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Camarero MC, Briegas B, Corbacho J, Labrador J, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Hormonal Content and Gene Expression during Olive Fruit Growth and Ripening. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3832. [PMID: 38005729 PMCID: PMC10675085 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) is one of the most valuable fruit trees worldwide. However, the hormonal mechanisms underlying the fruit growth and ripening in olives remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we investigated the physiological and hormonal changes, by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), as well as the expression patterns of hormone-related genes, using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, during fruit growth and ripening in two olive cultivars, 'Arbequina' and 'Picual', with contrasting fruit size and shape as well as fruit ripening duration. Hormonal profiling revealed that olive fruit growth involves a lowering of auxin (IAA), cytokinin (CKs), and jasmonic acid (JA) levels as well as a rise in salicylic acid (SA) levels from the endocarp lignification to the onset of fruit ripening in both cultivars. During olive fruit ripening, both abscisic acid (ABA) and anthocyanin levels rose, while JA levels fell, and SA levels showed no significant changes in either cultivar. By contrast, differential accumulation patterns of gibberellins (GAs) were found between the two cultivars during olive fruit growth and ripening. GA1 was not detected at either stage of fruit development in 'Arbequina', revealing a specific association between the GA1 and 'Picual', the cultivar with large sized, elongated, and fast-ripening fruit. Moreover, ABA may play a central role in regulating olive fruit ripening through transcriptional regulation of key ABA metabolism genes, whereas the IAA, CK, and GA levels and/or responsiveness differ between olive cultivars during olive fruit ripening. Taken together, the results indicate that the relative absence or presence of endogenous GA1 is associated with differences in fruit morphology and size as well as in the ripening duration in olives. Such detailed knowledge may be of help to design new strategies for effective manipulation of olive fruit size as well as ripening duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria C. Gomez-Jimenez
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Asadi A, Shariati V, Mousavi S, Mariotti R, Hosseini Mazinani M. Meta-analysis of transcriptome reveals key genes relating to oil quality in olive. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:566. [PMID: 37740234 PMCID: PMC10517554 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive oil contains monounsaturated oleic acid up to 83% and phenolic compounds, making it an excellent source of fat. Due to its economic importance, the quantity and quality of olive oil should be improved in parallel with international standards. In this study, we analyzed the raw RNA-seq data with a meta-analysis approach to identify important genes and their metabolic pathways involved in olive oil quality. RESULTS A deep search of RNA-seq published data shed light on thirty-nine experiments associated with the olive transcriptome, four of these proved to be ideal for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis confirmed the genes identified in previous studies and released new genes, which were not identified before. According to the IDR index, the meta-analysis had good power to identify new differentially expressed genes. The key genes were investigated in the metabolic pathways and were grouped into four classes based on the biosynthetic cycle of fatty acids and factors that affect oil quality. Galactose metabolism, glycolysis pathway, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were the main pathways in olive oil quality. In galactose metabolism, raffinose is a suitable source of carbon along with other available sources for carbon in fruit development. The results showed that the biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA in glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism is a stable pathway to begin the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Key genes in oleic acid production as an indicator of oil quality and critical genes that played an important role in production of triacylglycerols were identified in different developmental stages. In the minor compound, the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis was investigated and important enzymes were identified as an interconnected network that produces important precursors for the synthesis of a monoterpene, diterpene, triterpene, tetraterpene, and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current investigation can produce functional data related to the quality of olive oil and would be a useful step in reducing the time of cultivar screening by developing gene specific markers in olive breeding programs, releasing also new genes that could be applied in the genome editing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- AliAkbar Asadi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Km 15, Tehran - Karaj Highway, PO Box 14965161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Shariati
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Km 15, Tehran - Karaj Highway, PO Box 14965161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mehdi Hosseini Mazinani
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Km 15, Tehran - Karaj Highway, PO Box 14965161, Tehran, Iran.
