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Lenover MB, Shenk MK. Evolutionary medicine approaches to chronic disease: The case of irritable bowel syndrome. Evol Anthropol 2024; 33:e22010. [PMID: 37909359 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a gastrointestinal disease, is a global phenomenon correlated with industrialization. We propose that an evolutionary medicine approach is useful to understand this disease from an ultimate perspective and conducted a scoping literature review to synthesize the IBS literature within this framework. Our review suggests five potential evolutionary hypotheses for the cause of IBS, including (a) a dietary mismatch accompanying a nutritional transition, (b) an early hygienic life environment leading to the immune system and microbiotic changes, (c) an outcome of decreased physical activity, (d) a response to changes in environmental light-dark cycles, and (e) an artifact of an evolved fight or flight response. We find key limitations in the available data needed to understand early life, nutritional, and socioeconomic experiences that would allow us to understand evolutionarily relevant risk factors and identify a need for further empirical research to distinguish potential causes and test evolutionary hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenna B Lenover
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary K Shenk
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Silva-Caballero A, Ball HL, Kramer KL, Bentley GR. Sleep tight! Adolescent sleep quality across three distinct sleep ecologies. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:448-460. [PMID: 38044930 PMCID: PMC10693291 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Good sleep quality, associated with few arousals, no daytime sleepiness and self-satisfaction with one's sleep, is pivotal for adolescent growth, maturation, cognition and overall health. This article aims to identify what ecological factors impact adolescent sleep quality across three distinct sleep ecologies representing a gradient of dense urbanity to small, rural environments with scarce artificial lighting and no Internet. Methodology We analyze variation of sleep efficiency, a quantitative measure of sleep quality-defined as the ratio of total time spent asleep to total time dedicated to sleep-in two agricultural indigenous populations and one post-industrial group in Mexico (Campeche = 44, Puebla = 51, Mexico City = 50, respectively). Data collection included actigraphy, sleep diaries, questionnaires, interviews and ethnographic observations. We fit linear models to examine sleep efficiency variation within and between groups. Results We found that sleep efficiency varied significantly across sites, being highest in Mexico City (88%) and lowest in Campeche (75%). We found that variation in sleep efficiency was significantly associated with nightly exposure to light and social sleep practices. Conclusions and implications Our findings point toward contextual cost-benefits of sleep disruption in adolescence. We highlight the need to prioritize research on adolescent sleep quality across distinct developmental ecologies and its impact on health to improve adolescent wellbeing through evidence-based health practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Silva-Caballero
- Institute of Anthropological Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Helen L Ball
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Karen L Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, Univesity of Utah, Salt Lake City, RM 4625, USA
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3
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Antle MC. The controversy over daylight saving time: evidence for and against. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2023; 29:574-579. [PMID: 37578383 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Biannual clock changes to and from daylight saving time have been pervasive in many societies for over 50 years. Governments are considering abandoning this practice and choosing a single permanent time. RECENT FINDINGS Our endogenous circadian clock follows our photoperiod, which changes over the year. The acute disruption caused by changing our clocks can affect safety (motor vehicle and on the job accidents), health (cardiovascular disease, drug overdoses, suicide), and human behavior (sport performance, generosity, and procrastination). Although abandoning the clock change could help avoid these acute harms, choosing the wrong permanent time could lead to chronic circadian misalignment, which could have even more profound implications for health, safety, and human behavior. SUMMARY Ceasing the biannual clock change may be a good choice, but governments need to be mindful of which permanent time to adopt. Many regions of the world already follow the wrong time during standard time, and circadian misalignment would be amplified by moving to permanent daylight saving time. In many regions, Standard Time better aligns with our circadian clock, thus providing a more natural light cycle that minimizes circadian misalignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Antle
- Department of Psychology
