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Helgudóttir SS, Mørkholt AS, Lichota J, Bruun-Nyzell P, Andersen MC, Kristensen NMJ, Johansen AK, Zinn MR, Jensdóttir HM, Nieland JDV. Rethinking neurodegenerative diseases: neurometabolic concept linking lipid oxidation to diseases in the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1437-1445. [PMID: 38051885 PMCID: PMC10883494 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Currently, there is a lack of effective medicines capable of halting or reversing the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or Alzheimer's disease. Given the unmet medical need, it is necessary to reevaluate the existing paradigms of how to target these diseases. When considering neurodegenerative diseases from a systemic neurometabolic perspective, it becomes possible to explain the shared pathological features. This innovative approach presented in this paper draws upon extensive research conducted by the authors and researchers worldwide. In this review, we highlight the importance of metabolic mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. We provide an overview of the risk factors associated with developing neurodegenerative disorders, including genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Additionally, we examine pathological mechanisms implicated in these diseases such as oxidative stress, accumulation of misfolded proteins, inflammation, demyelination, death of neurons, insulin resistance, dysbiosis, and neurotransmitter disturbances. Finally, we outline a proposal for the restoration of mitochondrial metabolism, a crucial aspect that may hold the key to facilitating curative therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative disorders in forthcoming advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacek Lichota
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Christian Andersen
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nanna Marie Juhl Kristensen
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Amanda Krøger Johansen
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mikela Reinholdt Zinn
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hulda Maria Jensdóttir
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - John Dirk Vestergaard Nieland
- 2N Pharma ApS, NOVI Science Park, Aalborg, Denmark
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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2
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Wu XF, Liu Y, Zhan JS, Huang QL, Li WY. A novel splice variant of goat CPT1a gene and their diverse mRNA expression profiles. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2571-2581. [PMID: 36047452 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2106573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The Alternative splicing (AS) of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1a) and their expression profiles had never been illuminated in goats until now. Herein, a novel splice transcript in the CPT1a gene that is predicted to result in the skipping of exons 6-19 (CPT1a-sv1) has been isolated in addition to the full-length transcript in goats. The result of RT-PCR showed that CPT1a-sv1 is 606 bp in length and consists of 6 exons. A novel exon 6 was consisted of partial exon 5 and partial exon 19, compared to that in CPT1a. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression patterns of CPT1a and CPT1a-sv1 are spatially different. In both kid and adult goats, the CPT1a transcript is strongly expressed in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain tissues. However, CPT1a-sv1 has a strong tissue-specific expression pattern, with moderate RNA levels in the liver and brain of kids, while highly expressed in the liver and minimally expressed in the brain of adults. We observed two transcripts to be involved in brain development. These findings improve our understanding of the function of the CPT1a gene in goats and provide information on the molecular mechanism of AS events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Feng Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin-Shun Zhan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qin-Lou Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wen-Yang Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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3
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Maxwell DL, Orian JM. Cerebellar pathology in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: current status and future directions. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2023; 15:11795735231211508. [PMID: 37942276 PMCID: PMC10629308 DOI: 10.1177/11795735231211508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed significant progress in understanding mechanisms driving neurodegeneration and disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS), but with a focus on the cerebrum. In contrast, there have been limited studies of cerebellar disease, despite the common occurrence of cerebellar symptoms in this disorder. These rare studies, however, highlight the early cerebellar involvement in disease development and an association between the early occurrence of cerebellar lesions and risk of worse prognosis. In parallel developments, it has become evident that far from being a region specialized in movement control, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in cognitive function, via circuitry connecting the cerebellum to association areas of the cerebrum. This complexity, coupled with challenges in imaging of the cerebellum have been major obstacles in the appreciation of the