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Visani E, Panzica F, Franceschetti S, Golfrè Andreasi N, Cilia R, Rinaldo S, Rossi Sebastiano D, Lanteri P, Eleopra R. Early cortico-muscular coherence and cortical network changes in Parkinson's patients treated with MRgFUS. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1362712. [PMID: 38585361 PMCID: PMC10995240 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1362712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction To investigate cortical network changes using Magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients undergoing Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy. Methods We evaluated the MEG signals in 16 PD patients with drug-refractory tremor before and after 12-month from MRgFUS unilateral lesion of the ventralis intermediate nucleus (Vim) of the thalamus contralateral to the most affected body side. We recorded patients 24 h before (T0) and 24 h after MRgFUS (T1). We analyzed signal epochs recorded at rest and during the isometric extension of the hand contralateral to thalamotomy. We evaluated cortico-muscular coherence (CMC), the out-strength index from non-primary motor areas to the pre-central area and connectivity indexes, using generalized partial directed coherence. Statistical analysis was performed using RMANOVA and post hoct-tests. Results Most changes found at T1 compared to T0 occurred in the beta band and included: (1) a re-adjustment of CMC distribution; (2) a reduced out-strength from non-primary motor areas toward the precentral area; (3) strongly reduced clustering coefficient values. These differences mainly occurred during motor activation and with few statistically significant changes at rest. Correlation analysis showed significant relationships between changes of out-strength and clustering coefficient in non-primary motor areas and the changes in clinical scores. Discussion One day after MRgFUS thalamotomy, PD patients showed a topographically reordered CMC and decreased cortico-cortical flow, together with a reduced local connection between different nodes. These findings suggest that the reordered cortico-muscular and cortical-networks in the beta band may represent an early physiological readjustment related to MRgFUS Vim lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Visani
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Panzica
- Clinical Engineering, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Golfrè Andreasi
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cilia
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Rinaldo
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paola Lanteri
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Eleopra
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Orellana V. D, Donoghue JP, Vargas-Irwin CE. Low frequency independent components: Internal neuromarkers linking cortical LFPs to behavior. iScience 2024; 27:108310. [PMID: 38303697 PMCID: PMC10831875 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Local field potentials (LFPs) in the primate motor cortex have been shown to reflect information related to volitional movements. However, LFPs are composite signals that receive contributions from multiple neural sources, producing a complex mix of component signals. Using a blind source separation approach, we examined the components of neural activity recorded using multielectrode arrays in motor areas of macaque monkeys during a grasping and lifting task. We found a set of independent components in the low-frequency LFP with high temporal and spatial consistency associated with each task stage. We observed that ICs often arise from electrodes distributed across multiple cortical areas and provide complementary information to external behavioral markers, specifically in task stage detection and trial alignment. Taken together, our results show that it is possible to separate useful independent components of the LFP associated with specific task-related events, potentially representing internal markers of transition between cortical network states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Orellana V.
- Engineering Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Faculty of Energy, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja 110101, Ecuador
| | - John P. Donoghue
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Robert J and Nancy D Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Carlos E. Vargas-Irwin
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Robert J and Nancy D Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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Alcock L, Vitório R, Stuart S, Rochester L, Pantall A. Faster Walking Speeds Require Greater Activity from the Primary Motor Cortex in Older Adults Compared to Younger Adults. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6921. [PMID: 37571703 PMCID: PMC10422240 DOI: 10.3390/s23156921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Gait speed declines with age and slower walking speeds are associated with poor health outcomes. Understanding why we do not walk faster as we age, despite being able to, has implications for rehabilitation. Changes in regional oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO2) across the frontal lobe were monitored using functional near infrared spectroscopy in 17 young and 18 older adults while they walked on a treadmill for 5 min, alternating between 30 s of walking at a preferred and fast (120% preferred) speed. Gait was quantified using a triaxial accelerometer (lower back). Differences between task (preferred/fast) and group (young/old) and associations between regional HbO2 and gait were evaluated. Paired tests indicated increased HbO2 in the supplementary motor area (right) and primary motor cortex (left and right) in older adults when walking fast (p < 0.006). HbO2 did not significantly change in the young when walking fast, despite both groups modulating gait. When evaluating the effect of age (linear mixed effects model), greater increases in HbO2 were observed for older adults when walking fast (prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex) compared to young adults. In older adults, increased step length and reduced step length variability were associated with larger increases in HbO2 across multiple regions when walking fast. Walking fast required increased activation of motor regions in older adults, which may serve as a therapeutic target for rehabilitation. Widespread increases in HbO2 across the frontal cortex highlight that walking fast represents a resource-intensive task as we age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Alcock
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK; (L.A.); (L.R.)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Rodrigo Vitório
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (R.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (R.V.); (S.S.)
