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LeVine SM. Exploring Potential Mechanisms Accounting for Iron Accumulation in the Central Nervous System of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2024; 13:689. [PMID: 38667304 PMCID: PMC11049304 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of iron occur in both cortical and subcortical regions of the CNS in patients with Alzheimer's disease. This accumulation is present early in the disease process as well as in more advanced stages. The factors potentially accounting for this increase are numerous, including: (1) Cells increase their uptake of iron and reduce their export of iron, as iron becomes sequestered (trapped within the lysosome, bound to amyloid β or tau, etc.); (2) metabolic disturbances, such as insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction, disrupt cellular iron homeostasis; (3) inflammation, glutamate excitotoxicity, or other pathological disturbances (loss of neuronal interconnections, soluble amyloid β, etc.) trigger cells to acquire iron; and (4) following neurodegeneration, iron becomes trapped within microglia. Some of these mechanisms are also present in other neurological disorders and can also begin early in the disease course, indicating that iron accumulation is a relatively common event in neurological conditions. In response to pathogenic processes, the directed cellular efforts that contribute to iron buildup reflect the importance of correcting a functional iron deficiency to support essential biochemical processes. In other words, cells prioritize correcting an insufficiency of available iron while tolerating deposited iron. An analysis of the mechanisms accounting for iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease, and in other relevant neurological conditions, is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M LeVine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3043, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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2
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Zhang J, Wickizer C, Ding W, Van R, Yang L, Zhu B, Yang J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang C, Shen S, Wang C, Shao Y, Ran C. In vivo three-dimensional brain imaging with chemiluminescence probes in Alzheimer's disease models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310131120. [PMID: 38048460 PMCID: PMC10723133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310131120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical three-dimensional (3D) molecular imaging is highly desirable for providing precise distribution of the target-of-interest in disease models. However, such 3D imaging is still far from wide applications in biomedical research; 3D brain optical molecular imaging, in particular, has rarely been reported. In this report, we designed chemiluminescence probes with high quantum yields, relatively long emission wavelengths, and high signal-to-noise ratios to fulfill the requirements for 3D brain imaging in vivo. With assistance from density-function theory (DFT) computation, we designed ADLumin-Xs by locking up the rotation of the double bond via fusing the furan ring to the phenyl ring. Our results showed that ADLumin-5 had a high quantum yield of chemiluminescence and could bind to amyloid beta (Aβ). Remarkably, ADLumin-5's radiance intensity in brain areas could reach 4 × 107 photon/s/cm2/sr, which is probably 100-fold higher than most chemiluminescence probes for in vivo imaging. Because of its strong emission, we demonstrated that ADLumin-5 could be used for in vivo 3D brain imaging in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Carly Wickizer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Weihua Ding
- Department of Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine, MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Liuyue Yang
- Department of Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine, MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Biyue Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Yongle Wang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Yulong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Shiqian Shen
- Department of Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine, MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Changning Wang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
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He F, Hou W, Lan Y, Gao W, Zhou M, Li J, Liu S, Yang B, Zhang J. High Contrast Detection of Carotid Neothrombus with Strong Near-Infrared Absorption Selenium Nanosphere Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4043-4054. [PMID: 37520300 PMCID: PMC10377622 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s404743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carotid artery thrombosis is the leading cause of stroke. Since there are no apparent symptoms in the early stages of carotid atherosclerosis onset, it causes a more significant clinical diagnosis. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging provides high contrast and good depth information, which has been used for the early detection and diagnosis of many diseases. Methods We investigated thrombus formation by using 20% ferric chloride (FeCl3) in the carotid arteries of KM mice for the thrombosis model. The near-infrared selenium/polypyrrole (Se@PPy) nanomaterials are easy to synthesize and have excellent optical absorption in vivo, which can be used as PA contrast agents to obtain thrombosis information. Results In vitro experiments showed that Se@PPy nanocomposites have fulfilling PA ability in the 700 nm to 900 nm wavelength range. In the carotid atherosclerosis model, maximum PA signal enhancement up to 3.44, 4.04, and 5.07 times was observed by injection of Se@PPy nanomaterials, which helped to diagnose the severity of carotid atherosclerosis. Conclusion The superior PA signal of Se@PPy nanomaterials can identify the extent of atherosclerotic carotid lesions, demonstrating the feasibility of PA imaging technology in diagnosing carotid thrombosis lesion formation. This study demonstrates nanocomposites and PA techniques for imaging and diagnosing carotid thrombosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbing He
- Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenzhong Hou
- Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yintao Lan
- Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijian Gao
- Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Zhou
- Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinghang Li
- Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shutong Liu
- Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang J, Wickizer C, Ding W, Van R, Yang L, Zhu B, Yang J, Zhang C, Shen S, Shao Y, Ran C. In Vivo Three-dimensional Brain Imaging with Chemiluminescence Probes in Alzheimer's Disease Models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.02.547411. [PMID: 37461700 PMCID: PMC10350002 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.02.547411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical three-dimensional (3D) molecular imaging is highly desirable for providing precise distribution of the target-of-interest in disease models. However, such 3D imaging is still far from wide applications in biomedical research; 3D brain optical molecular imaging, in particular, has rarely been reported. In this report, we designed chemiluminescence probes with high quantum yields (QY), relatively long emission wavelengths, and high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) to fulfill the requirements for 3D brain imaging in vivo. With assistance from density-function theory (DFT) computation, we designed ADLumin-Xs by locking up the rotation of the double-bond via fusing the furan ring to the phenyl ring. Our results showed that ADLumin-5 had a high quantum yield of chemiluminescence and could bind to amyloid beta (Aβ). Remarkably, ADLumin-5's radiance intensity in brain areas could reach 4×107 photon/s/cm2/sr, which is probably 100-fold higher than most chemiluminescence probes for in vivo imaging. Because of its strong emission, we demonstrated that ADLumin-5 could be used for in vivo 3D brain imaging in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Carly Wickizer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Weihua Ding
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Liuyue Yang
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Biyue Zhu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Shiqian Shen
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Penn C, Katnik C, Cuevas J, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT): Monitoring neurovascular changes in a mouse repetitive traumatic brain injury model. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 393:109876. [PMID: 37150303 PMCID: PMC10388337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that mild TBI injuries, which comprise > 75% of all TBIs, can cause chronic post-concussive symptoms, especially when experienced repetitively (rTBI). rTBI is a major cause of cognitive deficit in athletes and military personnel and is associated with neurovascular changes. Current methods to monitor neurovascular changes in detail are prohibitively expensive and invasive for patients with mild injuries. NEW METHOD We evaluated the potential of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) to monitor neurovascular changes and assess therapeutic strategies in a mouse model of rTBI. Mice were subjected to rTBI or sham via controlled cortical impact and administered pioglitazone (PG) or vehicle. Oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin were monitored using MSOT. Indocyanine green clearance was imaged via MSOT to evaluate blood-brain-barrier (BBB) integrity. RESULTS Mice subjected to rTBI show a transient increase in oxygenated/total hemoglobin ratio which can be mitigated by PG administration. rTBI mice also show BBB disruption shortly after injury and reduction of oxygenated/total hemoglobin in the chronic stage, neither of which were affected by PG intervention. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS MSOT imaging has the potential as a noninvasive in vivo imaging method to monitor neurovascular changes and assess therapeutics in mouse models of rTBI. In comparison to standard methods of tracking inflammation and BBB disruption, MSOT can be used multiple times throughout the course of injury without the need for surgery. Thus, MSOT is especially useful in research of rTBI models for screening therapeutics, and with further technological improvements may be extended for use in rTBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Penn
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Chris Katnik
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Javier Cuevas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Zhang T, Guo S, Li F, Lan X, Jia Y, Zhang J, Huang Y, Liang XJ. Image-guided/improved diseases management: From immune-strategies and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114446. [PMID: 35820600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Timely and accurate assessment and diagnosis are extremely important and beneficial for all diseases, especially for some of the major human disease, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Limited by the variable disease microenvironment, early imperceptible symptoms, complex immune system interactions, and delayed clinical phenotypes, disease diagnosis and treatment are difficult in most cases. Molecular imaging (MI) techniques can track therapeutic drugs and disease sites in vivo and in vitro in a non-invasive, real-time and visible strategies. Comprehensive visual imaging and quantitative analysis based on different levels can help to clarify the disease process, pathogenesis, drug pharmacokinetics, and further evaluate the therapeutic effects. This review summarizes the application of different MI techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of these major human diseases. It is hoped to shed a light on the development of related technologies and fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- School of Life Science Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science School of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine) Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- School of Life Science Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science School of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine) Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xinmiao Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Jia
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science School of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine) Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100049, China.
