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Chen J, Huang J, Hu Y. An optoionic hydrogel with UV-regulated ion conductivity for reprogrammable iontronics: Logic processing and image sensing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0439. [PMID: 38865467 PMCID: PMC11168472 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The development of smart hydrogels capable of actively controlling ion conductivity is of paramount importance for iontronics. Most current work in this field focuses on enhancing the hydrogels' ion conductivity. Few successes have been seen in achieving spatial regulation of ion flow through external control. Among various controls, light gives the best spatial and temporal resolution for practical iontronic applications. However, developing hydrogels that can generate drastic ion concentration change upon photoirradiation for tunable conductivity is challenging. Very few molecules can enable photoion generation, and most of them are hydrophobic and low quantum yield. Here, we present an optoionic hydrogel that uses triphenylmethane leuconitrile (TPMLN) for ultraviolet-regulated ion conductivity. Through postpolymerization TPMLN synthesizing, we can incorporate high concentration of the hydrophobic TPMLN in hydrogels without compromising the hydrogel's mechanical integrity. Upon light irradiation, the hydrogel's local conductivity can change an unprecedented 10-fold. We also demonstrated soft optoionic devices that are capable of logic processing and photo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehao Chen
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jiahe Huang
- The School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yuhang Hu
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- The School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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2
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Dawit H, Zhao Y, Wang J, Pei R. Advances in conductive hydrogels for neural recording and stimulation. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2786-2800. [PMID: 38682423 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The brain-computer interface (BCI) allows the human or animal brain to directly interact with the external environment through the neural interfaces, thus playing the role of monitoring, protecting, improving/restoring, enhancing, and replacing. Recording electrophysiological information such as brain neural signals is of great importance in health monitoring and disease diagnosis. According to the electrode position, it can be divided into non-implantable, semi-implantable, and implantable. Among them, implantable neural electrodes can obtain the highest-quality electrophysiological information, so they have the most promising application. However, due to the chemo-mechanical mismatch between devices and tissues, the adverse foreign body response and performance loss over time seriously restrict the development and application of implantable neural electrodes. Given the challenges, conductive hydrogel-based neural electrodes have recently attracted much attention, owing to many advantages such as good mechanical match with the native tissues, negligible foreign body response, and minimal signal attenuation. This review mainly focuses on the current development of conductive hydrogels as a biocompatible framework for neural tissue and conductivity-supporting substrates for the transmission of electrical signals of neural tissue to speed up electrical regeneration and their applications in neural sensing and recording as well as stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewan Dawit
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, PR China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yuewu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jine Wang
- College of Medicine and Nursing, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, Dezhou University, China.
- Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Renjun Pei
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, PR China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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3
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Murakami T, Yada N, Yoshida S. Carbon Nanotube-Based Printed All-Organic Microelectrode Arrays for Neural Stimulation and Recording. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:650. [PMID: 38793223 PMCID: PMC11122866 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a low-cost printing process of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based, all-organic microelectrode arrays (MEAs) suitable for in vitro neural stimulation and recording. Conventional MEAs have been mainly composed of expensive metals and manufactured through high-cost and complex lithographic processes, which have limited their accessibility for neuroscience experiments and their application in various studies. Here, we demonstrate a printing-based fabrication method for microelectrodes using organic CNT/paraffin ink, coupled with the deposition of an insulating layer featuring single-cell-sized sensing apertures. The simple microfabrication processes utilizing the economic and readily available ink offer potential for cost reduction and improved accessibility of MEAs. Biocompatibility of the fabricated microelectrode was suggested through a live/dead assay of cultured neural cells, and its large electric double layer capacitance was revealed by cyclic voltammetry that was crucial for preventing cytotoxic electrolysis during electric neural stimulation. Furthermore, the electrode exhibited sufficiently low electric impedance of 2.49 Ω·cm2 for high signal-to-noise ratio neural recording, and successfully captured model electric waves in physiological saline solution. These results suggest the easily producible and low-cost printed all-organic microelectrodes are available for neural stimulation and recording, and we believe that they can expand the application of MEA in various neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shotaro Yoshida
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan; (T.M.)