spatio-temporal evolution of cerebellar damage in MS and correlation with disability and progression. MS studies based on animal models have relied on an induced neuroinflammatory disease known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in rodents and non-human primates (NHP). EAE has played a critical role in elucidating mechanisms underpinning tissue damage and been validated for the generation of proof-of-concept for cerebellar pathological processes relevant to MS. Additionally, rodent and NHP studies have formed the cornerstone of current knowledge of functional anatomy and cognitive processes. Here, we propose that improved insight into consequences of cerebellar damage in MS at the functional, cellular and molecular levels would be gained by more extensive characterization of EAE cerebellar pathology combined with the power of experimental paradigms in the field of cognition. Such combinatorial approaches would lead to improved potential for the development of MS sensitive markers and evaluation of candidate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain L. Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Orian
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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4
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Trabjerg MS, Andersen DC, Huntjens P, Mørk K, Warming N, Kullab UB, Skjønnemand MLN, Oklinski MK, Oklinski KE, Bolther L, Kroese LJ, Pritchard CEJ, Huijbers IJ, Corthals A, Søndergaard MT, Kjeldal HB, Pedersen CFM, Nieland JDV. Inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 is a potential target in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:6. [PMID: 36681683 PMCID: PMC9867753 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD) causing a shift toward the metabolism of lipids. Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A (CPT1A) regulates the key step in the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of downregulating CPT1, either genetically with a Cpt1a P479L mutation or medicinally on PD using chronic rotenone mouse models using C57Bl/6J and Park2 knockout mice. We show that Cpt1a P479L mutant mice are resistant to rotenone-induced PD, and that inhibition of CPT1 is capable of restoring neurological function, normal glucose metabolism, and alleviate markers of PD in the midbrain. Furthermore, we show that downregulation of lipid metabolism via CPT1 alleviates pathological motor and non-motor behavior, oxidative stress, and disrupted glucose homeostasis in Park2 knockout mice. Finally, we confirm that rotenone induces gut dysbiosis in C57Bl/6J and, for the first time, in Park2 knockout mice. We show that this dysbiosis is alleviated by the downregulation of the lipid metabolism via CPT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sloth Trabjerg
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christian Andersen
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pam Huntjens
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kasper Mørk
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Warming
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ulla Bismark Kullab
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marie-Louise Nibelius Skjønnemand
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michal Krystian Oklinski
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Egelund Oklinski
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Luise Bolther
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lona J. Kroese
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin E. J. Pritchard
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo J. Huijbers
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique Corthals
- grid.258202.f0000 0004 1937 0116Department of Science, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | | | | | - Cecilie Fjord Morre Pedersen
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - John Dirk Vestergaard Nieland
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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5
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Liang K. Mitochondrial CPT1A: Insights into structure, function, and basis for drug development. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1160440. [PMID: 37033619 PMCID: PMC10076611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine Palmitoyl-Transferase1A (CPT1A) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the fatty acid β-oxidation, and its deficiency or abnormal regulation can result in diseases like metabolic disorders and various cancers. Therefore, CPT1A is a desirable drug target for clinical therapy. The deep comprehension of human CPT1A is crucial for developing the therapeutic inhibitors like Etomoxir. CPT1A is an appealing druggable target for cancer therapies since it is essential for the survival, proliferation, and drug resistance of cancer cells. It will help to lower the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis, reduce mortality, and offer prospective therapy options for clinical treatment if the effects of CPT1A on the lipid metabolism of cancer cells are inhibited. Targeted inhibition of CPT1A can be developed as an effective treatment strategy for cancers from a metabolic perspective. However, the pathogenic mechanism and recent progress of CPT1A in diseases have not been systematically summarized. Here we discuss the functions of CPT1A in health and diseases, and prospective therapies targeting CPT1A. This review summarizes the current knowledge of CPT1A, hoping to prompt further understanding of it, and provide foundation for CPT1A-targeting drug development.