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lynn Rochester
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK; (L.A.); (L.R.)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
- The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Annette Pantall
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
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Wu X, Sarpong GA, Zhang J, Sugihara I. Divergent topographic projection of cerebral cortical areas to overlapping cerebellar lobules through distinct regions of the pontine nuclei. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14352. [PMID: 37025843 PMCID: PMC10070096 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The massive axonal projection from the cerebrum to the cerebellum through the pontine nuclei supports the cerebrocerebellar coordination of motor and nonmotor functions. However, the cerebrum and cerebellum have distinct patterns of functional localization in their cortices. We addressed this issue by bidirectional neuronal tracing from 22 various locations of the pontine nuclei in the mouse in a comprehensive manner. Cluster analyses of the distribution patterns of labeled cortical pyramidal cells and cerebellar mossy fiber terminals classified all cases into six groups located in six different subareas of the pontine nuclei. The lateral (insular), mediorostral (cingulate and prefrontal), and caudal (visual and auditory) cortical areas of the cerebrum projected to the medial, rostral, and lateral subareas of the pontine nuclei, respectively. These pontine subareas then projected mainly to the crus I, central vermis, and paraflocculus divergently. The central (motor and somatosensory) cortical areas projected to the centrorostral, centrocaudal and caudal subareas of the pontine nuclei, which then projected mainly to the rostral and caudal lobules with a somatotopic arrangement. The results indicate a new pontine nuclei-centric view of the corticopontocerebellar projection: the generally parallel corticopontine projection to pontine nuclei subareas is relayed to the highly divergent pontocerebellar projection terminating in overlapping specific lobules of the cerebellum. Consequently, the mode of the pontine nuclei relay underlies the cerebellar functional organization.
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Morphological changes of large layer V pyramidal neurons in cortical motor-related areas after spinal cord injury in macaque monkeys. Sci Rep 2023; 13:82. [PMID: 36596827 PMCID: PMC9810718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In primates, neurons giving rise to the corticospinal tract (CST) are distributed in several motor-related areas of the frontal lobe, such as the primary motor cortex (M1), the supplementary motor area (SMA), and the dorsal and ventral divisions of the premotor cortex (PMd, PMv). Recently, we have shown in macaque monkeys that the morphology of basal dendrites of CST neurons, i.e., large layer V pyramidal neurons, varies among the digit regions of the motor-related areas. Here, we investigated the alterations in basal dendrite morphology of CST neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI). In our monkey model, both the complexity and the spine density of basal dendrites were highly decreased throughout the areas. Notably, these events were less prominent for the PMd than for the M1, SMA, and PMv. In analyzing the density changes post-SCI of the filopodia-, thin-, stubby-, and mushroom-type spines, it was found that the density of filopodia-type spines was increased for all areas, whereas the other types of spines exhibited density decreases. Such spine density reductions were so limited for the PMd as compared to the other areas. The observed plastic changes of CST neurons may contribute to the recovery from impaired motor functions caused by SCI.
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D'Aleo R, Rouse AG, Schieber MH, Sarma SV. Cortico-cortical drive in a coupled premotor-primary motor cortex dynamical system. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111849. [PMID: 36543147 PMCID: PMC11271678 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the conventional view of sensorimotor control, the premotor cortex (PM) plans actions that are executed by the primary motor cortex (M1). This notion arises in part from many experiments that have imposed a preparatory "planning" period, during which PM becomes active without M1. But during many natural movements, PM and M1 are co-activated, making it difficult to distinguish their functional roles. We leverage coupled dynamical systems models (cDSMs) to uncover interactions between PM and M1 during movements performed with no preparatory period. We build cDSMs using neural and behavioral data recorded from two non-human primates as they performed a reach-grasp-manipulate task. PM and M1 interact dynamically throughout these movements. Whereas PM drives the M1 in some situations, in other situations, M1 drives PM activity, contrary to the conventional assumption. Our DSM framework provides additional predictions differentiating the roles of PM and M1 in controlling movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina D'Aleo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Adam G Rouse
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Marc H Schieber
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sridevi V Sarma
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Bao YW, Shea YF, Chiu PKC, Kwan JSK, Chan FHW, Chow WS, Chan KH, Mak HKF. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations signals related to amyloid uptake in high-risk populations—A pilot fMRI study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:956222. [PMID: 35966783 PMCID: PMC9372772 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.956222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD) have a higher risk to develop Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Resting-state-functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was used to document neurological involvement in the two groups from the aspect of brain dysfunction. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) starts decades ago before the onset of clinical symptoms and may already have been associated with brain function in high-risk populations. However, this study aims to compare the patterns of fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) maps between cognitively normal high-risk groups (SCD and T2DM) and healthy elderly and evaluate the association between regional amyloid deposition and local fALFF signals in certain cortical regions.Materials and methodsA total of 18 T2DM, 11 SCD, and 18 healthy elderlies were included in this study. The differences in the fALFF maps were compared between HC and high-risk groups. Regional amyloid deposition and local fALFF signals were obtained and further correlated in two high-risk groups.ResultsCompared to HC, the altered fALFF signals of regions were shown in SCD such as the left posterior cerebellum, left putamen, and cingulate gyrus. The T2DM group illustrated altered neural activity in the superior temporal gyrus, supplementary motor area, and precentral gyrus. The correlation between fALFF signals and amyloid deposition was negative in the left anterior cingulate cortex for both groups. In the T2DM group, a positive correlation was shown in the right occipital lobe and left mesial temporal lobe.ConclusionThe altered fALFF signals were demonstrated in high-risk groups compared to HC. Very early amyloid deposition in SCD and T2DM groups was observed to affect the neural activity mainly involved in the default mode network (DMN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Bao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yat-Fung Shea
