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Al-Abri N, Al-Raqami S, Al-Hashemi M, Al-Shidi R, Al-Khatri S, Ray RV. Impact of Initial Population Density of the Dubas Bug, Ommatissus lybicus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae), on Oviposition Behaviour, Chlorophyll, Biomass and Nutritional Response of Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera). INSECTS 2022; 14:12. [PMID: 36661941 PMCID: PMC9866723 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Dubas bug (Ommatissus lybicus) is an economically significant pest of date palms. In this study, the effect of the population density of O. lybicus on chlorophyll, measured by the soil plant analysis development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter, palm biomass, and the nutritional composition of date palms, were investigated. A further objective was to determine significant relationships between the population density of O. lybicus, the number of honeydew droplets, and oviposited eggs. Reductions of up to 8-11% and 29-34% in chlorophyll content and plant biomass, respectively, were caused by infestations exceeding 300 nymphs per palm seedling. Increasing the population density of O. lybicus to 600 insects per palm decreased oviposition by females, suggesting intraspecific competition for resources. There was a significant relationship between honeydew droplets produced by the pest population and chlorophyll content in the rachis, suggesting that treatment can be triggered at 3-6 nymphs/leaflet. Egg oviposition was preferentially on the rachis. Ca, Mg, K, and P were the main nutrients affected by the activity of the pest. Mg content was associated with reduced chlorophyll content under increasing pest density, suggesting that supplemental nutrition can be potentially utilized to sustain chlorophyll and increase palm tolerance to pest infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Al-Abri
- Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Suad Al-Raqami
- Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
| | - Maryam Al-Hashemi
- Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
| | - Rashid Al-Shidi
- Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
| | - Salim Al-Khatri
- Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth & Water Resources, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
| | - Rumiana V. Ray
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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Aflatoonian M, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian B, Salarkia E, Khosravi A, Tavakoli Oliaee R, Bamorovat M, Aghaei Afshar A, Babaei Z, Sharifi F, Taheri Soodejani M, Shirzadi MR, Gouya MM, Nadim A, Sharifi H. Fifty years of struggle to control cutaneous leishmaniasis in the highest endemic county in Iran: A longitudinal observation inferred with interrupted time series model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010271. [PMID: 35486645 PMCID: PMC9053817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Negligible data are available following major social activities and environmental changes on leishmaniasis. Therefore, how interactions between these events influence cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) risk is not well-known. This longitudinal study was undertaken to explore the impact of interventions conducted between 1971 and 2020 in Bam county, which has had the highest disease burden in Iran. Only confirmed CL cases during this period were taken into account. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 using the X2 test to assess the significance of the difference between proportions. Moreover, we used interrupted time series (ITS) to assess the impact of three environmental events during this period. Overall, 40,164 cases of CL occurred in the past five decades. Multiple complex factors were among the leading causes that synergistically induced the emergence/re-emergence of CL outbreaks in Bam. The main factors attributed negatively to CL control were cessation of malaria spraying activity, expansion of the city spaces, and a massive earthquake creating new breeding potentials for the vectors. The highest impact on CL incidence during these years was related to the earthquake [coefficient = 17.8 (95% CI: 11.3, 22.7); p-value < 0.001]. Many factors can contribute to CL outbreaks in endemic foci. They also can cause new foci in new areas. Since humans are the single reservoir for CL in this area, early detection and effective management significantly contribute to controlling CL to reduce the disease burden. However, essential evidence gaps remain, and new tools are crucial before the disease can ultimately be controlled. Nevertheless, sustained funding and more trained task forces are essential to strengthen surveillance and case management and monitor the interventions’ impact. We aimed to conduct this longitudinal observation to assess the impact of interventions applied between 1971 and 2020 in Bam county, Iran’s highest anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis burden. Only confirmed CL cases were taken into account. Overall, 40,164 cases of CL occurred in the past five decades. Multiple complex factors were among the leading causes that synergistically induced the emergence/re-emergence of CL outbreaks in Bam. The main factors attributed negatively to CL control were cessation of malaria spraying activity, expansion of the city spaces, and a massive earthquake creating new breeding potentials for the vectors. Since humans are the single reservoir host for CL in this area, early detection and effective management significantly contribute to controlling CL to reduce the disease burden. However, continuous funding and more trained forces are critical to strengthening surveillance and case management and monitoring the interventions’ impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behnaz Aflatoonian
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moslem Taheri Soodejani
- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
