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Park H, Park JJ, Bui PD, Yoon H, Grigoropoulos CP, Lee D, Ko SH. Laser-Based Selective Material Processing for Next-Generation Additive Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307586. [PMID: 37740699 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The connection between laser-based material processing and additive manufacturing is quite deeply rooted. In fact, the spark that started the field of additive manufacturing is the idea that two intersecting laser beams can selectively solidify a vat of resin. Ever since, laser has been accompanying the field of additive manufacturing, with its repertoire expanded from processing only photopolymer resin to virtually any material, allowing liberating customizability. As a result, additive manufacturing is expected to take an even more prominent role in the global supply chain in years to come. Herein, an overview of laser-based selective material processing is presented from various aspects: the physics of laser-material interactions, the materials currently used in additive manufacturing processes, the system configurations that enable laser-based additive manufacturing, and various functional applications of next-generation additive manufacturing. Additionally, current challenges and prospects of laser-based additive manufacturing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijae Park
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jung Jae Park
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Phuong-Danh Bui
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Yoon
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Daeho Lee
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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2
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Vladisaljević GT. Droplet Microfluidics for High-Throughput Screening and Directed Evolution of Biomolecules. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:971. [PMID: 39203623 PMCID: PMC11356158 DOI: 10.3390/mi15080971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Directed evolution is a powerful technique for creating biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids with tailor-made properties for therapeutic and industrial applications by mimicking the natural evolution processes in the laboratory. Droplet microfluidics improved classical directed evolution by enabling time-consuming and laborious steps in this iterative process to be performed within monodispersed droplets in a highly controlled and automated manner. Droplet microfluidic chips can generate, manipulate, and sort individual droplets at kilohertz rates in a user-defined microchannel geometry, allowing new strategies for high-throughput screening and evolution of biomolecules. In this review, we discuss directed evolution studies in which droplet-based microfluidic systems were used to screen and improve the functional properties of biomolecules. We provide a systematic overview of basic on-chip fluidic operations, including reagent mixing by merging continuous fluid streams and droplet pairs, reagent addition by picoinjection, droplet generation, droplet incubation in delay lines, chambers and hydrodynamic traps, and droplet sorting techniques. Various microfluidic strategies for directed evolution using single and multiple emulsions and biomimetic materials (giant lipid vesicles, microgels, and microcapsules) are highlighted. Completely cell-free microfluidic-assisted in vitro compartmentalization methods that eliminate the need to clone DNA into cells after each round of mutagenesis are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran T Vladisaljević
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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3
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Carnero B, Radziunas-Salinas Y, Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Ballesta SV, Flores-Arias MT. Versatile hybrid technique for passive straight micromixer manufacturing by combining pulsed laser ablation, stereolithographic 3D printing and computational fluid dynamics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2669-2682. [PMID: 38651171 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
There is a need to develop new and versatile fabrication methods to achieve efficient mixing of fluids in microfluidic channels using microstructures. This work presents a new technique that combines stereolithography (SLA) and pulsed laser ablation (PLA) to manufacture a straight micromixer for uniform mixing of two samples. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed to deeply understand the physical mechanisms of the process. The results suggest that this new optical technique holds the potential to become a versatile hybrid technique for manufacturing remarkable mixing microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastián Carnero
- Photonics4Life Research Group, Applied Physics Department, Facultade de Física, iMATUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- BFlow SL, Edificio Emprendia, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, E-15706, Spain
| | - Yago Radziunas-Salinas
- Photonics4Life Research Group, Applied Physics Department, Facultade de Física, iMATUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | - Sylvana Varela Ballesta
- BFlow SL, Edificio Emprendia, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, E-15706, Spain
- Departament d'Enginyeria Mecànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, E-43007, Spain
| | - M Teresa Flores-Arias