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Simonsen SE, Sunada GR, Digre K, Stark LA, Mukundente V, Napia E, Tavake-Pasi F, Villalta J, Lee D, Davis F, Sanchez-Birkhead A, Brown BH, Baron KG. Short sleep duration and interest in sleep improvement in a multi-ethnic cohort of diverse women participating in a community-based wellness intervention: an unmet need for improvement. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:188. [PMID: 37081433 PMCID: PMC10120218 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparities in sleep duration are a modifiable contributor to increased risk for cardiometabolic disorders in communities of color. We examined the prevalence of short sleep duration and interest in improving sleep among a multi-ethnic sample of women participating in a culturally tailored wellness coaching program and discussed steps to engage communities in sleep health interventions. METHODS Secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial were used. The wellness coaching trial utilized a Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach. Data were from the baseline survey and baseline wellness coaching notes. Short sleep duration was defined as < 7 h of self-reported sleep. Participants were prompted to set a goal related to healthy eating/physical activity and had the opportunity to set another goal on any topic of interest. Those who set a goal related to improving sleep or who discussed a desire to improve sleep during coaching were classified as having an interest in sleep improvement. Analyses utilized multivariable models to evaluate factors contributing to short sleep and interest in sleep improvement. We present our process of discussing results with community leaders and health workers. RESULTS A total of 485 women of color participated in the study. Among these, 199 (41%) reported short sleep duration. In adjusted models, Blacks/African Americans and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders had higher odds of reporting < 7 h of sleep than Hispanics/Latinas. Depression symptoms and self-reported stress management scores were significantly associated with short sleep duration. Interest in sleep improvement was noted in the wellness coaching notes of 52 women (10.7%); sleep was the most common focus of goals not related to healthy eating/physical activity. African Immigrants/Refugees and African Americans were less likely to report interest in sleep improvement. Community leaders and health workers reported lack of awareness of the role of sleep in health and discussed challenges to obtaining adequate sleep in their communities. CONCLUSION Despite the high prevalence of short sleep duration, interest in sleep improvement was generally low. This study highlights a discrepancy between need and interest, and our process of community engagement, which can inform intervention development for addressing sleep duration among diverse women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Simonsen
- University of Utah College of Nursing, 10 South 2000 East Rm 4200, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Grant R Sunada
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Division of Public Health, 375 Chipeta Wy Suite A, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
| | - Kathleen Digre
- Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, 175 N Medical Dr E Rm 5001, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Louisa A Stark
- University of Utah Genetic Science Learning Ctr, 515 E 100 S Rm 300, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | | | - Ed Napia
- Urban Indian Center of Salt Lake, 120 West 1300 South, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84115, USA
| | - Fahina Tavake-Pasi
- National Tongan American Society, 3007 South West Temple #H, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84115, USA
| | - Jeannette Villalta
- Hispanic Health Care Task Force, 5280 Commerce Dr. Suite E140, Murray, Utah, 84107, USA
| | - Doriena Lee
- Calvary Baptist Church, 1090 South State Street, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84111, USA
| | - France Davis
- Calvary Baptist Church, 1090 South State Street, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84111, USA
| | - Ana Sanchez-Birkhead
- University of Utah College of Nursing, 10 South 2000 East Rm 4200, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - B Heather Brown
- University of Utah Center for Clinical and Translational Science, 515 East 100 South, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84102, USA
| | - Kelly G Baron
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Division of Public Health, 375 Chipeta Wy Suite A, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
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Dunster GP, Hua I, Grahe A, Fleischer JG, Panda S, Wright KP, Vetter C, Doherty JH, de la Iglesia HO. Daytime light exposure is a strong predictor of seasonal variation in sleep and circadian timing of university students. J Pineal Res 2023; 74:e12843. [PMID: 36404490 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of electric light, sleep for humans typically starts soon after dusk and at higher latitudes daily sleep timing changes seasonally as photoperiod changes. However, access to electric light shields humans from natural photoperiod changes, and whether seasonal changes in sleep occur despite this isolation from the natural light-dark cycle remains a matter of controversy. We measured sleep timing in over 500 university students living in the city of Seattle, WA (47.6°N) throughout the four seasons; we show that even when students are following a school schedule, sleep timing is delayed during the fall and winter. For instance, during the winter school days, students fell asleep 35 min later and woke up 27 min later (under daylight-savings time) than students during the summer school days, a change that is an hour larger relative to solar midnight. Furthermore, chronotype defined by mid-sleep on free days corrected for oversleep (MSFc), an indirect estimate of circadian phase, was more than 30 min later in the winter compared with the summer. Analysis of the effect of light exposure showed that the number of hours of light exposure to at least 50 lux during the daytime was a stronger predictor of MSFc than the exposure time to this illuminance after dusk. Specifically, MSFc was advanced by 30 min for each additional hour of light exposure during daytime and delayed by only 15 min for each additional hour of postdusk exposure to light. Additionally, the time of the day of exposure to high light intensities was more predictive of MSFc when daytime exposure was considered than when exposure for the full 24-h day was considered. Our results show that although sleep time is highly synchronized to social time, a delayed timing of sleep is evident during the winter months. They also suggest that daily exposure to daylight is key to prevent this delayed phase of the circadian clock and thus circadian disruption that is typically exacerbated in high-latitude winters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon P Dunster