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Passeri V, Sammut C, Mifsud D, Domesi A, Stanzione V, Baldoni L, Mousavi S, Mariotti R, Pandolfi S, Cinosi N, Famiani F, Bufacchi M. The Ancient Olive Trees ( Olea europaea L.) of the Maltese Islands: A Rich and Unexplored Patrimony to Enhance Oliviculture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1988. [PMID: 37653905 PMCID: PMC10221224 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
A prospecting campaign in the Maltese Islands has ensured the survival of several ancient olive trees (Olea europaea L.), genetically distant from known cultivars. Most of these plants were abandoned or partially cultivated. A two-year evaluation of fruit characteristics and compositions was performed on samples collected from the main representatives of these indigenous genotypes. Analyses were carried out using Gas Chromatography, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Near Infrared Spectrometry. Among the fruit samples, a wide range of variations was observed. Some of the genotypes showed fruit traits suitable for table olive production. This is the case of samples with a pulp/pit ratio higher than four, such as 1Wardija, 1Caritas, 1Plattini, 1Bingemma Malta and 3Loretu, whilst 1Bidni, 1Mellieha, 2Qnotta, 3Loretu, 1Bingemma Malta and 1Caritas were suitable for dual purpose. The total phenol content ranged from 6.3 (1Wardija) to 117.9 (2Mtarfa) g/kg of fresh pulp. The average percentage of MUFA was quite low for most of the varieties. These genotypes, which presumably originated in the Maltese Islands and are well adapted to the local pedo-climatic conditions, are being propagated for the following evaluation of their bio-agronomical performance (production, suitability to intensive cultivation, environmental sustainability, product quality, etc.). The purpose is to select, among these local genotypes, the most outstanding varieties, in terms of phenolic and FA profile and agronomical potential, to spread into cultivation, thereby contributing to an increase in the quality of the local table and olive oil production, strongly linked to the territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Passeri
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Clayton Sammut
- Institute of Earth Systems, Division of Rural Sciences and Food Systems, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, MSD, Malta
| | - David Mifsud
- Institute of Earth Systems, Division of Rural Sciences and Food Systems, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, MSD, Malta
| | - Andrea Domesi
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vitale Stanzione
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Saverio Pandolfi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicola Cinosi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121 Perugia, Italy (F.F.)
| | - Franco Famiani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121 Perugia, Italy (F.F.)
| | - Marina Bufacchi
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
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4
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Miserere A, Searles PS, Rousseaux MC. Influence of Experimental Warming on the Rate and Duration of Fruit Growth and Oil Accumulation in Young Olive Trees (cvs. Arbequina, Coratina). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1942. [PMID: 37653859 PMCID: PMC10223588 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Olive tree cultivation in new warmer areas and climate change have increased the global interest in understanding how air temperature affects both fruit growth and oil accumulation. The aims of this study were to evaluate the rate and duration of fruit growth and oil accumulation in response to experimental warming (+3) in a semiarid region of Argentina; and assess how warming affected fatty acid composition. Young, potted olive trees (cvs. Arbequina, Coratina) were warmed (T+) or maintained near ambient temperature (T0) inside open top chambers in the field during oil accumulation in 2014-2015 or 2015-2016 using different trees in each season. Warming reduced the rate of both fruit growth and oil accumulation in T+ compared to T0 in both cultivars. These rate reductions under T+ led to large decreases in final fruit dry weight and oil concentration. In contrast, the durations (i.e., days) of fruit growth and oil accumulation were most often not affected. Cultivar x temperature interactions were observed in 2014-2015 with warming decreasing oleic acid and increasing linoleic acid in cv. Arbequina, while cv. Coratina showed no response to warming. However, no interactions were found in 2015-2016. Studying how fruit growth and oil accumulation respond to adaptation strategies against increasing air temperatures should be a priority in both young and mature olive trees of numerous cultivars given crop expansion to new regions and future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Miserere
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR-Provincia de La Rioja-UNLaR- SEGEMAR-UNCa-CONICET), Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n, Anillaco 5301, La Rioja, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Agropecuario (IIDA), Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnologías Aplicadas (DACTAPAyU), Universidad Nacional de La Rioja (UNLaR), Av. Luis M. de la Fuente s/n, Ciudad Universitaria de la Ciencia y de la Técnica, La Rioja 5300, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Peter S. Searles
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR-Provincia de La Rioja-UNLaR- SEGEMAR-UNCa-CONICET), Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n, Anillaco 5301, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - M. Cecilia Rousseaux
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR-Provincia de La Rioja-UNLaR- SEGEMAR-UNCa-CONICET), Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n, Anillaco 5301, La Rioja, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (DACEFyN), Universidad Nacional de La Rioja (UNLaR), Av. Luis M. de la Fuente s/n, Ciudad Universitaria de la Ciencia y de la Técnica, La Rioja 5300, La Rioja, Argentina
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5
