1
|
Nissly RH, Lim L, Keller MR, Bird IM, Bhushan G, Misra S, Chothe SK, Sill MC, Kumar NV, Sivakumar AVN, Naik BR, Jayarao BM, Kuchipudi SV. The Susceptibility of Chickens to Zika Virus: A Comprehensive Study on Age-Dependent Infection Dynamics and Host Responses. Viruses 2024; 16:569. [PMID: 38675911 PMCID: PMC11054531 DOI: 10.3390/v16040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) remains a public health concern, with epidemics in endemic regions and sporadic outbreaks in new areas posing significant threats. Several mosquito-borne flaviviruses that can cause human illness, including West Nile, Usutu, and St. Louis encephalitis, have associations with birds. However, the susceptibility of chickens to ZIKV and their role in viral epidemiology is not currently known. We investigated the susceptibility of chickens to experimental ZIKV infection using chickens ranging from 1-day-old chicks to 6-week-old birds. ZIKV caused no clinical signs in chickens of all age groups tested. Viral RNA was detected in the blood and tissues during the first 5 days post-inoculation in 1-day and 4-day-old chicks inoculated with a high viral dose, but ZIKV was undetectable in 6-week-old birds at all timepoints. Minimal antibody responses were observed in 6-week-old birds, and while present in younger chicks, they waned by 28 days post-infection. Innate immune responses varied significantly between age groups. Robust type I interferon and inflammasome responses were measured in older chickens, while limited innate immune activation was observed in younger chicks. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) is a major driver of host restriction to ZIKV, and chicken STAT2 is distinct from human STAT2, potentially contributing to the observed resistance to ZIKV infection. The rapid clearance of the virus in older chickens coincided with an effective innate immune response, highlighting age-dependent susceptibility. Our study indicates that chickens are not susceptible to productive ZIKV infection and are unlikely to play a role in the ZIKV epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H. Nissly
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (L.L.); (M.R.K.); (I.M.B.); (G.B.); (B.M.J.)
| | - Levina Lim
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (L.L.); (M.R.K.); (I.M.B.); (G.B.); (B.M.J.)
- DermBiont, Inc., 451 D Street, Suite 908, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Margo R. Keller
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (L.L.); (M.R.K.); (I.M.B.); (G.B.); (B.M.J.)
| | - Ian M. Bird
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (L.L.); (M.R.K.); (I.M.B.); (G.B.); (B.M.J.)
- Applied Biological Sciences Group, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Gitanjali Bhushan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (L.L.); (M.R.K.); (I.M.B.); (G.B.); (B.M.J.)
- College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sougat Misra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (S.M.); (S.K.C.)
| | - Shubhada K. Chothe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (S.M.); (S.K.C.)
| | - Miranda C. Sill
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Nagaram Vinod Kumar
- College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati 517 602, Andhra Pradesh, India; (N.V.K.); (A.V.N.S.); (B.R.N.)
| | - A. V. N. Sivakumar
- College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati 517 602, Andhra Pradesh, India; (N.V.K.); (A.V.N.S.); (B.R.N.)
| | - B. Rambabu Naik
- College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati 517 602, Andhra Pradesh, India; (N.V.K.); (A.V.N.S.); (B.R.N.)
| | - Bhushan M. Jayarao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (R.H.N.); (L.L.); (M.R.K.); (I.M.B.); (G.B.); (B.M.J.)
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (S.M.); (S.K.C.)