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Wang J, Wang T, Liu H, Wang K, Moses K, Feng Z, Li P, Huang W. Flexible Electrodes for Brain-Computer Interface System. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211012. [PMID: 37143288 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain-computer interface (BCI) has been the subject of extensive research recently. Governments and companies have substantially invested in relevant research and applications. The restoration of communication and motor function, the treatment of psychological disorders, gaming, and other daily and therapeutic applications all benefit from BCI. The electrodes hold the key to the essential, fundamental BCI precondition of electrical brain activity detection and delivery. However, the traditional rigid electrodes are limited due to their mismatch in Young's modulus, potential damages to the human body, and a decline in signal quality with time. These factors make the development of flexible electrodes vital and urgent. Flexible electrodes made of soft materials have grown in popularity in recent years as an alternative to conventional rigid electrodes because they offer greater conformance, the potential for higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) signals, and a wider range of applications. Therefore, the latest classifications and future developmental directions of fabricating these flexible electrodes are explored in this paper to further encourage the speedy advent of flexible electrodes for BCI. In summary, the perspectives and future outlook for this developing discipline are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tengjiao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Haoyan Liu
- Department of Computer Science & Computer Engineering (CSCE), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Kumi Moses
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoya Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
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5
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Ji B, Sun F, Guo J, Zhou Y, You X, Fan Y, Wang L, Xu M, Zeng W, Liu J, Wang M, Hu H, Chang H. Brainmask: an ultrasoft and moist micro-electrocorticography electrode for accurate positioning and long-lasting recordings. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:126. [PMID: 37829160 PMCID: PMC10564857 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC), a natural biomaterial synthesized by bacteria, has a unique structure of a cellulose nanofiber-weaved three-dimensional reticulated network. BC films can be ultrasoft with sufficient mechanical strength, strong water absorption and moisture retention and have been widely used in facial masks. These films have the potential to be applied to implantable neural interfaces due to their conformality and moisture, which are two critical issues for traditional polymer or silicone electrodes. In this work, we propose a micro-electrocorticography (micro-ECoG) electrode named "Brainmask", which comprises a BC film as the substrate and separated multichannel parylene-C microelectrodes bonded on the top surface. Brainmask can not only guarantee the precise position of microelectrode sites attached to any nonplanar epidural surface but also improve the long-lasting signal quality during acute implantation with an exposed cranial window for at least one hour, as well as the in vivo recording validated for one week. This novel ultrasoft and moist device stands as a next-generation neural interface regardless of complex surface or time of duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ji
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shanghai, 201108 China
| | - Fanqi Sun
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shanghai, 201108 China
| | - Jiecheng Guo
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Yuhao Zhou
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shanghai, 201108 China
| | - Xiaoli You
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shanghai, 201108 China
| | - Ye Fan
- College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Longchun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Mengfei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Minghao Wang
- College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Huijing Hu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Honglong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
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6
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Kwok KS, Zuo Y, Choi SJ, Pahapale GJ, Gu L, Gracias DH. Toward Single Cell Tattoos: Biotransfer Printing of Lithographic Gold Nanopatterns on Live Cells. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7477-7484. [PMID: 37526201 PMCID: PMC10799676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lithographic nanopatterning techniques such as photolithography, electron-beam lithography, and nanoimprint lithography (NIL) have revolutionized modern-day electronics and optics. Yet, their application for creating nanobio interfaces is limited by the cytotoxic and two-dimensional nature of conventional fabrication methods. Here, we present a biocompatible and cost-effective transfer process that leverages (a) NIL to define sub-300 nm gold (Au) nanopattern arrays, (b) amine functionalization of Au to transfer the NIL-arrays from a rigid substrate to a soft transfer layer, (c) alginate hydrogel as a flexible, degradable transfer layer, and (d) gelatin conjugation of the Au NIL-arrays to achieve conformal contact with live cells. We demonstrate biotransfer printing of the Au NIL-arrays on rat brains and live cells with high pattern fidelity and cell viability and observed differences in cell migration on the Au NIL-dot and NIL-wire printed hydrogels. We anticipate that this nanolithography-compatible biotransfer printing method could advance bionics, biosensing, and biohybrid tissue interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Sang Kwok
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Soo Jin Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Gayatri J. Pahapale
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David H. Gracias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics (LCSR), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Center for MicroPhysiological Systems, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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7
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Kwok KS, Zuo Y, Choi SJ, Pahapale GJ, Gu L, Gracias DH. Toward single cell tattoos: Biotransfer printing of lithographic gold nanopatterns on live cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.28.542285. [PMID: 37292601 PMCID: PMC10245972 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.28.542285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithographic nanopatterning techniques like photolithography, electron-beam lithography, and nanoimprint lithography (NIL) have revolutionized modern-day electronics and optics. Yet, their application for creating nano-bio interfaces is limited by the cytotoxic and two-dimensional nature of conventional fabrication methods. Here, we present a biocompatible and cost-effective transfer process that leverages (a) NIL to define sub-300 nm gold (Au) nanopattern arrays, (b) amine functionalization of Au to transfer the NIL-arrays from a rigid substrate to a soft transfer layer, (c) alginate hydrogel as a flexible, degradable transfer layer, and (d) gelatin conjugation of the Au NIL-arrays to achieve conformal contact with live cells. We demonstrate biotransfer printing of the Au NIL-arrays on rat brains and live cells with high pattern fidelity and cell viability and observed differences in cell migration on the Au NIL-dot and NIL-wire printed hydrogels. We anticipate that this nanolithography-compatible biotransfer printing method could advance bionics, biosensing, and biohybrid tissue interfaces.