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Contreras C, Pierantozzi P, Maestri D, Tivani M, Searles P, Brizuela M, Fernández F, Toro A, Puertas C, Trentacoste ER, Kiessling J, Mariotti R, Baldoni L, Mousavi S, Fernandez P, Moschen S, Torres M. How Temperatures May Affect the Synthesis of Fatty Acids during Olive Fruit Ripening: Genes at Work in the Field. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:54. [PMID: 36616181 PMCID: PMC9824132 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A major concern for olive cultivation in many extra-Mediterranean regions is the adaptation of recently introduced cultivars to environmental conditions different from those prevailing in the original area, such as the Mediterranean basin. Some of these cultivars can easily adapt their physiological and biochemical parameters in new agro-environments, whereas others show unbalanced values of oleic acid content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the thermal regime during oil synthesis on the expression of fatty acid desaturase genes and on the unsaturated fatty acid contents at the field level. Two cultivars (Arbequina and Coratina) were included in the analysis over a wide latitudinal gradient in Argentina. The results suggest that the thermal regime exerts a regulatory effect at the transcriptional level on both OeSAD2 and OeFAD2-2 genes and that this regulation is cultivar-dependent. It was also observed that the accumulated thermal time affects gene expression and the contents of oleic and linoleic acids in cv. Arbequina more than in Coratina. The fatty acid composition of cv. Arbequina is more influenced by the temperature regime than Coratina, suggesting its greater plasticity. Overall, findings from this study may drive future strategies for olive spreading towards areas with different or extreme thermal regimes serve as guidance for the evaluation olive varietal patrimony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibeles Contreras
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan 5427, Argentina
| | - Pierluigi Pierantozzi
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan 5427, Argentina
| | - Damián Maestri
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, X5000 IMBIV—CONICET—Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Martín Tivani
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan 5427, Argentina
| | - Peter Searles
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja, 5301 CRILAR La Rioja—UNLaR-SEGEMAR-UNCa, CONICET, Anillaco 5301, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Brizuela
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja, 5301 CRILAR La Rioja—UNLaR-SEGEMAR-UNCa, CONICET, Anillaco 5301, Argentina
| | - Fabricio Fernández
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Catamarca, INTA, Sumalao 4705, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Toro
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cerro Azul, INTA, Cerro Azul 3313, Argentina
| | - Carlos Puertas
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Junín, INTA, Junín 5573, Argentina
| | | | - Juan Kiessling
- Agencia de Extensión Rural Centenario, INTA, Plottier 8316, Argentina
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- CNR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- CNR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- CNR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paula Fernandez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo—INTA-CONICET), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, INTA, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín 1650, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Viamonte 2671, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Moschen
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, INTA, CONICET, Famaillá 4132, Argentina
| | - Mariela Torres
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan 5427, Argentina
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6
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Rey‐Giménez R, Sánchez‐Gimeno AC. Crop year, harvest date and clone effects on fruit characteristics, chemical composition and olive oil stability from an Empeltre clonal selection grown in Aragon. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5778-5786. [PMID: 35398902 PMCID: PMC9541516 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the effects of crop year, harvest date and clone on the fruit characteristics and chemical composition of Empeltre olive oils were evaluated. For this purpose, the weight and oil content of fruit and the fatty acid composition, polyphenol content and oxidative stability of the olive oil was analysed throughout ripening during three successive seasons. RESULTS The weight and moisture in the fruit, as well as the fatty acids and polyphenol content in the olive oil, were mainly affected by crop year. In contrast, the stability was strongly influenced by the harvest date. Both factors had an influence on the fruit's oil content. The clone was not a substantial component in terms of variability, although the interaction with crop year was notable for some of the characteristics. The oil content increased significantly along with the harvest date and reached maximum values in the last period (44.9%). Conversely, stability and polyphenols decreased significantly (depending on the year, by 30-70%) from October to December, reaching the highest mean values between 1 October and 10 November (15.5 h; 500 mg caffeic acid kg-1 ). Oleic acid and monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA) did not show significant differences depending on the harvest date, but between years, with 2018 having the highest percentage of oleic acid (72.72%) and MUFA/PUFA (8.38). CONCLUSION Early harvesting of Empeltre olives would provide considerably more stable olive oils, regardless of the clone selected, with higher phenolic content. It would not affect the MUFA/PUFA ratio, mainly influenced by the crop year. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Cristina Sánchez‐Gimeno
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de VeterinariaUniversidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2ZaragozaSpain
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7
