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Lamssali M, Luster-Teasley S, Deng D, Sirelkhatim N, Doan Y, Kabir MS, Zeng Q. Release efficiencies of potassium permanganate controlled-release biodegradable polymer (CRBP) pellets embedded in polyvinyl acetate (CRBP-PVAc) and polyethylene oxide (CRBP- PEO) for groundwater treatment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20858. [PMID: 37867834 PMCID: PMC10585301 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a commonly used method for the remediation of environmental contaminants in groundwater systems. However, traditional ISCO methods are associated with several limitations, including safety and handling concerns, rebound of groundwater contaminants, and difficulty in reaching all areas of contamination. To overcome these limitations, novel Controlled-Release Biodegradable Polymer (CRBP) pellets containing the oxidant KMnO₄ were designed and tested. The CRBP pellets were encapsulated in Polyvinyl Acetate (CRBP-PVAc) and Polyethylene Oxide (CRBP-PEO) at different weight percentages, baking temperatures, and time. Their release efficiency was tested in water, soil, and water and soil mixture media. Results showed that CRBP-PVAc pellets with 60 % KMnO₄ and baked at 120 °C for 2 min had the highest release percentage and rate across different conditions tested. Natural organic matter was also found to be an important factor to consider for in-field applications due to its potential reducing effect with Mn O 4 - . Overall, the use of CRBP pellets offers an innovative and sustainable solution to remediate contaminated groundwater systems, with the potential to overcome traditional ISCO limitations. These findings suggest that CRBP pellets could provide sustained and controlled release of the oxidant, reducing the need for multiple injections and minimizing safety and handling concerns. This study represents an important step towards developing a new and effective approach for ISCO remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Lamssali
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, 27411, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie Luster-Teasley
- Provost and VC for Academic Affairs, North Carolina A&T State University, 27411, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Dongyang Deng
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, 27411, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Nafisa Sirelkhatim
- Dean's Office, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 27401, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Yen Doan
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 27411, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Mosarrat Samiha Kabir
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 27401, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Qingan Zeng
- Department of Computer Systems Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, 27411, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Mališová E, Guštafík A, Tamáš M, Strečanský T, Imreová Z, Konečná B, Červenková A, Peciar P, Mackuľak T, Híveš J. Effective stabilization of electrochemically prepared ecological oxidizing agent-ferrate(VI)-by encapsulation in zeolite and its application to water containing SARS-CoV-2 virus. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10940. [PMID: 37815302 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Improper and insufficient treatment of infectious hospital wastewater could seriously endanger public health and the environment. Ferrate(VI), a strong oxidizing, disinfecting, and coagulating agent, has the potential as a green solution for decontamination of water and wastewater. In this paper, electrochemically prepared potassium ferrate (K2 FeO4 ) with high purity was successfully encapsulated and applied to the water contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. Natural zeolite was chosen as an appropriate ecological material for ferrate encapsulation. The stability of encapsulated ferrate (in tablet form) was monitored for an extended time period (290 days) and has significantly increased in contrast with free potassium ferrate by almost 30%. Subsequently, the K2 FeO4 encapsulated with zeolite in tablet form was applied to the water and municipal water samples containing the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The removal efficiency reached up to 98.5% and 86.7%, respectively, under natural conditions. Combination of environmentally friendly oxidizing agent and natural excellent adsorbent leads to the creation of very effective water treatment matter. These findings are essentially immediate and especially important for immediate water treatment in urgent situations such as natural disasters or military conflict. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Electrochemical preparation of oxidizing agent, K2 FeO4 , in high purity by own constructed electrolyzer. Encapsulation of ferrate(VI) to natural zeolite threefold improving the stability during 9 months. SARS-CoV-2 virus was successfully removed from various contaminated types of water. High degradation efficiency of virus fragments by Fe(VI) was achieved without additional water adjustment, in natural pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília Mališová
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Adam Guštafík
- Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Tamáš
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Strečanský
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Imreová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Konečná
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Červenková
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Peciar
- Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Mackuľak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Híveš
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Joshi B, Khalil AM, Tabish TA, Memon FA, Chang H, Zhang S. Near Green Synthesis of Porous Graphene from Graphite Using an Encapsulated Ferrate(VI) Oxidant. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:29674-29684. [PMID: 37599955 PMCID: PMC10433472 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a conventional yet vital precursor for the synthesis of porous graphene (PG). Several strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and perchlorates are typically used for oxidization of graphite. However, they expose toxic reactants/products that harm the environment. Therefore, a greener approach is desperately needed to oxidize and exfoliate graphite. This study reports for the first time on successful oxidation of graphite by ferrate(VI) compounds via an encapsulation approach. By further reducing GO prepared from this near green route with vitamin C, PG anticipated by many highly important and expanding areas such as water treatment could be readily achieved. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV-vis spectroscopy, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) along with energy-dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the high yield of GO from the oxidation of graphite. Raman spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM confirmed the formation of high-quality few-layered PG from the reduction of as-prepared GO. The above results demonstrated the practicality of using encapsulated ferrate(VI) compounds to realize green oxidation of graphite and resolve the paradox about the oxidation capability of ferrate(VI). To further illustrate its potential for the removal of emerging and crucial contaminants from water, as-prepared PG was further examined against the contaminants of methyl orange (MeO) dye and ibuprofen (IBU). Taken together, the results revealed that more than 90% removal efficiency could be achieved at a high PG dosage against MeO and IBU. This ground-breaking greener approach opens the door to risk-free, extensive graphene environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Joshi
- Faculty
of Environment, Science and Economy, University
of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, U.K.