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8
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Shur M, Akouissi O, Rizzo O, Colin DJ, Kolinski JM, Lacour SP. Revealing the complexity of ultra-soft hydrogel re-swelling inside the brain. Biomaterials 2023; 294:122024. [PMID: 36716587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The brain is an ultra-soft viscoelastic matrix. Sub-kPa hydrogels match the brain's mechanical properties but are challenging to manipulate in an implantable format. We propose a simple fabrication and processing sequence, consisting of de-hydration, patterning, implantation, and re-hydration steps, to deliver brain-like hydrogel implants into the nervous tissue. We monitored in real-time the ultra-soft hydrogel re-swelling kinetics in vivo using microcomputed tomography, achieved by embedding gold nanoparticles inside the hydrogel for contrast enhancement. We found that re-swelling in vivo strongly depends on the implant geometry and water availability at the hydrogel-tissue interface. Buckling of the implant inside the brain occurs when the soft implant is tethered to the cranium. Finite-element and analytical models reveal how the shank geometry, modulus and anchoring govern in vivo buckling. Taken together, these considerations on re-swelling kinetics of hydrogel constructs, implant geometry and soft implant-tissue mechanical interplay can guide the engineering of biomimetic brain implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shur
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Outman Akouissi
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202, Geneva, Switzerland; Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Rizzo
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier J Colin
- Preclinical Imaging Platform, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John M Kolinski
- Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics of Soft Interfaces, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie P Lacour
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Tringides CM, Boulingre M, Mooney DJ. Metal-based porous hydrogels for highly conductive biomaterial scaffolds. OXFORD OPEN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2023; 3:itad002. [PMID: 38249777 PMCID: PMC10798674 DOI: 10.1093/oxfmat/itad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Multielectrode arrays are fabricated from thin films of highly conductive and ductile metals which cannot mimic the natural environment of biological tissues. These properties limit the conformability of the electrode to the underlying target tissue, and present challenges in developing seamless interfaces. By introducing porous, hydrogel materials that are embedded with metal additives, highly conductive hydrogels can be formed. Tuning the hydrogel composition, % volume and aspect ratio of different additive(s), and the processing conditions of these composite materials can alter the mechanical and electrical properties. The resulting materials have a high surface area, and can be used as biomaterial scaffolds to support the growth of macrophages for 5 days. Further optimization can enable the use of the materials for the electrodes in implantable arrays, or as living electrode platforms to study and modulate various cellular cultures. These advancements would benefit both in vivo and in vitro applications of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tringides
- Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard–MIT Division in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marjolaine Boulingre
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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10
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Rinoldi C, Ziai Y, Zargarian SS, Nakielski P, Zembrzycki K, Haghighat Bayan MA, Zakrzewska AB, Fiorelli R, Lanzi M, Kostrzewska-Księżyk A, Czajkowski R, Kublik E, Kaczmarek L, Pierini F. In Vivo Chronic Brain Cortex Signal Recording Based on a Soft Conductive Hydrogel Biointerface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6283-6296. [PMID: 36576451 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In neuroscience, the acquisition of neural signals from the brain cortex is crucial to analyze brain processes, detect neurological disorders, and offer therapeutic brain-computer interfaces. The design of neural interfaces conformable to the brain tissue is one of today's major challenges since the insufficient biocompatibility of those systems provokes a fibrotic encapsulation response, leading to an inaccurate signal recording and tissue damage precluding long-term/permanent implants. The design and production of a novel soft neural biointerface made of polyacrylamide hydrogels loaded with plasmonic silver nanocubes are reported herein. Hydrogels are surrounded by a silicon-based template as a supporting element for guaranteeing an intimate neural-hydrogel contact while making possible stable recordings from specific sites in the brain cortex. The nanostructured hydrogels show superior electroconductivity while mimicking the mechanical characteristics of the brain tissue. Furthermore, in vitro biological tests performed by culturing neural progenitor cells demonstrate the biocompatibility of hydrogels along with neuronal differentiation. In vivo chronic neuroinflammation tests on a mouse model show no adverse immune response toward the nanostructured hydrogel-based neural interface. Additionally, electrocorticography acquisitions indicate that the proposed platform permits long-term efficient recordings of neural signals, revealing the suitability of the system as a chronic neural biointerface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rinoldi
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Yasamin Ziai
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Seyed Shahrooz Zargarian
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Paweł Nakielski
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zembrzycki
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Mohammad Ali Haghighat Bayan
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Anna Beata Zakrzewska
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Roberto Fiorelli
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Massimiliano Lanzi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna40136, Italy
| | | | - Rafał Czajkowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-093, Poland
| | - Ewa Kublik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-093, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-093, Poland
| | - Filippo Pierini
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
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11