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Horjus J, van Mourik-Banda T, Heerings MAP, Hakobjan M, De Witte W, Heersema DJ, Jansen AJ, Strijbis EMM, de Jong BA, Slettenaar AEJ, Zeinstra EMPE, Hoogervorst ELJ, Franke B, Kruijer W, Jongen PJ, Visser LJ, Poelmans G. Whole Exome Sequencing in Multi-Incident Families Identifies Novel Candidate Genes for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911461. [PMID: 36232761 PMCID: PMC9570223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system in which auto-immunity-induced demyelination occurs. MS is thought to be caused by a complex interplay of environmental and genetic risk factors. While most genetic studies have focused on identifying common genetic variants for MS through genome-wide association studies, the objective of the present study was to identify rare genetic variants contributing to MS susceptibility. We used whole exome sequencing (WES) followed by co-segregation analyses in nine multi-incident families with two to four affected individuals. WES was performed in 31 family members with and without MS. After applying a suite of selection criteria, co-segregation analyses for a number of rare variants selected from the WES results were performed, adding 24 family members. This approach resulted in 12 exonic rare variants that showed acceptable co-segregation with MS within the nine families, implicating the genes MBP, PLK1, MECP2, MTMR7, TOX3, CPT1A, SORCS1, TRIM66, ITPR3, TTC28, CACNA1F, and PRAM1. Of these, three genes (MBP, MECP2, and CPT1A) have been previously reported as carrying MS-related rare variants. Six additional genes (MTMR7, TOX3, SORCS1, ITPR3, TTC28, and PRAM1) have also been implicated in MS through common genetic variants. The proteins encoded by all twelve genes containing rare variants interact in a molecular framework that points to biological processes involved in (de-/re-)myelination and auto-immunity. Our approach provides clues to possible molecular mechanisms underlying MS that should be studied further in cellular and/or animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Horjus
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke van Mourik-Banda
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco A. P. Heerings
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Hakobjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ward De Witte
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothea J. Heersema
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne J. Jansen
- Department of Neurology, Bravis Hospital, 4708 AE Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands
| | - Eva M. M. Strijbis
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brigit A. de Jong
- Department of Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe Kruijer
- Independent Life Science Consultant, 3831 CE Leusden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Jongen
- MS4 Research Institute, 6522 KJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Community & Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J. Visser
- Department of Neurology, St. Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department of Care Ethics, University of Humanistic Studies, 3512 HD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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7
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Bierhansl L, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Ruck T, Roden M, Meuth SG. Thinking outside the box: non-canonical targets in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:578-600. [PMID: 35668103 PMCID: PMC9169033 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that causes demyelination, axonal degeneration and astrogliosis, resulting in progressive neurological disability. Fuelled by an evolving understanding of MS immunopathogenesis, the range of available immunotherapies for clinical use has expanded over the past two decades. However, MS remains an incurable disease and even targeted immunotherapies often fail to control insidious disease progression, indicating the need for new and exceptional therapeutic options beyond the established immunological landscape. In this Review, we highlight such non-canonical targets in preclinical MS research with a focus on five highly promising areas: oligodendrocytes; the blood-brain barrier; metabolites and cellular metabolism; the coagulation system; and tolerance induction. Recent findings in these areas may guide the field towards novel targets for future therapeutic approaches in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bierhansl
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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8
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Pashaei S, Mohammadi P, Yarani R, Haghgoo SM, Emami Aleagha MS. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis: Clinical implications for etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109030. [PMID: 34517010 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complicated autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory and demyelinating events in the central nervous system. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of MS have not been elucidated. However, a set of metabolic changes and their effects on immune cells and neural functions have been explained. This review highlights the contribution of carbohydrates and lipids metabolism to the etiology and pathogenesis of MS. Then, we have proposed a hypothetical relationship between such metabolic changes and the immune system in patients with MS. Finally, the potential clinical implications of these metabolic changes in diagnosis, prognosis, and discovering therapeutic targets have been discussed. It is concluded that research on the pathophysiological alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism may be a potential strategy for paving the way toward MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Pashaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pantea Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Biology, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Seyyed Mortaza Haghgoo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sajad Emami Aleagha