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7
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Current trends in blood biomarker detection and imaging for Alzheimer’s disease. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Shi XF, Ji B, Kong Y, Guan Y, Ni R. Multimodal Contrast Agents for Optoacoustic Brain Imaging in Small Animals. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:746815. [PMID: 34650961 PMCID: PMC8505530 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.746815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging has demonstrated versatile applications in biomedical research, visualizing the disease pathophysiology and monitoring the treatment effect in an animal model, as well as toward applications in the clinical setting. Given the complex disease mechanism, multimodal imaging provides important etiological insights with different molecular, structural, and functional readouts in vivo. Various multimodal optoacoustic molecular imaging approaches have been applied in preclinical brain imaging studies, including optoacoustic/fluorescence imaging, optoacoustic imaging/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optoacoustic imaging/MRI/Raman, optoacoustic imaging/positron emission tomography, and optoacoustic/computed tomography. There is a rapid development in molecular imaging contrast agents employing a multimodal imaging strategy for pathological targets involved in brain diseases. Many chemical dyes for optoacoustic imaging have fluorescence properties and have been applied in hybrid optoacoustic/fluorescence imaging. Nanoparticles are widely used as hybrid contrast agents for their capability to incorporate different imaging components, tunable spectrum, and photostability. In this review, we summarize contrast agents including chemical dyes and nanoparticles applied in multimodal optoacoustic brain imaging integrated with other modalities in small animals, and provide outlook for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-feng Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Kong
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gardner SH, Brady CJ, Keeton C, Yadav AK, Mallojjala SC, Lucero MY, Su S, Yu Z, Hirschi JS, Mirica LM, Chan J. A General Approach to Convert Hemicyanine Dyes into Highly Optimized Photoacoustic Scaffolds for Analyte Sensing*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18860-18866. [PMID: 34089556 PMCID: PMC8550804 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most photoacoustic (PA) imaging agents are based on the repurposing of existing fluorescent dye platforms that exhibit non-optimal properties for PA applications. Herein, we introduce PA-HD, a new dye scaffold optimized for PA probe development that features a 4.8-fold increase in sensitivity and a red-shift of the λabs from 690 nm to 745 nm to enable ratiometric imaging. Computational modeling was used to elucidate the origin of these enhanced properties. To demonstrate the generalizability of our remodeling efforts, we developed three probes for β-galactosidase activity (PA-HD-Gal), nitroreductase activity (PA-HD-NTR), and H2 O2 (PA-HD-H2 O2 ). We generated two cancer models to evaluate PA-HD-Gal and PA-HD-NTR. We employed a murine model of Alzheimer's disease to test PA-HD-H2 O2 . There, we observed a PA signal increase at 735 nm of 1.79±0.20-fold relative to background, indicating the presence of oxidative stress. These results were confirmed via ratiometric calibration, which was not possible using the parent HD platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Gardner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Catharine J Brady
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, I, L, 61801, USA
| | - Cameron Keeton
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, I, L, 61801, USA
| | - Anuj K Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, I, L, 61801, USA
| | | | - Melissa Y Lucero
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, I, L, 61801, USA
| | - Shengzhang Su
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, I, L, 61801, USA
| | - Zhengxin Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, I, L, 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer S Hirschi
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, I, L, 61801, USA
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, I, L, 61801, USA
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10
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Gardner SH, Brady CJ, Keeton C, Yadav AK, Mallojjala SC, Lucero MY, Su S, Yu Z, Hirschi JS, Mirica LM, Chan J. A General Approach to Convert Hemicyanine Dyes into Highly Optimized Photoacoustic Scaffolds for Analyte Sensing**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Gardner
- Department of Biochemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Catharine J. Brady
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, I L 61801 USA
| | - Cameron Keeton
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, I L 61801 USA
| | - Anuj K. Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, I L 61801 USA
| | | | - Melissa Y. Lucero
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, I L 61801 USA
| | - Shengzhang Su
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, I L 61801 USA
| | - Zhengxin Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, I L 61801 USA
| | | | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, I L 61801 USA
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Biochemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, I L 61801 USA
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Kim B, Kim H, Kim S, Hwang YR. A brief review of non-invasive brain imaging technologies and the near-infrared optical bioimaging. Appl Microsc 2021; 51:9. [PMID: 34170436 PMCID: PMC8227874 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-021-00058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disorders seriously affect life quality. Therefore, non-invasive neuroimaging has received attention to monitoring and early diagnosing neural disorders to prevent their progress to a severe level. This short review briefly describes the current MRI and PET/CT techniques developed for non-invasive neuroimaging and the future direction of optical imaging techniques to achieve higher resolution and specificity using the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region of wavelength with organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomsue Kim
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea.