| | - Ahmed M.E. Khalil
- Faculty
of Environment, Science and Economy, University
of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo Universitynal-id id_type=″Ringgold″ id_value=″3286″
source-system=″pplus″/>, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Tanveer A. Tabish
- Division
of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Fayyaz A. Memon
- Faculty
of Environment, Science and Economy, University
of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, U.K.
| | - Hong Chang
- Faculty
of Environment, Science and Economy, University
of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, U.K.
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- Faculty
of Environment, Science and Economy, University
of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, U.K.
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4
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Critical analysis of the role of various iron-based heterogeneous catalysts for advanced oxidation processes: A state of the art review. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ifra, Thattaru Thodikayil A, Saha S. Compositionally Anisotropic Colloidal Surfactant Decorated with Dual Metallic Nanoparticles as a Pickering Emulsion Stabilizer and Their Application in Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23436-23451. [PMID: 35536242 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We aim to introduce compositionally anisotropic Janus particles, hemispheres of which was modified by hydrophilic poly(2-dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate) [poly(DMAEMA)] brushes to display amphiphilic surfactant-type characteristics. Acquired by the electrohydrodynamic co-jetting technique, these colloidal surfactants were employed to stabilize octanol/water-based Pickering emulsion, which shows prolonged stability for more than 4 months. To explore their potential as the interfacial catalyst, iron(0) nanoparticles were incorporated in one hemisphere during electrojetting, whereas gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were patched onto the surface of the other hemisphere, which was previously modified by the poly(DMAEMA) brush. Ultimately, simultaneous rapid reduction (100% conversion in 1 min) of p-nitrophenol or methyl orange (MO) by GNPs in the aqueous phase and dechlorination of trichloroethylene (a hazardous chlorinated solvent waste) present in the octanol phase were accomplished at the organic-water interface stabilized by the Janus particles decorated by dual metallic nanoparticles. In addition, facile recovery and recyclability of the catalyst were also achieved. The novel colloidal surfactant demonstrated in this study may open up a new avenue to accomplish catalysis of several organic reactions occurring at the water-oil interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | | | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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6
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Tang X, Yu C, Lei Y, Wang Z, Wang C, Wang J. A novel chitosan-urea encapsulated material for persulfate slow-release to degrade organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128083. [PMID: 34923382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel eco-friendly material (CS-U@PS) for persulfate slow-release to effectively degrade organic pollutants (methyl orange and pyrene) was synthesized using chitosan and urea as the encapsulated framework materials via an emulsion cross-linking method for the first time. The obtained CS-U@PS exhibits spherical shapes with a uniform size of approximately 2-3 µm according to the particle-size distribution and SEM image results. The slow-release mechanism was proposed through a kinetics model study and the Ritger-Peppas model fit well (r2 = 0.9699) to indicate that the slow-release process is non-Fickian diffusion. The influences of urea and PS dosages and oxidative conditions on methyl orange degradation were studied, and all the results suggested that urea played an important role in PS slow-release and can also catalyze the activation of PS by iron to further produce radicals and improve the removal efficiency of pollutants. A pyrene removal rate of 90.53% was achieved in aqueous solutions and an above 80% removal rate was obtained in weakly acidic or neutral soil environments by CS-U@PS activated by Fe2+ with citric acid as the chelating agent. Therefore, the fabricated slow-release oxidation materials exhibit application potential for the remediation of organic polluted groundwater and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Urban Environmental Pollution Diagnosis and Remediation Technology Engineering Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Congya Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Urban Environmental Pollution Diagnosis and Remediation Technology Engineering Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Urban Environmental Pollution Diagnosis and Remediation Technology Engineering Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Urban Environmental Pollution Diagnosis and Remediation Technology Engineering Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Jingang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China.