- Medical Technology Research Center (MTRC), School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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9
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Trabjerg MS, Andersen DC, Huntjens P, Oklinski KE, Bolther L, Hald JL, Baisgaard AE, Mørk K, Warming N, Kullab UB, Kroese LJ, Pritchard CEJ, Huijbers IJ, Nieland JDV. Downregulating carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 affects disease progression in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of ALS. Commun Biol 2021; 4:509. [PMID: 33931719 PMCID: PMC8087699 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease characterized by death of motor neurons. The etiology and pathogenesis remains elusive despite decades of intensive research. Herein, we report that dysregulated metabolism plays a central role in the SOD1 G93A mouse model mimicking ALS. Specifically, we report that the activity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) lipid metabolism is associated with disease progression. Downregulation of CPT1 activity by pharmacological and genetic methods results in amelioration of disease symptoms, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, whereas upregulation by high-fat diet or corticosterone results in a more aggressive disease progression. Finally, we show that downregulating CPT1 shifts the gut microbiota communities towards a protective phenotype in SOD1 G93A mice. These findings reveal that metabolism, and specifically CPT1 lipid metabolism plays a central role in the SOD1 G93A mouse model and shows that CPT1 might be a therapeutic target in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pam Huntjens
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Luise Bolther
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jonas Laugård Hald
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Kasper Mørk
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Warming
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ulla Bismark Kullab
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lona John Kroese
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research, Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Eliot Jason Pritchard
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research, Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Johan Huijbers
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Levi I, Gurevich M, Perlman G, Magalashvili D, Menascu S, Bar N, Godneva A, Zahavi L, Chermon D, Kosower N, Wolf BC, Malka G, Lotan-Pompan M, Weinberger A, Yirmiya E, Rothschild D, Leviatan S, Tsur A, Didkin M, Dreyer S, Eizikovitz H, Titngi Y, Mayost S, Sonis P, Dolev M, Stern Y, Achiron A, Segal E. Potential role of indolelactate and butyrate in multiple sclerosis revealed by integrated microbiome-metabolome analysis. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100246. [PMID: 33948576 PMCID: PMC8080254 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease whose precise etiology is unknown. Several studies found alterations in the microbiome of individuals with MS, but the mechanism by which it may affect MS is poorly understood. Here we analyze the microbiome of 129 individuals with MS and find that they harbor distinct microbial patterns compared with controls. To study the functional consequences of these differences, we measure levels of 1,251 serum metabolites in a subgroup of subjects and unravel a distinct metabolite signature that separates affected individuals from controls nearly perfectly (AUC = 0.97). Individuals with MS are found to be depleted in butyrate-producing bacteria and in bacteria that produce indolelactate, an intermediate in generation of the potent neuroprotective antioxidant indolepropionate, which we found to be lower in their serum. We identify microbial and metabolite candidates that may contribute to MS and should be explored further for their causal role and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhak Levi
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michael Gurevich
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Gal Perlman
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David Magalashvili
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Shay Menascu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Noam Bar
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Anastasia Godneva
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Liron Zahavi
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Danyel Chermon
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Noa Kosower
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Bat Chen Wolf
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gal Malka
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maya Lotan-Pompan
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Adina Weinberger