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bisia M, Montenegro-Quinoñez CA, Dambach P, Deckert A, Horstick O, Kolimenakis A, Louis VR, Manrique-Saide P, Michaelakis A, Runge-Ranzinger S, Morrison AC. Secondary vectors of Zika Virus, a systematic review of laboratory vector competence studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011591. [PMID: 37651473 PMCID: PMC10499269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the unprecedented Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the western hemisphere from 2015-2018, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are now well established primary and secondary ZIKV vectors, respectively. Consensus about identification and importance of other secondary ZIKV vectors remain. This systematic review aims to provide a list of vector species capable of transmitting ZIKV by reviewing evidence from laboratory vector competence (VC) studies and to identify key knowledge gaps and issues within the ZIKV VC literature. METHODS A search was performed until 15th March 2022 on the Cochrane Library, Lilacs, PubMed, Web of Science, WHOLIS and Google Scholar. The search strings included three general categories: 1) "ZIKA"; 2) "vector"; 3) "competence", "transmission", "isolation", or "feeding behavior" and their combinations. Inclusion and exclusion criteria has been predefined and quality of included articles was assessed by STROBE and STROME-ID criteria. FINDINGS From 8,986 articles retrieved, 2,349 non-duplicates were screened by title and abstracts,103 evaluated using the full text, and 45 included in this analysis. Main findings are 1) secondary vectors of interest include Ae. japonicus, Ae. detritus, and Ae. vexans at higher temperature 2) Culex quinquefasciatus was not found to be a competent vector of ZIKV, 3) considerable heterogeneity in VC, depending on the local mosquito strain and virus used in testing was observed. Critical issues or gaps identified included 1) inconsistent definitions of VC parameters across the literature; 2) equivalency of using different mosquito body parts to evaluate VC parameters for infection (mosquito bodies versus midguts), dissemination (heads, legs or wings versus salivary glands), and transmission (detection or virus amplification in saliva, FTA cards, transmission to neonatal mice); 3) articles that fail to use infectious virus assays to confirm the presence of live virus; 4) need for more studies using murine models with immunocompromised mice to infect mosquitoes. CONCLUSION Recent, large collaborative multi-country projects to conduct large scale evaluations of specific mosquito species represent the most appropriate approach to establish VC of mosquito species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bisia
- Laboratory of Insects and Parasites of Medical Importance, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlos Alberto Montenegro-Quinoñez
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Centro Universitario de Zacapa, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Zacapa, Guatemala
| | - Peter Dambach
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Deckert
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Horstick
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonios Kolimenakis
- Laboratory of Insects and Parasites of Medical Importance, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Valérie R. Louis
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos (UCBE), Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Antonios Michaelakis
- Laboratory of Insects and Parasites of Medical Importance, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Silvia Runge-Ranzinger
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amy C. Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lopez-Solis AD, Solis-Santoyo F, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Sanchez-Guillen D, Castillo-Vera A, Gonzalez-Gomez R, Rodriguez AD, Penilla-Navarro P. Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus Adults Found Coexisting in Urban and Semiurban Dwellings of Southern Chiapas, Mexico. INSECTS 2023; 14:565. [PMID: 37367381 PMCID: PMC10299218 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Tapachula, Mexico, a tropical city, is an endemic area for dengue, in addition to several outbreaks in the last decade with chikungunya and zika. As part of the migratory corridor from Central to North America and the risks of scattered infectious diseases that this implies, the identification and distribution of potential disease vectors in and around residential areas are essential in terms of entomological surveillance for the prevention of disease outbreaks. The identification of mosquito species of medical importance coexisting in houses and cemeteries in Tapachula and two semiurban sites in southern Chiapas was investigated. Adult mosquitoes were collected from May to December 2018, resting inside and outside houses and in the tombstones and fallen tree leaves in cemeteries. A total of 10,883 mosquitoes belonging to three vector species were collected across 20 sites; 6738 were from neighborhood houses, of which 55.4% were Culex quinquefasciatus, 41.6% Aedes aegypti, and 2.9% Ae. albopictus. Aedes aegypti was the most common mosquito resting inside houses (56.7%), while Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus were mostly found resting outside houses (75.7%). In the cemeteries, Cx. quinquefasciatus (60.8%) and Ae. albopictus (37.3%) were the most abundant, while Ae. aegypti (1.9%) was the least abundant. This is the first report to identify adults of three major disease vector species coexisting in the domestic environment of urban and semiurban sites and Ae. albopictus adult resting inside of urban houses in Mexico. It would be opportune to consider comprehensive strategies that can be applied in this region to control the three species at the same time and avoid outbreaks of the diseases they transmit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alma D. Lopez-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente S/N Colonia Centro, Tapachula 30700, Mexico; (A.D.L.-S.); (A.D.R.)