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Stretchable Surface Electrode Arrays Using an Alginate/PEDOT:PSS-Based Conductive Hydrogel for Conformal Brain Interfacing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010084. [PMID: 36616434 PMCID: PMC9824691 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrocorticogram (ECoG) is the electrical activity obtainable from the cerebral cortex and an informative source with considerable potential for future advanced applications in various brain-interfacing technologies. Considerable effort has been devoted to developing biocompatible, conformal, soft, and conductive interfacial materials for bridging devices and brain tissue; however, the implementation of brain-adaptive materials with optimized electrical and mechanical characteristics remains challenging. Herein, we present surface electrode arrays using the soft tough ionic conductive hydrogel (STICH). The newly proposed STICH features brain-adaptive softness with Young's modulus of ~9.46 kPa, which is sufficient to form a conformal interface with the cortex. Additionally, the STICH has high toughness of ~36.85 kJ/mm3, highlighting its robustness for maintaining the solid structure during interfacing with wet brain tissue. The stretchable metal electrodes with a wavy pattern printed on the elastomer were coated with the STICH as an interfacial layer, resulting in an improvement of the impedance from 60 kΩ to 10 kΩ at 1 kHz after coating. Acute in vivo experiments for ECoG monitoring were performed in anesthetized rodents, thereby successfully realizing conformal interfacing to the animal's cortex and the sensitive recording of electrical activity using the STICH-coated electrodes, which exhibited a higher visual-evoked potential (VEP) amplitude than that of the control device.
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12
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Terutsuki D, Yoroizuka H, Osawa SI, Ogihara Y, Abe H, Nakagawa A, Iwasaki M, Nishizawa M. Totally Organic Hydrogel-Based Self-Closing Cuff Electrode for Vagus Nerve Stimulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201627. [PMID: 36148587 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An intrinsically soft organic electrode consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-modified polyurethane (PEDOT-PU) is embedded into a bilayer film of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels for developing a self-closing cuff electrode for neuromodulation. The curled form of the PVA hydrogel is prepared by releasing internal stress in the bilayer structure. The inner diameter of the cuff electrode is set to less than 2 mm for immobilization to the vagus nerve (VN) of humans and pigs. The stability of the immobilization is examined, while the pressure applied to a nerve bundle is at a harmless level (≈200 Pa). Since the electrode is totally organic, MRI measurements can be conducted without image artifacts. The large electric capacitance of the PEDOT-PU (≈27 mF cm-2 ) ensures a safe stimulation of living tissues without Faradaic reactions. The practical performance of the cuff electrode for VN stimulation is demonstrated by observation of bradycardia induction in a pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Terutsuki
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hayato Yoroizuka
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Osawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuka Ogihara
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroya Abe
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masaki Iwasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Matsuhiko Nishizawa
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
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13
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Go GT, Lee Y, Seo DG, Lee TW. Organic Neuroelectronics: From Neural Interfaces to Neuroprosthetics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201864. [PMID: 35925610 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Requirements and recent advances in research on organic neuroelectronics are outlined herein. Neuroelectronics such as neural interfaces and neuroprosthetics provide a promising approach to diagnose and treat neurological diseases. However, the current neural interfaces are rigid and not biocompatible, so they induce an immune response and deterioration of neural signal transmission. Organic materials are promising candidates for neural interfaces, due to their mechanical softness, excellent electrochemical properties, and biocompatibility. Also, organic nervetronics, which mimics functional properties of the biological nerve system, is being developed to overcome the limitations of the complex and energy-consuming conventional neuroprosthetics that limit long-term implantation and daily-life usage. Examples of organic materials for neural interfaces and neural signal recordings are reviewed, recent advances of organic nervetronics that use organic artificial synapses are highlighted, and then further requirements for neuroprosthetics are discussed. Finally, the future challenges that must be overcome to achieve ideal organic neuroelectronics for next-generation neuroprosthetics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Tak Go
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dae-Gyo Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Soft Foundry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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14
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Nan K, Feig VR, Ying B, Howarth JG, Kang Z, Yang Y, Traverso G. Mucosa-interfacing electronics. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:908-925. [PMID: 36124042 PMCID: PMC9472746 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The surface mucosa that lines many of our organs houses myriad biometric signals and, therefore, has great potential as a sensor-tissue interface for high-fidelity and long-term biosensing. However, progress is still nascent for mucosa-interfacing electronics owing to challenges with establishing robust sensor-tissue interfaces; device localization, retention and removal; and power and data transfer. This is in sharp contrast to the rapidly advancing field of skin-interfacing electronics, which are replacing traditional hospital visits with minimally invasive, real-time, continuous and untethered biosensing. This Review aims to bridge the gap between skin-interfacing electronics and mucosa-interfacing electronics systems through a comparison of the properties and functions of the skin and internal mucosal surfaces. The major physiological signals accessible through mucosa-lined organs are surveyed and design considerations for the next generation of mucosa-interfacing electronics are outlined based on state-of-the-art developments in bio-integrated electronics. With this Review, we aim to inspire hardware solutions that can serve as a foundation for developing personalized biosensing from the mucosa, a relatively uncharted field with great scientific and clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewang Nan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Vivian R. Feig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Binbin Ying