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Erez Yirmiya
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Daphna Rothschild
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sigal Leviatan
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Avishag Tsur
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Maria Didkin
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Sapir Dreyer
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Hen Eizikovitz
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Yamit Titngi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Sue Mayost
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Polina Sonis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Mark Dolev
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Yael Stern
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Anat Achiron
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 526200, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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11
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Collins SA, Edmunds S, Akearok GH, Thompson JR, Erickson AC, Hildes-Ripstein E, Miners A, Somerville M, Goldfarb DM, Rockman-Greenberg C, Arbour L. Association of the CPT1A p.P479L Metabolic Gene Variant With Childhood Respiratory and Other Infectious Illness in Nunavut. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:678553. [PMID: 34295859 PMCID: PMC8290072 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.678553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Infectious illness, including lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and infant mortality in Inuit children in Nunavut Canada. The carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) p.P479L variant is common in arctic Indigenous populations of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. CPT1A is a fatty acid oxidation enzyme expressed in the liver, immunocytes and other tissues, and is needed to use fats for energy during fasting. Previous association of the variant with early childhood infectious illness and infant death has been challenged because of sample size and limited adjustment for confounders. We evaluated whether the p.P479L variant is associated with infectious illness in Inuit children of Nunavut, Canada. Methods: We conducted a retrospective clinical chart review of 2,225 Inuit children (0-5 years) for infectious illness (including otitis media, gastroenteritis, and hospital admission for LRTI), prenatal, perinatal, and socioeconomic indicators, subsequently linking to CPT1A genotype. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for birth characteristics, breastfeeding, maternal smoking, food insecurity, and socioeconomic indicators. Results: Overall, 27% of children were hospitalized for LRTI, 86% had otitis media and 50% had gastroenteritis. The p.P479L allele frequency was 0.82. In multivariable analysis, p.P479L homozygosity was associated with LRTI admission (aOR:2.88 95%CI:1.46-5.64), otitis media (aOR:1.83, 95%CI:1.05-3.21), and gastroenteritis (aOR:1.74, 95%CI:1.09-2.77), compared to non-carriers. Conclusion: Children homozygous for the p.P479L variant were more likely to experience infectious illness than non-carriers, including hospitalization for respiratory tract infections. Given the role of CPT1A in immunocytes, our findings indicate that more study is needed to determine if there is a role of the variant in immune response. Continued Inuit involvement is essential when considering next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha A Collins
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sharon Edmunds
- Department of Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation, Nunavut Tunngavik Inc., Iqaluit, NU, Canada
| | | | | | - Anders C Erickson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elske Hildes-Ripstein
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Amber Miners
- Department of Health, Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, NU, Canada
| | - Martin Somerville
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David M Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Dysregulation of metabolic pathways by carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 plays a key role in central nervous system disorders: experimental evidence based on animal models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15583. [PMID: 32973137 PMCID: PMC7519132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of CNS diseases including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains elusive despite decades of research resulting in treatments with only symptomatic effects. In this study, we provide evidence that a metabolic shift from glucose to lipid is a key mechanism in neurodegeneration. We show that, by downregulating the metabolism of lipids through the key molecule carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), it is possible to reverse or slowdown disease progression in experimental models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis-, SOD1G93A and rotenone models, mimicking these CNS diseases in humans. The effect was seen both when applying a CPT1 blocker or by using a Cpt1a P479L mutant mouse strain. Furthermore, we show that diet, epigenetics, and microbiota are key elements in this metabolic shift. Finally, we present a systemic model for understanding the complex etiology of neurodegeneration and how different regulatory systems are interconnected through a central metabolic pathway that becomes deregulated under specific conditions.