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula. Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, Centro, Tapachula Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (D.S.-G.); (A.C.-V.); (R.G.-G.)
| | - Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente S/N Colonia Centro, Tapachula 30700, Mexico; (A.D.L.-S.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1692, USA;
| | - Daniel Sanchez-Guillen
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula. Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, Centro, Tapachula Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (D.S.-G.); (A.C.-V.); (R.G.-G.)
| | - Alfredo Castillo-Vera
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula. Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, Centro, Tapachula Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (D.S.-G.); (A.C.-V.); (R.G.-G.)
| | - Rebeca Gonzalez-Gomez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula. Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, Centro, Tapachula Chiapas 30700, Mexico; (D.S.-G.); (A.C.-V.); (R.G.-G.)
- Investigadora por México, Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Benito Juárez 03940, Mexico
| | - Americo D. Rodriguez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente S/N Colonia Centro, Tapachula 30700, Mexico; (A.D.L.-S.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente S/N Colonia Centro, Tapachula 30700, Mexico; (A.D.L.-S.); (A.D.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gallichotte EN, Samaras D, Murrieta RA, Sexton NR, Robison A, Young MC, Byas AD, Ebel GD, Rückert C. The Incompetence of Mosquitoes-Can Zika Virus Be Adapted To Infect Culex tarsalis Cells? mSphere 2023; 8:e0001523. [PMID: 36794947 PMCID: PMC10117059 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00015-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular evolutionary mechanisms underpinning virus-host interactions are increasingly recognized as key drivers of virus emergence, host specificity, and the likelihood that viruses can undergo a host shift that alters epidemiology and transmission biology. Zika virus (ZIKV) is mainly transmitted between humans by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. However, the 2015 to 2017 outbreak stimulated discussion regarding the role of Culex spp. mosquitoes in transmission. Reports of ZIKV-infected Culex mosquitoes, in nature and under laboratory conditions, resulted in public and scientific confusion. We previously found that Puerto Rican ZIKV does not infect colonized Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex pipiens, or Culex tarsalis, but some studies suggest they may be competent ZIKV vectors. Therefore, we attempted to adapt ZIKV to Cx. tarsalis by serially passaging virus on cocultured Ae. aegypti (Aag2) and Cx. tarsalis (CT) cells to identify viral determinants of species specificity. Increasing fractions of CT cells resulted in decreased overall virus titer and no enhancement of Culex cell or mosquito infection. Next-generation sequencing of cocultured virus passages revealed synonymous and nonsynonymous variants throughout the genome that arose as CT cell fractions increased. We generated nine recombinant ZIKVs containing combinations of the variants of interest. None of these viruses showed increased infection of Culex cells or mosquitoes, demonstrating that variants associated with passaging were not specific to increased Culex infection. These results reveal the challenge of a virus adapting to a new host, even when pushed to adapt artificially. Importantly, they also demonstrate that while ZIKV may occasionally infect Culex mosquitoes, Aedes mosquitoes likely drive transmission and human risk. IMPORTANCE ZIKV is mainly transmitted between humans by Aedes mosquitoes. In nature, ZIKV-infected Culex mosquitoes have been found, and ZIKV infrequently infects Culex mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. Yet, most studies show that Culex mosquitoes are not competent vectors for ZIKV. We attempted to adapt ZIKV to Culex cells to identify viral determinants of species specificity. We sequenced ZIKV after it was passaged on a mixture of Aedes and Culex cells and found that it acquired many variants. We generated recombinant viruses containing combinations of the variants of interest to determine if any of these changes enhance infection in Culex cells or mosquitoes. Recombinant viruses did not show increased infection in Culex cells or mosquitoes, but some variants increased infection in Aedes cells, suggesting adaptation to those cells instead. These results reveal that arbovirus species specificity is complex, and that virus adaptation to a new genus of mosquito vectors likely requires multiple genetic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily N. Gallichotte
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Demetrios Samaras
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Reyes A. Murrieta
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicole R. Sexton
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexis Robison
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Michael C. Young
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex D. Byas
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory D. Ebel