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Julia G. Howarth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ziliang Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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15
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Tringides CM, Mooney DJ. Materials for Implantable Surface Electrode Arrays: Current Status and Future Directions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107207. [PMID: 34716730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface electrode arrays are mainly fabricated from rigid or elastic materials, and precisely manipulated ductile metal films, which offer limited stretchability. However, the living tissues to which they are applied are nonlinear viscoelastic materials, which can undergo significant mechanical deformation in dynamic biological environments. Further, the same arrays and compositions are often repurposed for vastly different tissues rather than optimizing the materials and mechanical properties of the implant for the target application. By first characterizing the desired biological environment, and then designing a technology for a particular organ, surface electrode arrays may be more conformable, and offer better interfaces to tissues while causing less damage. Here, the various materials used in each component of a surface electrode array are first reviewed, and then electrically active implants in three specific biological systems, the nervous system, the muscular system, and skin, are described. Finally, the fabrication of next-generation surface arrays that overcome current limitations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tringides
- Harvard Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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16
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Abstract
![]()
Electronically interfacing with the
nervous system for the purposes
of health diagnostics and therapy, sports performance monitoring,
or device control has been a subject of intense academic and industrial
research for decades. This trend has only increased in recent years,
with numerous high-profile research initiatives and commercial endeavors.
An important research theme has emerged as a result, which is the
incorporation of semiconducting polymers in various devices that communicate
with the nervous system—from wearable brain-monitoring caps
to penetrating implantable microelectrodes. This has been driven by
the potential of this broad class of materials to improve the electrical
and mechanical properties of the tissue–device interface, along
with possibilities for increased biocompatibility. In this review
we first begin with a tutorial on neural interfacing, by reviewing
the basics of nervous system function, device physics, and neuroelectrophysiological
techniques and their demands, and finally we give a brief perspective
on how material improvements can address current deficiencies in this
system. The second part is a detailed review of past work on semiconducting
polymers, covering electrical properties, structure, synthesis, and
processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Zhang Y, Le S, Li H, Ji B, Wang MH, Tao J, Liang JQ, Zhang XY, Kang XY. MRI magnetic compatible electrical neural interface: From materials to application. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 194:113592. [PMID: 34507098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural electrical interfaces are important tools for local neural stimulation and recording, which potentially have wide application in the diagnosis and treatment of neural diseases, as well as in the transmission of neural activity for brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. At the same time, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the effective and non-invasive techniques for recording whole-brain signals, providing details of brain structures and also activation pattern maps. Simultaneous recording of extracellular neural signals and MRI combines two expressions of the same neural activity and is believed to be of great importance for the understanding of brain function. However, this combination makes requests on the magnetic and electronic performance of neural interface devices. MRI-compatibility refers here to a technological approach to simultaneous MRI and electrode recording or stimulation without artifacts in imaging. Trade-offs between materials magnetic susceptibility selection and electrical function should be considered. Herein, prominent trends in selecting materials of suitable magnetic properties are analyzed and material design, function and application of neural interfaces are outlined together with the remaining challenge to fabricate MRI-compatible neural interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Laboratory for Neural Interface and Brain Computer Interface, Institute of AI and Robotics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, FUDAN University, 220 Handan Rd., Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China; Ji Hua Laboratory, 28 Island Ring South Rd., Foshan City, 528200, China; Engineering Research Center of AI & Robotics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of AI & Robotics, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200433, China; Research Center for Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China; Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song Le
- Laboratory for Neural Interface and Brain Computer Interface, Institute of AI and Robotics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, FUDAN University, 220 Handan Rd., Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China; Ji Hua Laboratory, 28 Island Ring South Rd., Foshan City, 528200, China; Engineering Research Center of AI & Robotics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of AI & Robotics, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200433, China; Research Center for Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China; Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bowen Ji
- Unmanned System Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ming-Hao Wang
- The MOE Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, School of Electronics & Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Jing-Qiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, FUDAN University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Kang
- Laboratory for Neural Interface and Brain Computer Interface, Institute of AI and Robotics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, FUDAN University, 220 Handan Rd., Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China; Ji Hua Laboratory, 28 Island Ring South Rd., Foshan City, 528200, China; Engineering Research Center of AI & Robotics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of AI & Robotics, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200433, China; Research Center for Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China; Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