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Joseph S. K. Kwan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Felix Hon-Wai Chan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Sun Chow
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Koon-Ho Chan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Henry Ka-Fung Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Henry Ka-Fung Mak
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Ninomiya T, Nakagawa H, Inoue KI, Nishimura Y, Oishi T, Yamashita T, Takada M. Origin of Multisynaptic Corticospinal Pathway to Forelimb Segments in Macaques and Its Reorganization After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:847100. [PMID: 35463202 PMCID: PMC9020432 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.847100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of the monosynaptic corticospinal pathway (CSP) terminating within the forelimb segments severely impairs manual dexterity. Functional recovery from the monosynaptic CSP lesion can be achieved through the remaining multisynaptic CSP toward the forelimb segments. In the present study, we applied retrograde transsynaptic labeling with rabies virus to a monkey model of spinal cord injury. By injecting the virus into the spinal forelimb segments immediately after the monosynaptic CSP lesion, we showed that the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), especially its caudal and bank region (so-called “new” M1), was the principal origin of the CSP linking the motor cortex to the spinal forelimb segments disynaptically (disynaptic CSP). This forms a striking contrast to the architecture of the monosynaptic CSP that involves extensively other motor-related areas, together with M1. Next, the rabies injections were made at the recovery period of 3 months after the monosynaptic CSP lesion. The second-order labeled neurons were located in the ipsilateral as well as in the contralateral “new” M1. This indicates that the disynaptic CSP input from the ipsilateral “new” M1 is recruited during the motor recovery from the monosynaptic CSP lesion. Our results suggest that the disynaptic CSP is reorganized to connect the ipsilateral “new” M1 to the forelimb motoneurons for functional compensation after the monosynaptic CSP lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihei Ninomiya
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Taihei Ninomiya,
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Nishimura
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Oishi
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
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Numssen O, Zier AL, Thielscher A, Hartwigsen G, Knösche TR, Weise K. Efficient high-resolution TMS mapping of the human motor cortex by nonlinear regression. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118654. [PMID: 34653612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful tool to investigate causal structure-function relationships in the human brain. However, a precise delineation of the effectively stimulated neuronal populations is notoriously impeded by the widespread and complex distribution of the induced electric field. Here, we propose a method that allows rapid and feasible cortical localization at the individual subject level. The functional relationship between electric field and behavioral effect is quantified by combining experimental data with numerically modeled fields to identify the cortical origin of the modulated effect. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from three finger muscles were recorded for a set of random stimulations around the primary motor area. All induced electric fields were nonlinearly regressed against the elicited MEPs to identify their cortical origin. We could distinguish cortical muscle representation with high spatial resolution and localized them primarily on the crowns and rims of the precentral gyrus. A post-hoc analysis revealed exponential convergence of the method with the number of stimulations, yielding a minimum of about 180 random stimulations to obtain stable results. Establishing a functional link between the modulated effect and the underlying mode of action, the induced electric field, is a fundamental step to fully exploit the potential of TMS. In contrast to previous approaches, the presented protocol is particularly easy to implement, fast to apply, and very robust due to the random coil positioning and therefore is suitable for practical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Numssen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anna-Leah Zier
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Methods and Development Group "Brain Networks", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Denmark; Technical University of Denmark, Center for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas R Knösche
- Methods and Development Group "Brain Networks", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 2, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Konstantin Weise
- Methods and Development Group "Brain Networks", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Technische Universität Ilmenau, Advanced Electromagnetics Group, Helmholtzplatz 2, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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Morphological features of large layer V pyramidal neurons in cortical motor-related areas of macaque monkeys: analysis of basal dendrites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4171. [PMID: 33603042 PMCID: PMC7893167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In primates, large layer V pyramidal neurons located in the frontal motor-related areas send a variety of motor commands to the spinal cord, giving rise to the corticospinal tract, for execution of skilled motor behavior. However, little is known about the morphological diversity of such pyramidal neurons among the areas. Here we show that the structure of basal dendrites of the large layer V pyramidal neurons in the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is different from those in the other areas, including the primary motor cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the ventral premotor cortex. In the PMd, not only the complexity (arborization) of basal dendrites, i.e., total dendritic length and branching number, was poorly developed, but also the density of dendritic spines was so low, as compared to the other motor-related areas. Regarding the distribution of the three dendritic spine types identified, we found that thin-type (more immature) spines were prominent in the PMd in comparison with stubby- and mushroom-type (more mature) spines, while both thin- and stubby-type spines were in the other areas. The differential morphological features of basal dendrites might reflect distinct patterns of motor information processing within the large layer V pyramidal neurons in individual motor-related areas.