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zimler RA, Alto BW. Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus by Florida Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. INSECTS 2023; 14:289. [PMID: 36975974 PMCID: PMC10059064 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Zika virus pandemic of 2015, with mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus as the putative vectors, prompted public health concerns and the need to improve our understanding of both the horizontal and vertical transmission of Zika virus. Local transmission is especially concerning for Florida, where these two mosquito species are abundant and widespread throughout much of the year. Here, we evaluate the relative vertical transmission and filial infection rate of progeny of Florida Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus following ingestion of infected blood by parental mosquitoes at either 6 or 7 log10 plaque forming units/mL of Zika virus. Florida Ae. aegypti exhibited higher rates of disseminated infection than Ae. albopictus, consistent with other studies indicating greater permissibility of Zika virus in Ae. aegypti. We observed low vertical transmission in both Ae. aegypti (1.1-3.2%) and Ae. albopictus (0-0.3%) mosquitoes, despite imbibing infected blood at titers that yielded high susceptibility to infection and modest horizontal transmission rates. Filial infection rates, testing individual mosquitoes for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, were 6-10% and 0-6.4%, respectively. Both these invasive Stegomyia mosquitoes were capable of vertically transmitting Zika virus under laboratory conditions, and approximately 5% of female progeny of Ae. aegypti were capable of transmitting Zika virus upon first bite.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nunez-Avellaneda D, Cetina-Trejo RC, Zamudio-Moreno E, Baak-Baak C, Cigarroa-Toledo N, Reyes-Solis G, Ortega-Pacheco A, Suzán G, Tandugu C, García-Rejón JE, Blitvich BJ, Machain-Williams C. Evidence of Zika Virus Infection in Pigs and Mosquitoes, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:574-577. [PMID: 33496242 PMCID: PMC7853551 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.201452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that pigs seroconvert after experimental exposure to Zika virus and are potential sentinels. We demonstrate that pigs are also susceptible to natural Zika virus infection, shown by the presence of antibodies in domestic pigs in Yucatan, Mexico. Zika virus RNA was detected in 5 species of mosquitoes collected inside pigpens.
Collapse
|
7
|
Masmejan S, Musso D, Vouga M, Pomar L, Dashraath P, Stojanov M, Panchaud A, Baud D. Zika Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110898. [PMID: 33126413 PMCID: PMC7692141 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a neurotropic single-stranded RNA flavivirus, remains an important cause of congenital infection, fetal microcephaly, and Guillain-Barré syndrome in populations where ZIKV has adapted to a nexus involving the Aedes mosquitoes and humans. To date, outbreaks of ZIKV have occurred in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific islands, the Americas, and the Caribbean. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that the virus also has the potential to cause infections in Europe, where autochtonous transmission of the virus has been identified. This review focuses on evolving ZIKV epidemiology, modes of transmission and host-virus interactions. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic issues relating to cross-reactivity to the dengue flavivirus and concerns surrounding ZIKV infection in pregnancy are discussed. In the last section, current challenges in treatment and prevention are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Masmejan
- Maternofetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department “Woman-Mother-Child”, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.M.); (M.V.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Didier Musso
- Laboratoire Eurofins Labazur Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Manon Vouga
- Maternofetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department “Woman-Mother-Child”, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.M.); (M.V.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Leo Pomar
- Maternofetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department “Woman-Mother-Child”, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.M.); (M.V.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Pradip Dashraath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore;
| | - Milos Stojanov
- Maternofetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department “Woman-Mother-Child”, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.M.); (M.V.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Alice Panchaud
- Service of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- Maternofetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department “Woman-Mother-Child”, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.M.); (M.V.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Glavinic U, Varga J, Paslaru AI, Hauri J, Torgerson P, Schaffner F, Veronesi E. Assessing the role of two populations of Aedes japonicus japonicus for Zika virus transmission under a constant and a fluctuating temperature regime. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:479. [PMID: 32948231 PMCID: PMC7501641 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the huge epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil in 2015, questions were raised to understand which mosquito species could transmit the virus. Aedes aegypti has been described as the main vector. However, other Aedes species (e.g. Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus) proven to be competent for other flaviviruses (e.g. West Nile, dengue and yellow fever), have been described as potential vectors for ZIKV under laboratory conditions. One of these, the Asian bush mosquito, Ae. japonicus, is widely distributed with high abundances in central-western Europe. In the present study, infection, dissemination and transmission rates of ZIKV (Dak84 strain) in two populations of Ae. japonicus from Switzerland (Zürich) and France (Steinbach, Haut-Rhin) were investigated under constant (27 °C) and fluctuating (14-27 °C, mean 23 °C) temperature regimes. RESULTS The two populations were each able to transmit ZIKV under both temperature regimes. Infectious virus particles were detected in the saliva of females from both populations, regardless of the incubation temperature regime, from 7 days post-exposure to infectious rabbit blood. The highest amount of plaque forming units (PFU) (400/ml) were recorded 14 days post-oral infection in the Swiss population incubated at a constant temperature. No difference in terms of infection, dissemination and transmission rate were found between mosquito populations. Temperature had no effect on infection rate but the fluctuating temperature regime resulted in higher dissemination rates compared to constant temperature, regardless of the population. Finally, transmission efficiency ranged between 7-23% and 7-10% for the constant temperature and 0-10% and 3-27% under fluctuating temperatures for the Swiss and the French populations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study confirming vector competence for ZIKV of Ae. japonicus originating from Switzerland and France at realistic summer temperatures under laboratory conditions. Considering the continuous spread of this species in the northern part of Europe and its adaptation at cooler temperatures, preventative control measures should be adopted to prevent possible ZIKV epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uros Glavinic
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmin Varga
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anca Ioana Paslaru
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Hauri
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francis Schaffner
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Francis Schaffner Consultancy, Lörracherstrasse 50, 4125, Riehen, Switzerland
| | - Eva Veronesi
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
MacLeod HJ, Dimopoulos G. Detailed Analyses of Zika Virus Tropism in Culex quinquefasciatus Reveal Systemic Refractoriness. mBio 2020; 11:e01765-20. [PMID: 32817107 PMCID: PMC7439479 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01765-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Culex quinquefasciatus in Zika virus transmission has been debated since the epidemic of Zika occurred in the Americas in 2015 to 2016. The majority of studies have found no evidence that C. quinquefasciatus or other Culex species are competent vectors of Zika virus, and the few studies that have proposed Zika vector status for C. quinquefasciatus have relied predominantly on quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) for viral detection. We assessed the infectious range of pre- and post-epidemic Zika virus isolates in order to classify mosquito samples based on titer infectiousness and demonstrated that two strains of C. quinquefasciatus, including one previously found to be competent, are highly resistant to infection with these Zika isolates compared to Aedes aegypti and are not competent for virus transmission. Further dissection of the dynamics of Zika exposure in both A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus revealed that while virus transmission by C. quinquefasciatus is blocked at the levels of the midgut and salivary glands, viral RNA persists in these tissues for prolonged periods post-exposure. We assessed Zika entry dynamics in both Aedes and Culex cells, and our results suggest that Zika virus infection in Culex cells may be blocked downstream of cell entry. These findings strongly suggest that C. quinquefasciatus is not a vector of Zika virus and additionally inform the use of qRT-PCR in vector competence assays as well as our understanding of barriers to arbovirus infection in non-susceptible mosquito species.IMPORTANCE Understanding which mosquito species transmit an emerging arbovirus is critical to effective vector control. During the Zika virus epidemic in 2015 to 2016, Aedes mosquitoes were confirmed as vectors. However, studies addressing the vector status of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes presented conflicting evidence and remain an outstanding source of confusion in the field. Here, we established a robust cell-based assay to identify infectious titers of Zika virus and assessed the virus titers in C. quinquefasciatus by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We found that while low levels of virus were detected in C. quinquefasciatus, these titers did not correspond to infectious virus, and these mosquitoes did not transmit virus in the saliva. We also present evidence that the virus may enter Culex cells before infection is disrupted. Our findings are important for future studies incriminating vector species using qRT-PCR for virus detection and offer new information on how virus transmission is blocked by mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J MacLeod
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|