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18
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Xiao Y, Wang M, Li Y, Sun Z, Liu Z, He L, Liu R. High-Adhesive Flexible Electrodes and Their Manufacture: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1505. [PMID: 34945355 PMCID: PMC8704330 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
All human activity is associated with the generation of electrical signals. These signals are collectively referred to as electrical physiology (EP) signals (e.g., electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, electromyography, electrooculography, etc.), which can be recorded by electrodes. EP electrodes are not only widely used in the study of primary diseases and clinical practice, but also have potential applications in wearable electronics, human-computer interface, and intelligent robots. Various technologies are required to achieve such goals. Among these technologies, adhesion and stretchable electrode technology is a key component for rapid development of high-performance sensors. In last decade, remarkable efforts have been made in the development of flexible and high-adhesive EP recording systems and preparation technologies. Regarding these advancements, this review outlines the design strategies and related materials for flexible and adhesive EP electrodes, and briefly summarizes their related manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China; (Y.X.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Mengzhu Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China; (Y.X.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ye Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China; (Y.X.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China; (Y.X.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zilong Liu
- Division of Optics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Liang He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Ruping Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China; (Y.X.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.)
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19
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Khan ZM, Wilts E, Vlaisavljevich E, Long TE, Verbridge SS. Electroresponsive Hydrogels for Therapeutic Applications in the Brain. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100355. [PMID: 34800348 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electroresponsive hydrogels possess a conducting material component and respond to electric stimulation through reversible absorption and expulsion of water. The high level of hydration, soft elastomeric compliance, biocompatibility, and enhanced electrochemical properties render these hydrogels suitable for implantation in the brain to enhance the transmission of neural electric signals and ion transport. This review provides an overview of critical electroresponsive hydrogel properties for augmenting electric stimulation in the brain. A background on electric stimulation in the brain through electroresponsive hydrogels is provided. Common conducting materials and general techniques to integrate them into hydrogels are briefly discussed. This review focuses on and summarizes advances in electric stimulation of electroconductive hydrogels for therapeutic applications in the brain, such as for controlling delivery of drugs, directing neural stem cell differentiation and neurogenesis, improving neural biosensor capabilities, and enhancing neural electrode-tissue interfaces. The key challenges in each of these applications are discussed and recommendations for future research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerin M Khan
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Emily Wilts
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Timothy E Long
- Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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20
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhou K, Wei W, Liu Y. Restoring Sensorimotor Function Through Neuromodulation After Spinal Cord Injury: Progress and Remaining Challenges. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:749465. [PMID: 34720867 PMCID: PMC8551759 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.749465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major disability that results in motor and sensory impairment and extensive complications for the affected individuals which not only affect the quality of life of the patients but also result in a heavy burden for their families and the health care system. Although there are few clinically effective treatments for SCI, research over the past few decades has resulted in several novel treatment strategies which are related to neuromodulation. Neuromodulation-the use of neuromodulators, electrical stimulation or optogenetics to modulate neuronal activity-can substantially promote the recovery of sensorimotor function after SCI. Recent studies have shown that neuromodulation, in combination with other technologies, can allow paralyzed patients to carry out intentional, controlled movement, and promote sensory recovery. Although such treatments hold promise for completely overcoming SCI, the mechanisms by which neuromodulation has this effect have been difficult to determine. Here we review recent progress relative to electrical neuromodulation and optogenetics neuromodulation. We also examine potential mechanisms by which these methods may restore sensorimotor function. We then highlight the strengths of these approaches and remaining challenges with respect to its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaobo Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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21