| | - Hongmin Kim
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Songhui Kim
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Young-Ran Hwang
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
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12
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Bodea SV, Westmeyer GG. Photoacoustic Neuroimaging - Perspectives on a Maturing Imaging Technique and its Applications in Neuroscience. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:655247. [PMID: 34220420 PMCID: PMC8253050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.655247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent goal of neuroscience is to improve our understanding of how brain structure and activity interact to produce perception, emotion, behavior, and cognition. The brain's network activity is inherently organized in distinct spatiotemporal patterns that span scales from nanometer-sized synapses to meter-long nerve fibers and millisecond intervals between electrical signals to decades of memory storage. There is currently no single imaging method that alone can provide all the relevant information, but intelligent combinations of complementary techniques can be effective. Here, we thus present the latest advances in biomedical and biological engineering on photoacoustic neuroimaging in the context of complementary imaging techniques. A particular focus is placed on recent advances in whole-brain photoacoustic imaging in rodent models and its influential role in bridging the gap between fluorescence microscopy and more non-invasive techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We consider current strategies to address persistent challenges, particularly in developing molecular contrast agents, and conclude with an overview of potential future directions for photoacoustic neuroimaging to provide deeper insights into healthy and pathological brain processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Vasile Bodea
- Department of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gil Gregor Westmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Synthetic Biomedicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Karlas A, Pleitez MA, Aguirre J, Ntziachristos V. Optoacoustic imaging in endocrinology and metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:323-335. [PMID: 33875856 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Imaging is an essential tool in research, diagnostics and the management of endocrine disorders. Ultrasonography, nuclear medicine techniques, MRI, CT and optical methods are already used for applications in endocrinology. Optoacoustic imaging, also termed photoacoustic imaging, is emerging as a method for visualizing endocrine physiology and disease at different scales of detail: microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic. Optoacoustic contrast arises from endogenous light absorbers, such as oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin, lipids and water, or exogenous contrast agents, and reveals tissue vasculature, perfusion, oxygenation, metabolic activity and inflammation. The development of high-performance optoacoustic scanners for use in humans has given rise to a variety of clinical investigations, which complement the use of the technology in preclinical research. Here, we review key progress with optoacoustic imaging technology as it relates to applications in endocrinology; for example, to visualize thyroid morphology and function, and the microvasculature in diabetes mellitus or adipose tissue metabolism, with particular focus on multispectral optoacoustic tomography and raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy. We explain the merits of optoacoustic microscopy and focus on mid-infrared optoacoustic microscopy, which enables label-free imaging of metabolites in cells and tissues. We showcase current optoacoustic applications within endocrinology and discuss the potential of these technologies to advance research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Karlas
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Partner Site, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel A Pleitez
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan Aguirre
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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14
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Liu N, Gujrati V, Malekzadeh-Najafabadi J, Werner JPF, Klemm U, Tang L, Chen Z, Prakash J, Huang Y, Stiel A, Mettenleiter G, Aichler M, Blutke A, Walch A, Kleigrewe K, Razansky D, Sattler M, Ntziachristos V. Croconaine-based nanoparticles enable efficient optoacoustic imaging of murine brain tumors. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100263. [PMID: 33948433 PMCID: PMC8080078 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Contrast enhancement in optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging can be achieved with agents that exhibit high absorption cross-sections, high photostability, low quantum yield, low toxicity, and preferential bio-distribution and clearance profiles. Based on advantageous photophysical properties of croconaine dyes, we explored croconaine-based nanoparticles (CR780RGD-NPs) as highly efficient contrast agents for targeted optoacoustic imaging of challenging preclinical tumor targets. Initial characterization of the CR780 dye was followed by modifications using polyethylene glycol and the cancer-targeting c(RGDyC) peptide, resulting in self-assembled ultrasmall particles with long circulation time and active tumor targeting. Preferential bio-distribution was demonstrated in orthotopic mouse brain tumor models by multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) imaging and histological analysis. Our findings showcase particle accumulation in brain tumors with sustainable strong optoacoustic signals and minimal toxic side effects. This work points to CR780RGD-NPs as a promising optoacoustic contrast agent for potential use in the diagnosis and image-guided resection of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Liu
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Vipul Gujrati
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Corresponding authors at: Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Jaber Malekzadeh-Najafabadi
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Klemm
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Longguang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhenyue Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jaya Prakash
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Yuanhui Huang
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Andre Stiel
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Gabriele Mettenleiter
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Michaela Aichler
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sattler
- Bavarian NMR Center and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85747, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Corresponding authors at: Chair of Biological Imaging, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.