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Vita F, Sabbatini L, Sillo F, Ghignone S, Vergine M, Guidi Nissim W, Fortunato S, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Luvisi A, Balestrini R, De Bellis L, Mancuso S. Salt stress in olive tree shapes resident endophytic microbiota. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992395. [PMID: 36247634 PMCID: PMC9556989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Olea europaea L. is a glycophyte representing one of the most important plants in the Mediterranean area, both from an economic and agricultural point of view. Its adaptability to different environmental conditions enables its cultivation in numerous agricultural scenarios, even on marginal areas, characterized by soils unsuitable for other crops. Salt stress represents one current major threats to crop production, including olive tree. In order to overcome this constraint, several cultivars have been evaluated over the years using biochemical and physiological methods to select the most suitable ones for cultivation in harsh environments. Thus the development of novel methodologies have provided useful tools for evaluating the adaptive capacity of cultivars, among which the evaluation of the plant-microbiota ratio, which is important for the maintenance of plant homeostasis. In the present study, four olive tree cultivars (two traditional and two for intensive cultivation) were subjected to saline stress using two concentrations of salt, 100 mM and 200 mM. The effects of stress on diverse cultivars were assessed by using biochemical analyses (i.e., proline, carotenoid and chlorophyll content), showing a cultivar-dependent response. Additionally, the olive tree response to stress was correlated with the leaf endophytic bacterial community. Results of the metabarcoding analyses showed a significant shift in the resident microbiome for plants subjected to moderate salt stress, which did not occur under extreme salt-stress conditions. In the whole, these results showed that the integration of stress markers and endophytic community represents a suitable approach to evaluate the adaptation of cultivars to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Vita
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sabbatini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Ghignone
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Werther Guidi Nissim
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (CNR-ISPAAM), Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (CNR-ISPAAM), Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Fondazione per il futuro delle città (FFC), Florence, Italy
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Mariotti R, Núñez-Carmona E, Genzardi D, Pandolfi S, Sberveglieri V, Mousavi S. Volatile Olfactory Profiles of Umbrian Extra Virgin Olive Oils and Their Discrimination through MOX Chemical Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7164. [PMID: 36236259 PMCID: PMC9572317 DOI: 10.3390/s22197164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the best vegetable oil worldwide but, at the same time, is one of the product victims of fraud in the agri-food sector, and the differences about quality within the extra-virgin olive oil category are often missed. Several scientific techniques were applied in order to guarantee the authenticity and quality of this EVOO. In the present study, the volatile compounds (VOCs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with solid-phase micro-extraction detection (GC-MS SPME), organoleptic analysis by the official Slow Food panel and the detection by a Small Sensor System (S3) were applied. Ten EVOOs from Umbria, a central Italian region, were selected from the 2021 Slow Food Italian extra virgin olive oil official guide, which includes hundreds of high-quality olive oils. The results demonstrated the possibility to discriminate the ten EVOOs, even if they belong to the same Italian region, by all three techniques. The result of GC-MS SPME detection was comparable at the discrimination level to the organoleptic test with few exceptions, while the S3 was able to better separate some EVOOs, which were not discriminated perfectly by the other two methods. The correlation analysis performed among and between the three methodologies allowed us to identify 388 strong associations with a p value less than 0.05. This study has highlighted how much the mix of VOCs was different even among few and localized EVOOs. The correlation with the sensor detection, which is faster and chipper compared to the other two techniques, elucidated the similarities and discrepancies between the applied methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Estefanía Núñez-Carmona
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, URT-Reggio Emilia, Via J. F. Kennedy 17/I, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Dario Genzardi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, URT-Reggio Emilia, Via J. F. Kennedy 17/I, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Saverio Pandolfi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Veronica Sberveglieri
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, URT-Reggio Emilia, Via J. F. Kennedy 17/I, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128 Perugia, Italy
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9
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Bioactive Compound Profiling of Olive Fruit: The Contribution of Genotype. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040672. [PMID: 35453357 PMCID: PMC9032303 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The health, therapeutic, and organoleptic characteristics of olive oil depend on functional bioactive compounds, such as phenols, tocopherols, squalene, and sterols. Genotype plays a key role in the diversity and concentration of secondary compounds peculiar to olive. In this study, the most important bioactive compounds of olive fruit were studied in numerous international olive cultivars during two consecutive seasons. A large variability was measured for each studied metabolite in all 61 olive cultivars. Total phenol content varied on a scale of 1–10 (3831–39,252 mg kg−1) in the studied cultivars. Squalene values fluctuated over an even wider range (1–15), with values of 274 to 4351 mg kg−1. Total sterols ranged from 119 to 969 mg kg−1, and total tocopherols varied from 135 to 579 mg kg−1 in fruit pulp. In the present study, the linkage among the most important quality traits highlighted the scarcity of cultivars with high content of at least three traits together. This work provided sound information on the fruit metabolite profile of a wide range of cultivars, which will facilitate the studies on the genomic regulation of plant metabolites and development of new olive genotypes through genomics-assisted breeding.