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Garcia-Sandoval A, Guerrero E, Hosseini SM, Rocha-Flores PE, Rihani R, Black BJ, Pal A, Carmel JB, Pancrazio JJ, Voit WE. Stable softening bioelectronics: A paradigm for chronically viable ester-free neural interfaces such as spinal cord stimulation implants. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121073. [PMID: 34419732 PMCID: PMC8642083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymer toughness is preserved at chronic timepoints in a new class of modulus-changing bioelectronics, which hold promise for commercial chronic implant components such as spinal cord stimulation leads. The underlying ester-free chemical network of the polymer substrate enables device rigidity during implantation, soft, compliant, conforming structures during acute phases in vivo, and gradual stabilization of materials properties chronically, maintaining materials toughness as device stiffness changes. In the past, bioelectronics device designs generally avoided modulus-changing and materials due to the difficulty in demonstrating consistent, predictable performance over time in the body. Here, the acute, and chronic mechanical and chemical properties of a new class of ester-free bioelectronic substrates are described and characterized via accelerated aging at elevated temperatures, with an assessment of their underlying cytotoxicity. Furthermore, spinal cord stimulation leads consisting of photolithographically-defined gold traces and titanium nitride (TiN) electrodes are fabricated on ester-free polymer substrates. Electrochemical properties of the fabricated devices are determined in vitro before implantation in the cervical spinal cord of rat models and subsequent quantification of device stimulation capabilities. Preliminary in vivo evidence demonstrates that this new generation of ester-free, softening bioelectronics holds promise to realize stable, scalable, chronically viable components for bioelectronic medicines of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Garcia-Sandoval
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
| | - Edgar Guerrero
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Pedro E Rocha-Flores
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Rashed Rihani
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Bryan J Black
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ajay Pal
- Department of Neurology and Orthopedics, Columbia University, 650 W. 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jason B Carmel
- Department of Neurology and Orthopedics, Columbia University, 650 W. 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Walter E Voit
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA; Center for Engineering Innovation, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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22
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Schara S, Blau R, Church DC, Pokorski JK, Lipomi DJ. Polymer Chemistry for Haptics, Soft Robotics, and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2008375. [PMID: 34924911 PMCID: PMC8673772 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202008375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the field of soft devices-i.e., haptics, robotics, and human-machine interfaces (HRHMIs)-has its basis in the science of polymeric materials and chemical synthesis. However, in examining the relevant literature, we find that most developments have been enabled by off-the-shelf materials used either alone or as components of physical blends and composites. In this Progress Report, we take the position that a greater awareness of the capabilities of synthetic chemistry will accelerate the capabilities of HRHMIs. Conversely, an awareness of the applications sought by engineers working in this area may spark the development of new molecular designs and synthetic methodologies by chemists. We highlight several applications of active, stimuli-responsive polymers, which have demonstrated or shown potential use in HRHMIs. These materials share the fact that they are products of state-of-the-art synthetic techniques. The Progress Report is thus organized by the chemistry by which the materials were synthesized, including controlled radical polymerization, metal-mediated cross-coupling polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, various strategies for crosslinking, and hybrid approaches. These methods can afford polymers with multiple properties (i.e. conductivity, stimuli-responsiveness, self-healing and degradable abilities, biocompatibility, adhesiveness, and mechanical robustness) that are of great interest to scientists and engineers concerned with soft devices for human interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Schara
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Rachel Blau
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Derek C. Church
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Darren J. Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
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Park J, Kim Y, Chun B, Seo J. Rational engineering and applications of functional bioadhesives in biomedical engineering. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100231. [PMID: 34469052 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For the past decades, several bioadhesives have been developed to replace conventional wound closure medical tools such as sutures, staples, and clips. The bioadhesives are easy to use and can minimize tissue damage. They are designed to provide strong adhesion with stable mechanical support on tissue surfaces. However, this monofunctionality of the bioadhesives hinders their practical applications. In particular, a bioadhesive can lose its intended function under harsh tissue environments or delay tissue regeneration during wound healing. Based on several natural and synthetic biomaterials, functional bioadhesives have been developed to overcome the aforementioned limitations. The functional bioadhesives are designed to have specific characteristics such as antimicrobial, cell infiltrative, stimuli-responsive, electrically conductive, and self-healing to ensure stability under harsh tissue conditions, facilitate tissue regeneration, and effectively monitor biosignals. Herein, we thoroughly review the functional bioadhesives from their fundamental background to recent progress with their practical applications for the enhancement of tissue healing and effective biosignal sensing. Furthermore, the future perspectives on the applications of functional bioadhesives and current challenges in their commercialization are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Park
- Biological Interfaces and Sensor Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonju Kim
- Biological Interfaces and Sensor Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomsoo Chun
- Biological Interfaces and Sensor Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmok Seo