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7
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Butor Škulcová A, Tamášová K, Vojs Staňová A, Bírošová L, Krahulcová M, Gál M, Konečná B, Janíková M, Celec P, Grabicová K, Grabic R, Filip J, Belišová N, Ryba J, Kerekeš K, Špalková V, Híveš J, Mackuľak T. Effervescent ferrate(VI)-based tablets as an effective means for removal SARS-CoV-2 RNA, pharmaceuticals and resistant bacteria from wastewater. JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2021; 43:102223. [PMID: 35592837 PMCID: PMC8290487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens including viruses, bacteria and micropollutants secreted from population can spread through the sewerage system. In this study, the efficiency of unique effervescent ferrate-based tablets was evaluated for total RNA and DNA removal, disinfection and degradation of micropollutants in hospital wastewater. For the purpose of testing, proposed tablets (based on citric acid or sodium dihydrogen phosphate) were used for various types of hospital wastewater with specific biological and chemical contamination. Total RNA destruction efficiency using tablets was 70-100% depending on the type of acidic component. DNA destruction efficiency was lower on the level 51-94% depending on the type of acidic component. In addition, our study confirms that effervescent ferrate-based tablets are able to efficiently remove of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from wastewater. Degradation of often detected micropollutants (antiepileptic, antidepressant, antihistamine, hypertensive and their metabolites) was dependent on the type of detected pharmaceuticals and on the acidic component used. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate based tablet appeared to be more effective than citric acid based tablet and removed some pharmaceuticals with efficiency higher than 97%. Last but not least, the disinfection ability was also verified. Tableted ferrates were confirmed to be an effective disinfectant and no resistant microorganisms were observed after treatment. Total and antibiotic resistant bacteria (coliforms and enterococci) were determined by cultivation on diagnostic selective agar growth media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Butor Škulcová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Tamášová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Vojs Staňová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Bírošová
- Department Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Krahulcová
- Department Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Gál
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technology and Materials, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Konečná
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, SK-811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Janíková
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, SK-811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, SK-811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Filip
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Noemi Belišová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Ryba
- Department of Polymer Processing, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Krškanská 21, SK-949 01 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Kamil Kerekeš
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technology and Materials, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Viera Špalková
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technology and Materials, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 00, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Híveš
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technology and Materials, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Mackuľak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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8
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Zhou Z, Li M, Kuai C, Zhang Y, Smith VF, Lin F, Aiello A, Durkin DP, Chen H, Shuai D. Fe-based single-atom catalysis for oxidizing contaminants of emerging concern by activating peroxides. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126294. [PMID: 34102366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We prepared a single-atom Fe catalyst supported on an oxygen-doped, nitrogen-rich carbon support (SAFe-OCN) for degrading a broad spectrum of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) by activating peroxides such as peroxymonosulfate (PMS). In the SAFe-OCN/PMS system, most selected CECs were amenable to degradation and high-valent Fe species were present for oxidation. Moreover, SAFe-OCN showed excellent performance for contaminant degradation in complex water matrices and high stability in oxidation. Specifically, SAFe-OCN, with a catalytic center of Fe coordinated with both nitrogen and oxygen (FeNxO4-x), showed 5.13-times increased phenol degradation kinetics upon activating PMS compared to the catalyst where Fe was only coordinated with nitrogen (FeN4). Molecular simulations suggested that FeNxO4-x, compared to FeN4, was an excellent multiple-electron donor and it could potential-readily form high-valent Fe species upon oxidation. In summary, the single-atom Fe catalyst enables efficient, robust, and sustainable water and wastewater treatment, and molecular simulations highlight that the electronic nature of Fe could play a key role in determining the activity of the single-atom catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Mengqiao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Chunguang Kuai
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Virginia F Smith
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ashlee Aiello
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA
| | - David P Durkin
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA.
| | - Hanning Chen
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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