Impaired production of immune mediators in dengue virus type 2-infected mononuclear cells of adults with end stage renal disease

Dengue haemorrhagic fever in chronic kidney disease and heart failure: challenges in fluid management

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is recognized to have high mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure (HF). They are at high risk of shock during the ascending limb of the critical phase of DHF, fluid overload during convalescence and bleeding throughout the entire illness. Physiological changes and medications used in CKD/HF make the diagnosis and monitoring of DHF difficult. Treatment with standard fluid regimens also poses a challenge due to the propensity for fluid overload. As a result, standard dengue guidelines do not provide recommendations on fluid management regimens in DHF with CKD/HF. This article provides a narrative review on the existing evidence for management of DHF in patients with volume-changed states such as HF, CKD and nephrotic/ nephritic syndromes. It will explore the relevant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas, acknowledge the challenges for developing guidelines and recommend strategies to improve fluid management in these groups of patients.

Abnormal Blood Bacteriome, Gut Dysbiosis, and Progression to Severe Dengue Disease

Despite a well-known association between gut barrier defect (leaky gut) and several diseases, data on translocation of pathogen molecules, including bacterial DNA (blood bacteriome), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), from the gut to the blood circulation (gut translocation) in dengue are still less studied. Perhaps, dengue infection might induce gut translocation of several pathogenic molecules that affect the disease severity. At the enrollment, there were 31 dengue cases in febrile and critical phases at 4.1 ± 0.3 days and 6.4 ± 1.1 days of illness, respectively, with the leaky gut as indicated by positive lactulose-to-mannitol excretion ratio. With blood bacteriome, the patients with critical phase (more severe dengue; n = 23) demonstrated more predominant abundance in Bacteroidetes and Escherichia spp. with the lower Bifidobacteria when compared with the healthy control (n = 5). Meanwhile, most of the blood bacteriome results in dengue with febrile stage (n = 8) were comparable to the control, except for the lower Bifidobacteria in dengue cases. Additionally, endotoxemia at the enrollment was demonstrated in five (62.5%) and 19 (82.6%) patients with febrile and critical phases, respectively, while serum BG was detectable in two (25%) and 20 (87%) patients with febrile and critical phases, respectively. There were higher peripheral blood non-classical monocytes and natural killer cells (NK cells) at the enrollment in patients with febrile phage than in the cases with critical stage. Then, non-classical monocytes (CD14^-CD16⁺) and NK cells (CD56⁺CD16^-) increased at 4 and 7 days of illness in the cases with critical and febrile stages, respectively, the elevation of LPS and/or BG in serum on day 7 was also associated with the increase in monocytes, NK cells, and cytotoxic T cells. In summary, enhanced Proteobacteria (pathogenic bacteria from blood bacteriomes) along with increased endotoxemia and serum BG (leaky gut syndrome) might be collaborated with the impaired microbial control (lower non-classical monocytes and NK cells) in the critical cases and causing more severe disease of dengue infection.

Risk factors for hospitalization and mortality due to dengue fever in a Mexican population: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

Identify risk factors associated with increased hospital admission and mortality due to dengue fever (DF), and estimate the risk magnitude associated with each individual variable.

METHODS

Records of patients diagnosed with dengue were obtained from the Mexican National Epidemiological Surveillance System. Descriptive statistics were performed in all variables. Demographic characteristics and comorbidities were compared between patients based on type of care and mortality. Multivariable analysis was done with a logistic regression model, using two different outcomes: hospitalization and mortality.

RESULTS

A total of 24,495 patients were included in the analysis, with a DF case fatality rate of 0.58%. Patients younger than 10 and older than 60, were found to have a greater risk of both hospitalization and mortality due to DF. Comorbidities associated with a higher risk for hospital admission include cirrhosis, CKD, immunosuppression, diabetes, and hypertension. For mortality, CKD, diabetes, and hypertension were identified as risk factors, along with pregnancy.

CONCLUSION

Identification of risk factors associated with increased hospitalization and mortality due to DF can help categorize patients that require close monitoring and inpatient care. Early identification of warning signs and patients at increased risk is key to avoiding delay of supportive care.