understand which are the critical points and challenges that need to be addressed to reach innovative and targeted therapies to be used both in space missions and on Earth.
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18
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Ashari N, Kong M, Poudel A, Friend J, Hargens AR. Generating waist area-dependent ground reaction forces for long-duration spaceflight. J Biomech 2021; 118:110272. [PMID: 33581441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged microgravity exposure greatly weakens the bones and muscles of astronauts. This is a critical biomechanical issue for astronauts as they may be more prone to bone fractures. To combat this issue, lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is a concept that generates artificial gravitational forces that may help strengthen bones and muscles during long-term spaceflight. Negative pressure, defined as below ambient pressure, is applied within a chamber that encompasses the lower half of the body. By increasing the negative pressure, more ground reaction forces (GRFs) are generated beneath the subject's feet. We hypothesize that increasing the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the subject's waist will generate greater GRFs beneath the subject's feet. Six healthy subjects volunteered to participate under two different experimental conditions: 1) original CSA of their waist and 2) larger CSA of their waist. In both conditions the subjects were suspended in a supine position (simulated microgravity) along with a weight scale beneath their feet. Negative pressures ranged from zero to 50 mmHg, increasing in increments of 5 mmHg. At -50 mmHg, original CSAs generated 1.18 ± 0.31 (mean ± SD) of their normal bodyweight. Subjects generated about one bodyweight at -45 mmHg using their original waist CSA. At -50 mmHg, larger CSAs generated 1.46 ± 0.31 of their normal bodyweight. Subjects generated about one bodyweight at -35 mmHg using their larger waist CSA. These data support our hypothesis. This novel technique may apply less stress to the cardiovascular system and conserve power for exercise in the spacecraft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeki Ashari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States; Department of Bioengineering, United States
| | - Mitchell Kong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States; Department of Bioengineering, United States
| | | | - James Friend
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, United States; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Alan R Hargens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States; Department of Bioengineering, United States.
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19
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Zamarioli A, Campbell ZR, Maupin KA, Childress PJ, Ximenez JPB, Adam G, Chakraborty N, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Analysis of the effects of spaceflight and local administration of thrombopoietin to a femoral defect injury on distal skeletal sites. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:12. [PMID: 33772025 PMCID: PMC7997973 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With increased human presence in space, bone loss and fractures will occur. Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a recently patented bone healing agent. Here, we investigated the systemic effects of TPO on mice subjected to spaceflight and sustaining a bone fracture. Forty, 9-week-old, male, C57BL/6 J were divided into 4 groups: (1) Saline+Earth; (2) TPO + Earth; (3) Saline+Flight; and (4) TPO + Flight (n = 10/group). Saline- and TPO-treated mice underwent a femoral defect surgery, and 20 mice were housed in space ("Flight") and 20 mice on Earth for approximately 4 weeks. With the exception of the calvarium and incisor, positive changes were observed in TPO-treated, spaceflight bones, suggesting TPO may improve osteogenesis in the absence of mechanical loading. Thus, TPO, may serve as a new bone healing agent, and may also improve some skeletal properties of astronauts, which might be extrapolated for patients on Earth with restraint mobilization and/or are incapable of bearing weight on their bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Zamarioli
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA ,Department of Orthopaedics and Anaesthesiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Zachery R. Campbell
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA ,Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Kevin A. Maupin
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Paul J. Childress
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Joao P. B. Ximenez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Medical School, Ribeirão Pre, SP Brazil
| | - Gremah Adam
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Nabarun Chakraborty
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA ,grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Geneva Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Aarti Gautam
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA ,grid.280828.80000 0000 9681 3540Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN USA
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20