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Primary motor cortex in Parkinson's disease: Functional changes and opportunities for neurostimulation. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105159. [PMID: 33152506 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement abnormalities of Parkinson's disease (PD) arise from disordered neural activity in multiple interconnected brain structures. The planning and execution of movement requires recruitment of a heterogeneous collection of pyramidal projection neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1). The neural representations of movement in M1 single-cell and field potential recordings are directly and indirectly influenced by the midbrain dopaminergic neurons that degenerate in PD. This review examines M1 functional alterations in PD as uncovered by electrophysiological recordings and neurostimulation studies in patients and experimental animal models. Dysfunction of the parkinsonian M1 depends on the severity and/or duration of dopamine-depletion and the species examined, and is expressed as alterations in movement-related firing dynamics; functional reorganisation of local circuits; and changes in field potential beta oscillations. Neurostimulation methods that modulate M1 activity directly (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) or indirectly (subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation) improve motor function in PD patients, showing that targeted neuromodulation of M1 is a realistic therapy. We argue that the therapeutic profile of M1 neurostimulation is likely to be greatly enhanced with alternative technologies that permit cell-type specific control and incorporate feedback from electrophysiological biomarkers measured locally.
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Wiegel P, Kurz A, Leukel C. Evidence that distinct human primary motor cortex circuits control discrete and rhythmic movements. J Physiol 2020; 598:1235-1251. [PMID: 32057108 DOI: 10.1113/jp278779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Discrete and rhythmic dynamics are inherent components of (human) movements. We provide evidence that distinct human motor cortex circuits contribute to discrete and rhythmic movements. Excitability of supragranular layer circuits of the human motor cortex was higher during discrete movements than during rhythmic movements. Conversely, more complex corticospinal circuits showed higher excitability during rhythmic movements than during discrete movements. No task-specific differences existed for corticospinal output neurons at infragranular layers. The excitability differences were found to be time(phase)-specific and could not be explained by the kinematic properties of the movements. The same task-specific differences were found between the last cycle of a rhythmic movement period and ongoing rhythmic movements. ABSTRACT Human actions entail discrete and rhythmic movements (DM and RM, respectively). Recent insights from human and animal studies indicate different neural control mechanisms for DM and RM, emphasizing the intrinsic nature of the task. However, how distinct human motor cortex circuits contribute to these movements remains largely unknown. In the present study, we tested distinct primary motor cortex and corticospinal circuits and proposed that they show differential excitability between DM and RM. Human subjects performed either 1) DM or 2) RM using their right wrist. We applied an advanced electrophysiological approach involving transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation to test the excitability of the neural circuits. Probing was performed at different movement phases: movement initiation (MI, 20 ms after EMG onset) and movement execution (ME, 200 ms after EMG onset) of the wrist flexion. At MI, excitability at supragranular layers was significantly higher in DM than in RM. Conversely, excitability of more complex corticospinal circuits was significantly lower in DM than RM at ME. No task-specific differences were found for direct corticospinal output neurons at infragranular layers. The neural differences could not be explained by the kinematic properties of the movements and also existed between ongoing RM and the last cycle of RM. Our results therefore strengthen the hypothesis that different neural control mechanisms engage in DM and RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wiegel
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79117, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79117, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Christian Leukel
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79117, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
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