- Center for Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Nadim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Ranjbar F, Reitz S, Jalali MA, Ziaaddini M, Izadi H. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Two Commercial Insecticides on Egg Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) of Green Stink Bugs (Hem: Pentatomidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:33-39. [PMID: 33140826 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pistacia vera L. is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran. The stink bugs Acrosternum arabicum and Brachynema germari are two of the key pests that cause significant direct and indirect damage on Pistacia vera. Egg parasitoids have been considered as potential biological control agents of pistachio green stink bugs. Among them, Trissolcus semistriatus and Psix saccharicola are the most abundant and efficient parasitoid for A. arabicum in pistachio orchards. In this study, we assessed lethal and sublethal effects of two commonly used insecticide products (fenitrothion and a binary mixture of lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam) on these two parasitoid wasps under laboratory conditions. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for fenitrothion and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin in P. saccharicola and T. semistriatus were estimated as 1.03, 0.48 and 0.87, 0.98 mg a.i./liter, respectively. In terms of sublethal effects, insecticide treatments altered the type of functional response from type III to type II in T. semistriatus. However, P. saccharicola exhibited a type II functional to density of A. arabicum for all treatments, although attack rates were lower for insecticide-exposed wasps while handling times increased. Our results show that sublethal effects of insecticides further reduce the efficacy of biological control agents. Effective integrated pest management programs should avoid antagonistic interactions between chemical and biological control methods. The results of this study provide useful information to develop comprehensive integrated pest management programs for stink bugs in pistachio orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Ranjbar
- Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Stuart Reitz
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR
| | - M Amin Jalali
- Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ziaaddini
- Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Khan RR, Arshad M, Aslam A, Arshad M. Additive interactions of some reduced-risk biocides and two entomopathogenic nematodes suggest implications for integrated control of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:1268. [PMID: 33446737 PMCID: PMC7809130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79725-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher volumes of conventional and novel chemical insecticides are applied by farmers to control resistant strains of armyworm (Spodoperta litura) in Pakistan without knowing their risks to the environment and to public health. Ten reduced-risk insecticides were tested for their compatibility with two entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs); Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae against S. litura. The insecticide emamectin benzoate was highly toxic (LC50 = 2.97 mg/l) against 3rd instar S. litura larvae when applied alone whereas, novaluron and methoxyfenozide were the least toxic (LC50 = 29.56 mg/l and 21.06 mg/l), respectively. All the insecticides proved harmless against the two EPNs even 96 h after treatment. Indoxacarb, flubendiamide and spinetoram produced the greatest mortalities (72–76%) of S. litura larvae after 72 h when applied in mixtures with H. indica. Lowest mortalities (44.00 ± 3.74% and 48.00 ± 2.89) were observed for mixtures of H. indica with methoxyfenozide and chlorfenapyr, respectively. The positive control treatments with both EPNs (S. carpocapsae and H. indica) produced > 50% mortality 96 h after treatment. For insecticide mixtures with S. carpocapsae, only indoxacarb produced 90% mortality of larvae, whereas, indoxacarb, flubendiamide, emamectin benzoate, and spinetoram produced 90–92% mortality of larvae when applied in mixtures with H. indica. Additive interactions (Chi-square < 3.84) of EPN mixtures with reduced volumes of reduced-risk insecticides suggest opportunities to develop more environmentally favorable pest management programs for S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Rasool Khan
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan. .,Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat, 121, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Asad Aslam
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
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Khan RR, Al-Ghafri THA, Al-Khatri SAH, Al-Mazidi ISS, Al-Rawahi FG. Resistance to deltamethrin and fenitrothion in dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin (Homoptera: Tropiduchidae) and possible biochemical mechanisms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13220. [PMID: 32764706 PMCID: PMC7411060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution, ill-effects on human health, insecticide resistance development and insect pest resurgence are some serious problems that may arise due to excessive chemical spraying for pest control. Despite of heavy aerial and surface insecticide spraying, incomplete control of Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin 1930 (Homoptera: Tropiduchidae) is reported in Oman every year, which requires investigation of insecticides resistance in pest. Fifteen populations of O. lybicus, collected from diverse vicinities were exposed along with a deltamethrin-selected (DEL-SEL) and lab-susceptible (LAB-SUS) strain to deltamethrin and fenitrothion insecticides in bioassay tests for estimation of their resistance status. All the field populations of O. lybicus, exhibited minor (RR = 3-5-folds) to low (RR = 5-10-folds) levels of resistance to deltamethrin, however, two out fifteen populations collected from Al-Hajir and Sint were found susceptible against fenitrothion (RR < 3-folds). Enzyme assays were conducted to detect the activities of cytochrome p-450-reductase (CPR), glutathione s-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the field collected, DEL-SEL and LAB-SUS strains of O. lybicus. Results revealed significantly increased activities of all enzymes in the field collected as well as DEL-SEL strains of O. lybicus when compared with LAB-SUS strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Rasool Khan
- Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, 121, Oman. .,Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Thuwaini Hashil Abdullah Al-Ghafri
- Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, 121, Oman
| | - Salim Ali Humaid Al-Khatri
- Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, 121, Oman
| | - Ibtisam Salim Suliman Al-Mazidi
- Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, 121, Oman
| | - Fatma Gharib Al-Rawahi
- Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, 121, Oman
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