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Huang J, Yuan F, Zhou M, Huang T, Zhang Y, Liang Q. Phenotype correlation analysis and excellent germplasm screening of herb Bletilla Rchb. f. based on comprehensive evaluation from thirty-three geographic populations. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:154. [PMID: 35351005 PMCID: PMC8966332 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bletilla genus of Orchidaceae includes plants with great economic value, among which B. striata is the main traditional medicinal plant, and its pseudobulb, known as BaiJi, was first recorded in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica. However, there has been little systemic evaluation of the germplasm quality of Bletilla plants in China. In order to comprehensive evaluate the Bletilla resources in China and screen out the candidate phenotypic traits determining yield and/or quality of Bletilla, the variation of phenotypic indicators (pseudobulb, leaf, stem, inflorescence, flower) and active ingredients contents (polysaccharide, total phenolics and militarine) in different populations of B. striata and B. ochracea were investigated through 4 years' common-garden experiment. RESULTS There were abundant phenotypic variations and significant differences among different populations in the morphological phenotypes, pseudobulb weight and main active ingredient contents. AHBZ, HBLT and HBSN populations showed good prospects for industrial development, presenting higher quality in terms of yield and main active ingredient content. Pseudobulb yield, polysaccharide and total phenol content are positively correlated with phenotypic traits. Militarine content is negatively correlated with almost all indexes. Plant height, leaf width and stem diameter may be important indicators of potential excellent germplasms. CONCLUSIONS Bletilla is not strictly geoauthentic medicinal plants. B. ochracea could be accepted as an alternative resource to B. striata. The best harvest period of Bletilla is the third year after cultivation. Plant height, leaf width and stem diameter may be important indicators of potential excellent germplasms. These results provide important information required for the efficient screening and utilization of Bletilla germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Tianyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Qiong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
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Characterization of Differentially Expressed Genes under Salt Stress in Olive. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010154. [PMID: 35008580 PMCID: PMC8745295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change, currently taking place worldwide and also in the Mediterranean area, is leading to a reduction in water availability and to groundwater salinization. Olive represents one of the most efficient tree crops to face these scenarios, thanks to its natural ability to tolerate moderate salinity and drought. In the present work, four olive cultivars (Koroneiki, Picual, Royal de Cazorla and Fadak86) were exposed to high salt stress conditions (200 mM of NaCl) in greenhouse, in order to evaluate their tolerance level and to identify key genes involved in salt stress response. Molecular and physiological parameters, as well as plant growth and leaves’ ions Na+ and K+ content were measured. Results of the physiological measurements showed Royal de Cazorla as the most tolerant cultivar, and Fadak86 and Picual as the most susceptible ones. Ten candidate genes were analyzed and their complete genomic, CDS and protein sequences were identified. The expression analysis of their transcripts through reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) demonstrated that only OeNHX7, OeP5CS, OeRD19A and OePetD were upregulated in tolerant cultivars, thus suggesting their key role in the activation of a salt tolerance mechanism.