- Biological Interfaces and Sensor Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shokur S, Mazzoni A, Schiavone G, Weber DJ, Micera S. A modular strategy for next-generation upper-limb sensory-motor neuroprostheses. MED 2021; 2:912-937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Maeda R, Shinohara Y, Kawakami H, Isoda Y, Kanazawa I, Mitsuishi M. The conducting fibrillar networks of a PEDOT:PSS hydrogel and an organogel prepared by the gel-film formation process. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:135403. [PMID: 33291090 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd1a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a practical conducting polymer. The gel-film formation process produces a PEDOT:PSS organogel with a structure between a PEDOT:PSS water dispersion and a dried film. We found that this film has a high water-swelling ratio and thickens by a hitherto unreported factor of approximately 6600% as its swells to form a hydrogel. In this study, we investigated the drying behaviour of a hydrogel and an organogel with electrical properties to elucidate the internal structures of the gel responsible for the swelling and shrinkage behaviour with high expansion and contraction ratios. SEM revealed that the gel is composed of a 3D fibrillar network consisting of fibrils that are 4.6 ± 1.6 μm long and 0.63 ± 0.29 μm in diameter. This network plays a pivotal role in the conduction of electricity and swelling behaviour with high expansion ratios. The thickness of the gel decreased to 1/66 of its original value after drying on a substrate, while the total electrical resistance decreased by only 20%. The organogel exhibited the same drying behaviour as the hydrogel, which indicates that the network forms first in the organogel and is maintained in the subsequent swelling and drying processes. The electrical conductivity of the hydrogel increased from 9.0 ± 0.1 to 346.4 ± 1.2 S cm-1 under anisotropic shrinking from 3.1 ± 0.2 mm to 77.4 ± 3.3 μm. The network plays an important role as an enhanced swelling framework by providing effective pathways for the conduction of electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Maeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shinohara
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawakami
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Isoda
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Ikuzo Kanazawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukuikitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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Liu S, Zhao Y, Hao W, Zhang XD, Ming D. Micro- and nanotechnology for neural electrode-tissue interfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 170:112645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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Chen T, Zhao P, Li K, Si J, Hu J, Gao B, Gao Y, Hou X. Fabrication of three-dimensional metal structures embedded in hydrogel by using femtosecond laser ablation and electroplating. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6286-6289. [PMID: 33186971 DOI: 10.1364/ol.405854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated a method of fabricating three-dimensional (3D) metal structures in hydrogels with good conductivity by using femtosecond laser ablation and electroplating. The hydrogel containing Ag+ was first ablated by a femtosecond laser to form microchannels with an entrance achieving surface and then sandwiched between the anode and cathode to operate electroplating. Silver structures were formed along the microchannel from the microchannel entrance close to the cathode due to reduction of Ag+. The average resistivity of metal structures is measured to be about 4×10-7Ωm. A tetrahedron metallic microstructure embedded in hydrogel by this method was demonstrated to show its ability of 3D micromachining.
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Nishimura A, Suwabe R, Ogihara Y, Yoshida S, Abe H, Osawa SI, Nakagawa A, Tominaga T, Nishizawa M. Totally transparent hydrogel-based subdural electrode with patterned salt bridge. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:57. [PMID: 32827271 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A totally transparent subdural electrode was developed by embedding a conductive poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-filled microchannel made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) into an another PVA hydrogel substrate. Tight bonding between the PVA substrate and the PDMS microchannel (salt bridge) was achieved by mechanical interlocking utilizing the microprotrusions formed on the microchannel. This simple method of bonding without the use of any additives such as silane molecules or nanofibers is very suitable for constructing biomedical devices. The salt bridge electrode (total thickness, ca. 1.5 mm) was sufficiently soft, and showed superior shape conformability that makes it an excellent choice as a subdural electrode used on the brain surface. In vivo measurement proved that the salt bridge electrode makes close contact to the exposed porcine brain and can record brain wave signals of frequencies 1 ~ 15 Hz. In addition, the high transparency of the electrode provided a clear view of the brain surface that would assist the effective surgical operation and optogenetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Nishimura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-04 Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ryota Suwabe
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuka Ogihara
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shotaro Yoshida
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroya Abe
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Osawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of the Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Matsuhiko Nishizawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-04 Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of the Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
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Hydrogel-based sealed microchamber arrays for rapid medium exchange and drug testing of cell spheroids. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:49. [PMID: 32719998 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Culturing cell spheroids in microchamber arrays is a widely used method in regenerative medicine and drug discovery while it requires laborious procedures during medium exchange and drug administration. Here, we report a simple method for the medium exchange and drug testing using a hydrogel-based sealed microchamber arrays. Owing to the high molecular permeability of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel, the sealed microchamber allows nutrients and drugs in outer medium to pass through. Thus, automatic medium exchange and drug testing for all the cell spheroids inside the microchamber arrays are achieved by simply transferring the microchamber from old medium to fresh medium. Cell spheroids of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were cultured inside the sealed microchambers, and it was confirmed that the spheroids were stably positioned inside the microchamber even after transferring 10 times. The cell spheroids showed high viability after culturing for 7 days in the sealed microchamber with the transfer-based medium exchange, which allowed cardiac maturation by simultaneous electrical stimulation. Isoproterenol, a model cardiac drug, was administrated from outside the sealed microchamber to demonstrate the feasibility of drug testing by the rapid transfer method.
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