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Isabelle Hua
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alex Grahe
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason G Fleischer
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Céline Vetter
- Circadian and Sleep Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer H Doherty
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Eto T, Kitamura S, Nishimura K, Takeoka K, Nishimura Y, Lee SI, Ohashi M, Shikano A, Noi S, Higuchi S. Circadian phase advances in children during camping life according to the natural light-dark cycle. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:42. [PMID: 36527162 PMCID: PMC9756595 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that the circadian rhythm phase in adults can be advanced in a natural light-dark cycle without electrical lighting. However, the effect of advanced sleep-wake timing according to the natural light-dark cycle on children's circadian phase is unclear. We investigated the effects of approximately 2 weeks of camping life with little access to artificial lighting on children's circadian phases. We also conducted an exploratory examination on the effects of wake time according to natural sunrise time on the manner of the advance of their circadian phases. METHODS Twenty-one healthy children (mean ± SD age, 10.6 ± 1.4 years) participated in a camping program with wake time (4:00) being earlier than sunrise time (EW condition), and 21 healthy children (10.4 ± 1.1 years) participated in a camping program with wake time (5:00) being almost matched to sunrise time (SW condition). Salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) before the camping program and that after approximately 2 weeks of camping were compared. RESULTS DLMO was advanced by approximately 2 h after the camping program compared with the circadian phase in daily life in both conditions. In addition, the advances in DLMO were significantly correlated with mid-sleep points before the camp in both conditions (EW: r = 0.72, p < 0.01, SW: r = 0.70, p < 0.01). These correlations mean that the phase advance was greater for the children with delayed sleep habits in daily life. Furthermore, in the EW condition, mean DLMO after the camp (18:09 ± 0:33 h) was earlier than natural sunset time and there was no significant decrease in interindividual variability in DLMO. On the other hand, in the SW condition, mean DLMO after the camp (18:43 ± 0:20 h) matched natural sunset time and interindividual variability in DLMO was significantly lower than that before the camp. CONCLUSIONS Camping with advanced sleep and wake timing under natural sunlight advances children's circadian phases. However, DLMO earlier than sunset in an early waking condition may lead to large interindividual variability in the circadian rhythm phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Eto
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan ,grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan ,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan ,grid.416859.70000 0000 9832 2227Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553 Japan
| | - Shingo Kitamura
- grid.416859.70000 0000 9832 2227Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553 Japan
| | - Kana Nishimura
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan
| | - Kota Takeoka
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan
| | - Yuki Nishimura
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan ,grid.415747.4Occupational Stress and Health Management Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8585 Japan
| | - Sang-il Lee
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Environmental Ergonomics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Michihiro Ohashi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan ,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan
| | - Akiko Shikano
- grid.412200.50000 0001 2228 003XFaculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8508 Japan
| | - Shingo Noi
- grid.412200.50000 0001 2228 003XFaculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8508 Japan
| | - Shigekazu Higuchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan
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McKinnon L, Shattuck EC, Samson DR. Sound reasons for unsound sleep: Comparative support for the sentinel hypothesis in industrial and nonindustrial groups. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 11:53-66. [PMID: 36945298 PMCID: PMC10024786 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Sleep is a vulnerable state in which individuals are more susceptible to threat, which may have led to evolved mechanisms for increasing safety. The sentinel hypothesis proposes that brief awakenings during sleep may be a strategy for detecting and responding to environmental threats. Observations of sleep segmentation and group sentinelization in hunter-gatherer and small-scale communities support this hypothesis, but to date it has not been tested in comparisons with industrial populations characterized by more secure sleep environments. Methodology Here, we compare wake after sleep onset (WASO), a quantitative measure of nighttime awakenings, between two nonindustrial and two industrial populations: Hadza hunter-gatherers (n = 33), Malagasy small-scale agriculturalists (n = 38), and Hispanic (n = 1,531) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) (n = 347) Americans. We compared nighttime awakenings between these groups using actigraphically-measured sleep data. We fit linear models to assess whether WASO varies across groups, controlling for sex and age. Results We found that WASO varies significantly by group membership and is highest in Hadza (2.44 h) and Malagasy (1.93 h) and lowest in non-Hispanic Whites (0.69 h). Hispanics demonstrate intermediate WASO (0.86 h), which is significantly more than NHW participants. After performing supplementary analysis within the Hispanic sample, we found that WASO is significantly and positively associated with increased perception of neighborhood violence. Conclusions and implications Consistent with principles central to evolutionary medicine, we propose that evolved mechanisms to increase vigilance during sleep may now be mismatched with relatively safer environments, and in part responsible for driving poor sleep health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela McKinnon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, CanadaL5L 1C6