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Chakraborty N, Waning DL, Gautam A, Hoke A, Sowe B, Youssef D, Butler S, Savaglio M, Childress PJ, Kumar R, Moyler C, Dimitrov G, Kacena MA, Hammamieh R. Gene-Metabolite Network Linked to Inhibited Bioenergetics in Association With Spaceflight-Induced Loss of Male Mouse Quadriceps Muscle. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:2049-2057. [PMID: 32511780 PMCID: PMC7689867 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged residence of mice in spaceflight is a scientifically robust and ethically ratified model of muscle atrophy caused by continued unloading. Under the Rodent Research Program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), we assayed the large-scale mRNA and metabolomic perturbations in the quadriceps of C57BL/6j male mice that lived in spaceflight (FLT) or on the ground (control or CTR) for approximately 4 weeks. The wet weights of the quadriceps were significantly reduced in FLT mice. Next-generation sequencing and untargeted mass spectroscopic assays interrogated the gene-metabolite landscape of the quadriceps. A majority of top-ranked differentially suppressed genes in FLT encoded proteins from the myosin or troponin families, suggesting sarcomere alterations in space. Significantly enriched gene-metabolite networks were found linked to sarcomeric integrity, immune fitness, and oxidative stress response; all inhibited in space as per in silico prediction. A significant loss of mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in FLT mice underlined the energy deprivation associated with spaceflight-induced stress. This hypothesis was reinforced by the transcriptomic sequencing-metabolomics integrative analysis that showed inhibited networks related to protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and hydrolysis. Finally, we discovered important upstream regulators, which could be targeted for next-generation therapeutic intervention for chronic disuse of the musculoskeletal system. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- The Geneva Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Allison Hoke
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bintu Sowe
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Dana Youssef
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Stephan Butler
- The Geneva Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael Savaglio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paul J Childress
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raina Kumar
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Candace Moyler
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - George Dimitrov
- The Geneva Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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21
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Ashari N, Hargens AR. The Mobile Lower Body Negative Pressure Gravity Suit for Long-Duration Spaceflight. Front Physiol 2020; 11:977. [PMID: 32848889 PMCID: PMC7419691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome, bone decalcification, and muscle atrophy are among the most prevalent risks associated with long-duration spaceflight. Implementing the lower body negative pressure (LBNP) method is a potential countermeasure for these risks. LBNP counteracts head-ward fluid shifts and generates ground-reaction forces (GRFs). GRFs are beneficial for maintaining bones and muscles by producing gravity-like loads experienced on Earth. Currently, LBNP devices are large/bulky, and usually require the subject to maintain a stationary position. However, our new mobile gravity suit is relatively small, untethered, and flexible in order to improve mobility in space. We hypothesized that this novel mobile gravity suit generates greater GRFs than a standard LBNP chamber. While lying supine, GRF data were recorded in both devices using foot sole sensors and a weight scale. At -40 mmHg, the gravity suit generated a mean maximum bodyweight of 125 ± 22% (P < 0.02) whereas the standard LBNP chamber generated 91 ± 24%. The standard LBNP chamber generated a single force on the stationary subject, which was expressed as AW(LBNP) = GRF, where Aw = cross-sectional area (CSA) of subject's waist. However, the mobile gravity suit generated an additional force based on the following equation, (AF + AW)LBNP = GRF, where AF = CSA of subject's feet. The additional force was further expressed as F1 + F2 = AF × LBNP, where F1 = spinal loading force, F2 = waist shear force, and AF × LBNP = the total downward foot force. Thus, the mobile gravity suit produces higher percentages of bodyweight due to the suit's novel design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeki Ashari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alan R Hargens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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22
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Chakraborty N, Schmitt CW, Honnold CL, Moyler C, Butler S, Nachabe H, Gautam A, Hammamieh R. Protocol Improvement for RNA Extraction From Compromised Frozen Specimens Generated in Austere Conditions: A Path Forward to Transcriptomics-Pathology Systems Integration. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:142. [PMID: 32793629 PMCID: PMC7387682 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