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13
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Mørkholt AS, Oklinski MK, Larsen A, Bockermann R, Issazadeh-Navikas S, Nieland JGK, Kwon TH, Corthals A, Nielsen S, Nieland JDV. Pharmacological inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 inhibits and reverses experimental autoimmune encephalitis in rodents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234493. [PMID: 32520953 PMCID: PMC7286491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by demyelination and inflammation. Dysregulated lipid metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction are hypothesized to play a key role in MS. Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 (CPT1) is a rate-limiting enzyme for beta-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria. The therapeutic effect of pharmacological CPT1 inhibition with etomoxir was investigated in rodent models of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein- and myelin basic protein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). Mice receiving etomoxir showed lower clinical score compared to placebo, however this was not significant. Rats receiving etomoxir revealed significantly lower clinical score and lower body weight compared to placebo group. When comparing etomoxir with interferon-β (IFN-β), IFN-β had no significant therapeutic effects, whereas etomoxir treatment starting at day 1 and 5 significantly improved the clinical scores compared to the IFN-β and the placebo group. Immunohistochemistry and image assessments of brain sections from rats with EAE showed higher myelination intensity and decreased expression of CPT1A in etomoxir-treated rats compared to placebo group. Moreover, etomoxir mediated increased interleukin-4 production and decreased interleukin-17α production in activated T cells. In conclusion, CPT1 is a key protein in the pathogenesis of EAE and MS and a crucial therapeutic target for the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agnete Larsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Robert Bockermann
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | | | - Tae-Hwan Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Korea
| | - Angelique Corthals
- Department of Science, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Meta-IQ, ApS, Aarhus C, Denmark
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14
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Melero-Jerez C, Alonso-Gómez A, Moñivas E, Lebrón-Galán R, Machín-Díaz I, de Castro F, Clemente D. The proportion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the spleen is related to the severity of the clinical course and tissue damage extent in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104869. [PMID: 32278882 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the second cause of paraplegia among young adults, after all types of CNS traumatic lesions. In its most frequent relapsing-remitting form, the severity of the disease course is very heterogeneous, and its reliable evaluation remains a key issue for clinicians. Myeloid-Derived sSuppressor Cells (MDSCs) are immature myeloid cells that suppress the inflammatory response, a phenomenon related to the resolution or recovery of the clinical symptoms associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most common model for MS. Here, we establish the severity index as a new parameter for the clinical assessment in EAE. It is derived from the relationship between the maximal clinical score and the time elapsed since disease onset. Moreover, we relate this new index with several histopathological hallmarks in EAE and with the peripheral content of MDSCs. Based on this new parameter, we show that the splenic MDSC content is related to the evolution of the clinical course of EAE, ranging from mild to severe. Indeed, when the severity index indicates a severe disease course, EAE mice display more intense lymphocyte infiltration, demyelination and axonal damage. A direct correlation was drawn between the MDSC population in the peripheral immune system, and the preservation of myelin and axons, which was also correlated with T cell apoptosis within the CNS (being these cells the main target for MDSC suppression). The data presented clearly indicated that the severity index is a suitable tool to analyze disease severity in EAE. Moreover, our data suggest a clear relationship between circulating MDSC enrichment and disease outcome, opening new perspectives for the future targeting of this population as an indicator of MS severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitana Alonso-Gómez
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Esther Moñivas
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Isabel Machín-Díaz
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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15
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Schlaepfer IR, Joshi M. CPT1A-mediated Fat Oxidation, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5695911. [PMID: 31900483 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis during fasting or prolonged exercise depends on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This pathway is crucial in many tissues with high energy demand and its disruption results in inborn FAO deficiencies. More than 15 FAO genetic defects have been currently described, and pathological variants described in circumpolar populations provide insights into its critical role in metabolism. The use of fatty acids as energy requires more than 2 dozen enzymes and transport proteins, which are involved in the activation and transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria. As the key rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) regulates FAO and facilitates adaptation to the environment, both in health and in disease, including cancer. The CPT1 family of proteins contains 3 isoforms: CPT1A, CPT1B, and CPT1C. This review focuses on CPT1A, the liver isoform that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of converting acyl-coenzyme As into acyl-carnitines, which can then cross membranes to get into the mitochondria. The regulation of CPT1A is complex and has several layers that involve genetic, epigenetic, physiological, and nutritional modulators. It is ubiquitously expressed in the body and associated with dire consequences linked with genetic mutations, metabolic disorders, and cancers. This makes CPT1A an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. This review discusses our current understanding of CPT1A expression, its role in heath and disease, and the potential for therapeutic opportunities targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Schlaepfer
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Aurora
| | - Molishree Joshi
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, Colorado
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