| | - Eric C Shattuck
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, CanadaL5L 1C6
- Institute for Health Disparities Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - David R Samson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, CanadaL5L 1C6
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McKinnon L, Samson DR, Nunn CL, Rowlands A, Salvante KG, Nepomnaschy PA. Technological infrastructure, sleep, and rest-activity patterns in a Kaqchikel Maya community. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277416. [PMID: 36383619 PMCID: PMC9668134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep duration, quality, and rest-activity pattern-a measure for inferring circadian rhythm-are influenced by multiple factors including access to electricity. Recent findings suggest that the safety and comfort afforded by technology may improve sleep but negatively impact rest-activity stability. According to the circadian entrainment hypothesis, increased access to electric lighting should lead to weaker and less uniform circadian rhythms, measured by stability of rest-activity patterns. Here, we investigate sleep in a Maya community in Guatemala who are in a transitional stage of industrialization. We predicted that (i) sleep will be shorter and less efficient in this population than in industrial settings, and that (ii) rest-activity patterns will be weaker and less stable than in contexts with greater exposure to the natural environment and stronger and more stable than in settings more buffered by technologic infrastructure. Our results were mixed. Compared to more industrialized settings, in our study population sleep was 4.87% less efficient (78.39% vs 83.26%). We found no significant difference in sleep duration. Rest-activity patterns were more uniform and less variable than in industrial settings (interdaily stability = 0.58 vs 0.43; intradaily variability = 0.53 vs 0.60). Our results suggest that industrialization does not inherently reduce characteristics of sleep quality; instead, the safety and comfort afforded by technological development may improve sleep, and an intermediate degree of environmental exposure and technological buffering may support circadian rhythm strength and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela McKinnon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R. Samson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles L. Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Amanda Rowlands
- Maternal and Child Health Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katrina G. Salvante
- Maternal and Child Health Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pablo A. Nepomnaschy
- Maternal and Child Health Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Adaptive Solutions to the Problem of Vulnerability During Sleep. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-022-00330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSleep is a behavioral state whose quantity and quality represent a trade-off between the costs and benefits this state provides versus the costs and benefits of wakefulness. Like many species, we humans are particularly vulnerable during sleep because of our reduced ability to monitor the external environment for nighttime predators and other environmental dangers. A number of variations in sleep characteristics may have evolved over the course of human history to reduce this vulnerability, at both the individual and group level. The goals of this interdisciplinary review paper are (1) to explore a number of biological/instinctual features of sleep that may have adaptive utility in terms of enhancing the detection of external threats, and (2) to consider relatively recent cultural developments that improve vigilance and reduce vulnerability during sleep and the nighttime. This paper will also discuss possible benefits of the proposed adaptations beyond vigilance, as well as the potential costs associated with each of these proposed adaptations. Finally, testable hypotheses will be presented to evaluate the validity of these proposed adaptations.
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10
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Cook I, Mohlabe M. Objectively-measured sleep patterns and cardiometabolic health in a rural South African setting: a cross sectional analysis. SLEEP SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41606-022-00070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
To investigate the relationship between objectively-measured, free-living sleep patterns, and cardiometabolic health, in a rural South African health and demographic surveillance site.
Methods
Wrist-mounted actigraphy data was collected over nine days from 167 adults (≥ 40 years). Sleep patterns were constructed from tertiles of sleep quantity and quality parameters (TST: total sleep time, AC: activity counts during sleep) from valid minute-by-minute data. The reference category was Moderate TST/Low-to-Moderate AC. Self-reported data included behavioural, health and socio-demographic variables. Biological data included anthropometry, resting blood pressure and fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids. Binary and ordinal logistic regression models were constructed to determine the association between TST and AC, the factors associated with sleeping patterns, and the association between sleeping patterns and Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). HOMA-IR and MetS were also examined across sleep patterns using analysis of variance models.