At the heart of the phenome-to-genome approach is high throughput assays, which are liable to produce false results. This risk can be mitigated by minimizing the sample bias, specifically, recycling the same tissue specimen for both phenotypic and genotypic investigations. Therefore, our aim is to suggest a methodology of obtaining robust results from frozen specimens of compromised quality, particularly if the sample is produced in conditions with limited resources. For example, generating samples at the International Space Station (ISS) is challenging because the time and laboratory footprint allotted to a project can get expensive. In an effort to be economical with available resources, snap-frozen euthanized mice are the straightforward solution; however, this method increases the risk of temperature abuse during the thawing process at the beginning of the tissue collection. We found that prolonged immersion of snap frozen mouse carcass in 10% neutral buffered formalin at 4°C yielded minimal microscopic signs of ice crystallization and delivered tissues with histomorphology that is optimal for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and fixation on glass slides. We further optimized a method to sequester the tissue specimen from the H&E slides using an incubator shaker. Using this method, we were able to recover an optimal amount of RNA that could be used for downstream transcriptomics assays. Overall, we demonstrated a protocol that enables us to maximize scientific values from tissues collected in austere condition. Furthermore, our protocol can suggest an improvement in the spatial resolution of transcriptomic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- Geneva Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Connie W Schmitt
- Comparative Pathology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Gunpowder, MD, United States
| | - Cary L Honnold
- Comparative Pathology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Gunpowder, MD, United States
| | - Candace Moyler
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,ORISE, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Butler
- Geneva Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Hisham Nachabe
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,ORISE, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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23
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Validation of a New Rodent Experimental System to Investigate Consequences of Long Duration Space Habitation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2336. [PMID: 32047211 PMCID: PMC7012842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are useful for exploring the health consequences of prolonged spaceflight. Capabilities were developed to perform experiments in low earth orbit with on-board sample recovery, thereby avoiding complications caused by return to Earth. For NASA’s Rodent Research-1 mission, female mice (ten 32 wk C57BL/6NTac; ten 16 wk C57BL/6J) were launched on an unmanned vehicle, then resided on the International Space Station for 21/22d or 37d in microgravity. Mice were euthanized on-orbit, livers and spleens dissected, and remaining tissues frozen in situ for later analyses. Mice appeared healthy by daily video health checks and body, adrenal, and spleen weights of 37d-flight (FLT) mice did not differ from ground controls housed in flight hardware (GC), while thymus weights were 35% greater in FLT than GC. Mice exposed to 37d of spaceflight displayed elevated liver mass (33%) and select enzyme activities compared to GC, whereas 21/22d-FLT mice did not. FLT mice appeared more physically active than respective GC while soleus muscle showed expected atrophy. RNA and enzyme activity levels in tissues recovered on-orbit were of acceptable quality. Thus, this system establishes a new capability for conducting long-duration experiments in space, enables sample recovery on-orbit, and avoids triggering standard indices of chronic stress.
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24
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Coulombe JC, Senwar B, Ferguson VL. Spaceflight-Induced Bone Tissue Changes that Affect Bone Quality and Increase Fracture Risk. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:1-12. [PMID: 31897866 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone mineral density and systemic factors are used to assess skeletal health in astronauts. Yet, even in a general population, these measures fail to accurately predict when any individual will fracture. This review considers how long-duration human spaceflight requires evaluation of additional bone structural and material quality measures that contribute to microgravity-induced skeletal fragility. RECENT FINDINGS In both humans and small animal models following spaceflight, bone mass is compromised via reduced bone formation and elevated resorption levels. Concurrently, bone structural quality (e.g., trabecular microarchitecture) is diminished and the quality of bone material is reduced via impaired tissue mineralization, maturation, and maintenance (e.g., mediated by osteocytes). Bone structural and material quality are both affected by microgravity and may, together, jeopardize astronaut operational readiness and lead to increased fracture risk upon return to gravitational loading. Future studies need to directly evaluate how bone quality combines with diminished bone mass to influence bone strength and toughness (e.g., resistance to fracture). Bone quality assessment promises to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Coulombe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Bhavya Senwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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25
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Arfat Y, Rani A, Jingping W, Hocart CH. Calcium homeostasis during hibernation and in mechanical environments disrupting calcium homeostasis. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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