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Chevalier W, Moussa SA, Medeiros Netto Ottoni M, Dubois-Laurent C, Huet S, Aubert C, Desnoues E, Navez B, Cottet V, Chalot G, Jost M, Barrot L, Freymark G, Uittenbogaard M, Chaniet F, Suel A, Bouvier Merlet MH, Hamama L, Le Clerc V, Briard M, Peltier D, Geoffriau E. Multisite evaluation of phenotypic plasticity for specialized metabolites, some involved in carrot quality and disease resistance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249613. [PMID: 33798246 PMCID: PMC8018645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewed consumer demand motivates the nutritional and sensory quality improvement of fruits and vegetables. Specialized metabolites being largely involved in nutritional and sensory quality of carrot, a better knowledge of their phenotypic variability is required. A metabolomic approach was used to evaluate phenotypic plasticity level of carrot commercial varieties, over three years and a wide range of cropping environments spread over several geographical areas in France. Seven groups of metabolites have been quantified by HPLC or GC methods: sugars, carotenoids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyacetylenes. A large variation in root metabolic profiles was observed, in relation with environment, variety and variety by environment interaction effects in decreasing order of importance. Our results show a clear diversity structuration based on metabolite content. Polyacetylenes, β-pinene and α-carotene were identified mostly as relatively stable varietal markers, exhibiting static stability. Nevertheless, environment effect was substantial for a large part of carrot metabolic profile and various levels of phenotypic plasticity were observed depending on metabolites and varieties. A strong difference of environmental sensitivity between varieties was observed for several compounds, particularly myristicin, 6MM and D-germacrene, known to be involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stress. This work provides useful information about plasticity in the perspective of carrot breeding and production. A balance between constitutive content and environmental sensitivity for key metabolites should be reached for quality improvement in carrot and other vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Chevalier
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Sitti-Anlati Moussa
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | | | - Sébastien Huet
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Aubert
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | - Elsa Desnoues
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Navez
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | - Valentine Cottet
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Chalot
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | - Michel Jost
- Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Anita Suel
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Latifa Hamama
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Valérie Le Clerc
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Mathilde Briard
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Didier Peltier
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Emmanuel Geoffriau
- Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
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Di Lecce G, Piochi M, Pacetti D, Frega NG, Bartolucci E, Scortichini S, Fiorini D. Eleven Monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils from Olives Grown and Processed under the Same Conditions: Effect of the Cultivar on the Chemical Composition and Sensory Traits. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070904. [PMID: 32660116 PMCID: PMC7404457 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Eleven Italian monovarietal extra virgin olive oils (MEVOOs) (Carboncella, Coratina, Frantoio, Leccino, Marzio, Maurino, Moraiolo, Piantone di Falerone, Pendolino, Rosciola, Sargano di Fermo) from olives grown in the same experimental olive orchard, under the same conditions (fertilization, irrigation), and processed with the same technology (three-way continuous plant) were investigated. As a result, the impact of the olive cultivar on fatty acid and triacylglycerols composition, oxidative stability, polar phenolic profile and sensory properties (panel test) of the oil was assessed. Pendolino, Maurino and Marzio oils presented the highest levels (p < 0.01) of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids % and the lowest oleic:linoleic ratio. Within triacylglycerols, triolein (OOO) strongly varied among the oils, with Coratina and Leccino having the highest content. Frantoio showed the lowest 1-Stearoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-oleylglycerol and 1,3-Distearoyl-2-oleylglycerol amounts. Rosciola showed the highest level (p < 0.01) for two of the most abundant secoiridoid derivatives (the dialdehydic forms of decarboxymethyl elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol). A good correlation was found between total phenolic content and oxidative stability, indicating Marzio and Leccino respectively as the richest and poorest genotypes. Sensory variability among varieties was mainly linked to perceived bitterness, pungency and fruitiness, while no effects were found on secondary flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Lecce
- Independent Researcher, Expert in Food Science and Technology, 26100 Cremona, Italy;
| | - Maria Piochi
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, 12042 Pollenzo, Italy;
| | - Deborah Pacetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (N.G.F.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-07-1220-4307
| | - Natale G. Frega
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (N.G.F.); (E.B.)
| | - Edoardo Bartolucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (N.G.F.); (E.B.)
| | - Serena Scortichini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, V.S. Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Dennis Fiorini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, V.S. Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.S.); (D.F.)
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