Results
A total of 139 adults (71.2% female) had a complete dataset. In unadjusted analyses, females had poorer sleep quality, were more physically active, and displayed poorer cardiometabolc health and greater adiposity than males (p ≤ 0.017). There were no sex differences in TST or sleep pattern distribution (p ≤ 0.901). Not being classified as Low TST/High AC or exposed to ≥ 1 bout of Low TST/High AC sleep was associated with lower physical activity, longer sleep duration, better sleep quality and lower IR (p ≤ 0.0452). In multivariate analyses, there was no association between TST and AC (p = 0.921), while increasing age and people-to-bedroom density, and lower physical activity where significantly associated with increasing TST (p ≤ 0.027). Participants classified as Low TST/High AC had significantly higher HOMA-IR, but not MetS, compared with Moderate TST/Low AC (p = 0.021). Being exposed to ≥ 1 bout of Low TST/High AC sleep was significantly associated with hypertension (OR = 2.31, 95%CI: 1.00, 5.34), but not for HOMA-IR or MetS (p ≥ 0.227).
Conclusions
Long sleep was not associated with increased sleep fragmentation. Short, fragmented sleep was associated with insulin resistance. Exposure to at least one bout of short, fragmented sleep increased the likelihood of hypertension. Further studies are required to identify the factors associated with short, fragmented sleep in this setting.
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11
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Gettler LT, Kuo PX, Sarma MS, Lefever JEB, Cummings EM, McKenna JJ, Braungart-Rieker JM. US fathers' reports of bonding, infant temperament and psychosocial stress based on family sleep arrangements. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 9:460-469. [PMID: 35154780 PMCID: PMC8830308 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Evolutionary-grounded sleep research has been critical to establishing the mutual dependence of breastfeeding and nighttime sleep proximity for mothers and infants. Evolutionary perspectives on cosleeping also often emphasize the emotional motivations for and potential benefits of sleep proximity, including for parent-infant bonding. However, this potential link between infant sleep location and bonding remains understudied for both mothers and fathers. Moreover, in Euro-American contexts bedsharing has been linked to family stress and difficult child temperament, primarily via maternal reports. We know relatively little about whether paternal psychosocial dynamics differ based on family sleep arrangements, despite fathers and other kin often being present in the cosleeping environment across cultures. Here, we aim to help address some of these gaps in knowledge pertaining to fathers and family sleep arrangements. Methodology Drawing on a sample of Midwestern U.S. fathers (N=195), we collected sociodemographic and survey data to analyze links between infant nighttime sleep location, paternal psychosocial well-being, father-infant bonding, and infant temperament. From fathers’ reports, families were characterized as routinely solitary sleeping, bedsharing, or roomsharing (without bedsharing). Results We found that routinely roomsharing or bedsharing fathers, respectively, reported stronger bonding than solitary sleepers. Bedsharing fathers also reported that their infants had more negative temperaments and also tended to report greater parenting-related stress due to difficulties with their children. Conclusions These cross-sectional results help to highlight how a practice with deep phylogenetic and evolutionary history, such as cosleeping, can be variably expressed within communities with the potential for family-dependent benefits or strains. Evolutionary-grounded cosleeping research has elucidated the intimate connections between mother-infant sleep proximity and breastfeeding. However, some Euro-American research indicates that bedsharing can coincide with family strain and stress. Here, U.S. fathers who routinely roomshared or bedshared, respectively, reported stronger bonds to their babies than solitary sleeping fathers, but bedsharing fathers also reported more negative infant temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee T Gettler
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,William J. Shaw Center for Children and Families, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Patty X Kuo
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Mallika S Sarma
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - E Mark Cummings
- William J. Shaw Center for Children and Families, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - James J McKenna
- Department of Anthropology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Julia M Braungart-Rieker
