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Kozlov AA, Sokolova YO, Kovalenko AL, Bazhanova ED. Effect of Lysine Acridone Acetate on the Level of Apoptosis and Expression of Apoptosis-Associated Proteins during Antioncogenic Therapy in Colorectal Cancer in Mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 176:210-215. [PMID: 38194065 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-024-05997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We studied the mechanism of action of cytostatics with the addition of lysine acridone acetate to evaluate the possibility of its use for improving the effectiveness of antioncogenic therapy in colorectal cancer. In Nude mouse model, the level of apoptosis (TUNEL) and expression of proteins CD95, p53, Bcl-2, histone H3, and Ki-67 (immunohistochemistry) were assessed in primary tumor biopsy specimens. It has been shown that cytostatic treatment led to stimulation of p53-mediated apoptosis and suppression of proliferation (Ki-67 expression) of tumor cells, and apoptosis level was increased in groups receiving lysine acridone acetate. H3 expression in the experimental groups was changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kozlov
- S. N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yu O Sokolova
- S. N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A L Kovalenko
- S. N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E D Bazhanova
- S. N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Xuan C, Hu R. Chemical Biology Perspectives on STING Agonists as Tumor Immunotherapy. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300405. [PMID: 37794702 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial adaptor protein in the innate immune response. STING activation triggers cytokine secretion, including type I interferon and initiates T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. The activated immune system converts "cold tumors" into "hot tumors" that are highly responsive to T cells by recruiting them to the tumor microenvironment, ultimately leading to potent and long-lasting antitumor effects. Unlike most immune checkpoint inhibitors, STING agonists represent a groundbreaking class of innate immune agonists that hold great potential for effectively targeting various cancer populations and are poised to become a blockbuster in tumor immunotherapy. This review will focus on the correlation between the STING signaling pathway and tumor immunity, as well as explore the impact of STING activation on other biological processes. Ultimately, we will summarize the development and optimization of STING agonists from a medicinal chemistry perspective, evaluate their potential in cancer therapy, and identify possible challenges for future advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Xuan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24, TongJiaXiang, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24, TongJiaXiang, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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Zhurinov MZ, Miftakhova AF, Keyer V, Shulgau ZT, Solodova EV, Kalykberdiyev MK, Abilmagzhanov AZ, Talgatov ET, Ait S, Shustov AV. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Extracts and Other Therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 in Central Eurasia: Available but Overlooked. Molecules 2023; 28:6142. [PMID: 37630394 PMCID: PMC10458004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In Central Eurasia, the availability of drugs that are inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and have proven clinical efficacy is still limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of drugs that were available in Kazakhstan during the acute phase of the epidemic against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral activity is reported for Favipiravir, Tilorone, and Cridanimod, which are registered drugs used for the treatment of respiratory viral infections in Kazakhstan. A licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract was also incorporated into this study because it offered an opportunity to develop plant-derived antivirals. The Favipiravir drug, which had been advertised in local markets as an anti-COVID cure, showed no activity against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures. On the contrary, Cridanimod showed impressive high activity (median inhibitory concentration 66 μg/mL) against SARS-CoV-2, justifying further studies of Cridanimod in clinical trials. Tilorone, despite being in the same pharmacological group as Cridanimod, stimulated SARS-CoV-2 replication in cultures. The licorice extract inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in cultures, with a high median effective concentration of 16.86 mg/mL. Conclusions: The synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound Cridanimod suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication at notably low concentrations, and this drug is not toxic to cells at therapeutic concentrations. In contrast to its role as an inducer of interferons, Cridanimod is active in cells that have a genetic defect in interferon production, suggesting a different mechanism of action. Cridanimod is an attractive drug for inclusion in clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2 and, presumably, other coronaviruses. The extract from licorice shows low activity against SARS-CoV-2. At the same time, high doses of 2 g/kg of this plant extract show little or no acute toxicity in animal studies; for this reason, licorice products can still be considered for further development as a safe, orally administered adjunctive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Zh. Zhurinov
- “D.V. Sokolskiy Institute of Fuel, Catalysis and Electrochemistry” JSC, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Alfira F. Miftakhova
- “D.V. Sokolskiy Institute of Fuel, Catalysis and Electrochemistry” JSC, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Viktoriya Keyer
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RSE “National Center for Biotechnology”, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Zarina T. Shulgau
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RSE “National Center for Biotechnology”, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Elena V. Solodova
- “D.V. Sokolskiy Institute of Fuel, Catalysis and Electrochemistry” JSC, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, International Engineering Technological University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Maxat K. Kalykberdiyev
- “D.V. Sokolskiy Institute of Fuel, Catalysis and Electrochemistry” JSC, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Arlan Z. Abilmagzhanov
- “D.V. Sokolskiy Institute of Fuel, Catalysis and Electrochemistry” JSC, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Eldar T. Talgatov
- “D.V. Sokolskiy Institute of Fuel, Catalysis and Electrochemistry” JSC, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Sauyk Ait
- “D.V. Sokolskiy Institute of Fuel, Catalysis and Electrochemistry” JSC, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexandr V. Shustov
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RSE “National Center for Biotechnology”, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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Tilorone and Cridanimod Protect Mice and Show Antiviral Activity in Rats despite Absence of the Interferon-Inducing Effect in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050617. [PMID: 35631443 PMCID: PMC9143969 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic compounds, Tilorone and Cridanimod, have the antiviral activity which initially had been ascribed to the capacity to induce interferon. Both drugs induce interferon in mice but not in humans. This study investigates whether these compounds have the antiviral activity in mice and rats since rats more closely resemble the human response. Viral-infection models were created in CD-1 mice and Wistar rats. Three strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus were tested for the performance in these models. One virus strain is the molecularly cloned attenuated vaccine. The second strain has major virulence determinants converted to the wild-type state which are present in virulent strains. The third virus has wild-type virulence determinants, and in addition, is engineered to express green fluorescent protein. Experimentally infected animals received Tilorone or Cridanimod, and their treatment was equivalent to the pharmacopoeia-recomended human treatment regimen. Tilorone and Cridanimod show the antiviral activity in mice and rats and protect the mice from death. In rats, both drugs diminish the viremia. These drugs do not induce interferon-alpha or interferon-beta in rats. The presented observations allow postulating the existence of an interferon-independent and species-independent mechanism of action.
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