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15
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Regensburger AP, Brown E, Krönke G, Waldner MJ, Knieling F. Optoacoustic Imaging in Inflammation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:483. [PMID: 33924983 PMCID: PMC8145174 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optoacoustic or photoacoustic imaging (OAI/PAI) is a technology which enables non-invasive visualization of laser-illuminated tissue by the detection of acoustic signals. The combination of "light in" and "sound out" offers unprecedented scalability with a high penetration depth and resolution. The wide range of biomedical applications makes this technology a versatile tool for preclinical and clinical research. Particularly when imaging inflammation, the technology offers advantages over current clinical methods to diagnose, stage, and monitor physiological and pathophysiological processes. This review discusses the clinical perspective of using OAI in the context of imaging inflammation as well as in current and emerging translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P. Regensburger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Emma Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Maximilian J. Waldner
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Ferdinand Knieling
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;
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16
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Razansky D, Klohs J, Ni R. Multi-scale optoacoustic molecular imaging of brain diseases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:4152-4170. [PMID: 33594473 PMCID: PMC8566397 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to non-invasively visualize endogenous chromophores and exogenous probes and sensors across the entire rodent brain with the high spatial and temporal resolution has empowered optoacoustic imaging modalities with unprecedented capacities for interrogating the brain under physiological and diseased conditions. This has rapidly transformed optoacoustic microscopy (OAM) and multi-spectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) into emerging research tools to study animal models of brain diseases. In this review, we describe the principles of optoacoustic imaging and showcase recent technical advances that enable high-resolution real-time brain observations in preclinical models. In addition, advanced molecular probe designs allow for efficient visualization of pathophysiological processes playing a central role in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, brain tumors, and stroke. We describe outstanding challenges in optoacoustic imaging methodologies and propose a future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT E42.1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT E42.1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT E42.1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Uiversity of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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17
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Tang Y, Qian X, Lee DJ, Zhou Q, Yao J. From Light to Sound: Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging in Fundamental Research of Alzheimer's Disease. OBM NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 4:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002056. [PMID: 33083711 PMCID: PMC7571611 DOI: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2002056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes severe cognitive dysfunction and has long been studied for the underlining physiological and pathological mechanisms. Several biomedical imaging modalities have been applied, including MRI, PET, and high-resolution optical microscopy, for research purposes. However, there is still a strong need for imaging tools that can provide high spatiotemporal resolutions with relatively deep penetration to enhance our understanding of AD pathology and monitor treatment progress in fundamental research. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging and ultrasound (US) imaging can potentially address these unmet needs in AD research. PA imaging provides functional information with endogenous and/or exogenous contrast, while US imaging provides structural information. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability to monitor physiological parameters in small-animal brains with PA and US imaging as well as the feasibility of using US imaging as a therapeutic tool for AD. This concise review aims to introduce recent advances in AD research using PA and US imaging, provide the fundamentals, and discuss the potentials and challenges for future advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xuejun Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Roski Eye institute, University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Darrin J. Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Roski Eye institute, University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
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