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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12
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Kundel V, Agyapong PD, Parekh A, Kaali S, Prah RKD, Taweesedt P, Tawiah T, Ayappa I, Mujtaba MN, Agyei O, Jack D, Osei M, Kwarteng AA, Lee A, Asante KP. Characterizing sleep-wake patterns in mothers and children in an agrarian community: results from the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study. Sleep 2022; 45:6526421. [PMID: 35143676 PMCID: PMC9366631 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Several studies have examined sleep patterns in rural/indigenous communities, however little is known about sleep characteristics in women of reproductive age, and children within these populations. We investigate sleep-wake patterns in mothers and children (ages 3-5 years) leveraging data from the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS). METHODS The GRAPHS cohort comprises of rural/agrarian communities in Ghana and collected multiday actigraphy in a subset of women and children to assess objective sleep-wake patterns. Data were scored using the Cole-Kripke and Sadeh algorithms for mothers/children. We report descriptive, baseline characteristics and objective sleep measures, compared by access to electricity/poverty status. RESULTS We analyzed data for 58 mothers (mean age 33 ± 6.6) and 64 children (mean age 4 ± 0.4). For mothers, mean bedtime was 9:40 pm ± 56 min, risetime 5:46 am ± 40 min, and total sleep time (TST) was 6.3 h ± 46 min. For children, median bedtime was 8:07 pm (interquartile range [IQR]: 7:50,8:43), risetime 6:09 am (IQR: 5:50,6:37), and mean 24-h TST 10.44 h ± 78 min. Children with access to electricity had a reduced TST compared to those without electricity (p = 0.02). Mean bedtime was later for both mothers (p = 0.05) and children (p = 0.08) classified as poor. CONCLUSIONS Mothers in our cohort demonstrated a shorter TST, and earlier bed/risetimes compared to adults in postindustrialized nations. In contrast, children had a higher TST compared to children in postindustrialized nations, also with earlier sleep-onset and offset times. Investigating objective sleep-wake patterns in rural/indigenous communities can highlight important differences in sleep health related to sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, and help estimate the impact of industrialization on sleep in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Kundel
- Corresponding author. Vaishnavi Kundel, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Prince Darko Agyapong
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Ankit Parekh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seyram Kaali
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | | | - Pahnwat Taweesedt
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Theresa Tawiah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Indu Ayappa
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed Nuhu Mujtaba
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Oscar Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Darby Jack
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Musah Osei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | | | - Alison Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
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13
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Casiraghi L, de la Iglesia HO. Sleep Under Preindustrial Conditions: What We Can Learn from It. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2482:1-14. [PMID: 35610416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2249-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human sleep is regulated by light in two fundamental ways: The light-dark (LD) cycle entrains a circadian clock that in turn regulates sleep timing, and light per se can acutely inhibit sleep. Throughout evolution, these sleep regulatory systems became highly sensitive to the effects of light and they can be affected by the relatively low light intensities that are used indoors. Thus, postindustrial living conditions have created built environments that have isolated humans from the natural LD cycle and exposed them to an artificial one that can affect daily sleep timing. Studying indigenous communities that have differential access to electricity, as well as communities living in highly urbanized areas, we and others have shown that human access to artificial light has delayed the daily onset of sleep but has had a smaller effect on its offset, leading to an overall reduction in sleep duration that is pervasive in modern societies. In this chapter we discuss these studies, highlight their main findings, and point to their limitations.
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14
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Abstract
The human sleep pattern is paradoxical. Sleep is vital for optimal physical and cognitive performance, yet humans sleep the least of all primates. In addition, consolidated and continuous monophasic sleep is evidently advantageous, yet emerging comparative data sets from small-scale societies show that the phasing of the human pattern of sleep–wake activity is highly variable and characterized by significant nighttime activity. To reconcile these phenomena, the social sleep hypothesis proposes that extant traits of human sleep emerged because of social and technological niche construction. Specifically, sleep sites function as a type of social shelter by way of an extended structure of social groups that increases fitness. Short, high-quality, and flexibly timed sleep likely originated as a response to predation risks while sleeping terrestrially. This practice may have been a necessary preadaptation for migration out of Africa and for survival in ecological niches that penetrate latitudes with the greatest seasonal variation in light and temperature on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Samson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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15
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16
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Casiraghi L, Spiousas I, Dunster GP, McGlothlen K, Fernández-Duque E, Valeggia C, de la Iglesia HO. Moonstruck sleep: Synchronization of human sleep with the moon cycle under field conditions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe0465. [PMID: 33571126 PMCID: PMC7840136 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Before the availability of artificial light, moonlight was the only source of light sufficient to stimulate nighttime activity; still, evidence for the modulation of sleep timing by lunar phases is controversial. Here, we use wrist actimetry to show a clear synchronization of nocturnal sleep timing with the lunar cycle in participants living in environments that range from a rural setting with and without access to electricity in indigenous Toba/Qom communities in Argentina to a highly urbanized postindustrial setting in the United States. Our results show that sleep starts later and is shorter on the nights before the full moon when moonlight is available during the hours following dusk. Our data suggest that moonlight likely stimulated nocturnal activity and inhibited sleep in preindustrial communities and that access to artificial light may emulate the ancestral effect of early-night moonlight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Spiousas
- Sensorimotor Dynamics Lab (LDSM), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Gideon P Dunster
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Schilperoort M, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Time for Novel Strategies to Mitigate Cardiometabolic Risk in Shift Workers. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:952-964. [PMID: 33183967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Circadian disruption induced by shift work is robustly associated with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in humans. Less well-known are the mechanisms underlying these associations, and the effectiveness of strategies to reduce cardiometabolic risk in the shift work population. In this review, the different ways in which shift work can deteriorate cardiometabolic health, and how to use this information to reflect on various risk-mitigating strategies, is discussed. While individual strategies appear promising in animal studies, the multifactorial disease risk in shift workers likely requires a multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, the need for individually-tailored combined lifestyle interventions, that could be essential in reducing cardiometabolic disorders in the large population of shift workers in our 24/7 society, is argued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Schilperoort
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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18
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Casiraghi LP, Plano SA, Fernández-Duque E, Valeggia C, Golombek DA, de la Iglesia HO. Access to electric light is associated with delays of the dim-light melatonin onset in a traditionally hunter-gatherer Toba/Qom community. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12689. [PMID: 32761922 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Key to the transition of humans from nomadic hunting-gathering groups to industrialized and highly urbanized societies was the creation of protected and artificially lit environments that extended the natural daylight hours and consolidated sleep away from nocturnal threats. These conditions isolated humans from the natural regulators of sleep and exposed them to higher levels of light during the evening, which are associated with a later sleep onset. Here, we investigated the extent to which this delayed timing of sleep is due to a delayed circadian system. We studied two communities of Toba/Qom in the northern region of Argentina, one with and the other without access to electricity. These communities have recently transitioned from a hunting-gathering subsistence to mixed subsistence systems and represent a unique model in which to study the potential effects of the access to artificial light on sleep physiology. We have previously shown that participants in the community with access to electricity had, compared to participants in the community without electricity, later sleep onsets, and shorter sleep bouts. Here, we show they also have a delayed dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO). This difference is present during the winter but not during the spring when the influence of evening artificial light is likely less relevant. Our results support the notion that the human transition into artificially lit environments had a major impact on physiological systems that regulate sleep timing, including the phase of the master circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago A Plano
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Duque
- Department of Anthropology and School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Diego A Golombek
- Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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The long term impact of Daylight Saving Time regulations in daily life at several circles of latitude. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18466. [PMID: 31804602 PMCID: PMC6895179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyze large scale (N ~ 10000) time use surveys in United States, Spain, Italy, France and Great Britain to ascertain seasonal variations in the sleep/wake cycle and the labor cycle after daylight saving time regulations have stood up for at least forty years. That is, not the usual search for the impact of the biannual transitions, but a search for how industrialized societies have answered to DST regulations at different circles of latitude. Results show that the labor cycle is equally distributed through seasons if measured in local time. It is an everyday experience which is a major outcome of DST. The sleep/wake cycle displays disturbances punctuated by solar events: sunrise, sunset and noon. In week-ends, under free preferences, sleep onset delays in summer, opposing to the regulation and following the delay in sunset time, while sleep offset advances, despite clock time already advanced in the spring transition. This advance still follows the advance in sunrise times. The best explanation for these findings is that human cycles are not misaligned by the size and direction of DST regulations, which explains the success of that practice. The sleep/wake cycle in Great Britain and France exhibit fewer statistically significant excursions than the sleep/wake cycle in Spain, Italy and United States, despite light and dark seasonal deviations are larger. That could be indicating that the preference for a seasonal regulation of time decreases with increasing latitude above 47°. The preferences for a seasonal regulation of clocks and for the choice of permanent summer time or permanent winter time are sketched from a previous report on human activity.
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