- Photonics4Life Research Group, Applied Physics Department, Facultade de Física, iMATUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Chandrasekharan HK, Wlodarczyk KL, MacPherson WN, Maroto-Valer MM. In-situ multicore fibre-based pH mapping through obstacles in integrated microfluidic devices. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2839. [PMID: 38310119 PMCID: PMC10838297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic systems with integrated sensors are ideal platforms to study and emulate processes such as complex multiphase flow and reactive transport in porous media, numerical modeling of bulk systems in medicine, and in engineering. Existing commercial optical fibre sensing systems used in integrated microfluidic devices are based on single-core fibres, limiting the spatial resolution in parameter measurements in such application scenarios. Here, we propose a multicore fibre-based pH system for in-situ pH mapping with tens of micrometer spatial resolution in microfluidic devices. The demonstration uses custom laser-manufactured glass microfluidic devices (called further micromodels) consisting of two round ports. The micromodels comprise two lintels for the injection of various pH buffers and an outlet. The two-port system facilitates the injection of various pH solutions using independent pressure pumps. The multicore fibre imaging system provides spatial information about the pH environment from the intensity distribution of fluorescence emission from the sensor attached to the fibre end facet, making use of the cores in the fibre as independent measurement channels. As proof-of-concept, we performed pH measurements in micromodels through obstacles (glass and rock beads), showing that the particle features can be clearly distinguishable from the intensity distribution from the fibre sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikumar K Chandrasekharan
- Applied Optics and Photonics Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Krystian L Wlodarczyk
- Applied Optics and Photonics Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - William N MacPherson
- Applied Optics and Photonics Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - M Mercedes Maroto-Valer
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
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Jambhulkar S, Ravichandran D, Zhu Y, Thippanna V, Ramanathan A, Patil D, Fonseca N, Thummalapalli SV, Sundaravadivelan B, Sun A, Xu W, Yang S, Kannan AM, Golan Y, Lancaster J, Chen L, Joyee EB, Song K. Nanoparticle Assembly: From Self-Organization to Controlled Micropatterning for Enhanced Functionalities. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306394. [PMID: 37775949 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles form long-range micropatterns via self-assembly or directed self-assembly with superior mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, chemical, and other functional properties for broad applications, such as structural supports, thermal exchangers, optoelectronics, microelectronics, and robotics. The precisely defined particle assembly at the nanoscale with simultaneously scalable patterning at the microscale is indispensable for enabling functionality and improving the performance of devices. This article provides a comprehensive review of nanoparticle assembly formed primarily via the balance of forces at the nanoscale (e.g., van der Waals, colloidal, capillary, convection, and chemical forces) and nanoparticle-template interactions (e.g., physical confinement, chemical functionalization, additive layer-upon-layer). The review commences with a general overview of nanoparticle self-assembly, with the state-of-the-art literature review and motivation. It subsequently reviews the recent progress in nanoparticle assembly without the presence of surface templates. Manufacturing techniques for surface template fabrication and their influence on nanoparticle assembly efficiency and effectiveness are then explored. The primary focus is the spatial organization and orientational preference of nanoparticles on non-templated and pre-templated surfaces in a controlled manner. Moreover, the article discusses broad applications of micropatterned surfaces, encompassing various fields. Finally, the review concludes with a summary of manufacturing methods, their limitations, and future trends in nanoparticle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayli Jambhulkar
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dharneedar Ravichandran
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Varunkumar Thippanna
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramanathan
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dhanush Patil
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Nathan Fonseca
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Sri Vaishnavi Thummalapalli
- Manufacturing Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Barath Sundaravadivelan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Allen Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Weiheng Xu
- Systems Engineering, School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Sui Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Arunachala Mada Kannan
- The Polytechnic School (TPS), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Yuval Golan
- Department of Materials Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Jessica Lancaster
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
| | - Erina B Joyee
- Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Kenan Song
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering (ECAM), College of Engineering, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Adjunct Professor of School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University (ASU), Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
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Hajam MI, Khan MM. Microfluidics: a concise review of the history, principles, design, applications, and future outlook. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:218-251. [PMID: 38108438 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01463k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have garnered significant attention due to their ability to rapidly process samples and precisely manipulate fluids in assays, making them an attractive alternative to conventional experimental methods. With the potential for revolutionary capabilities in the future, this concise review provides readers with insights into the fascinating world of microfluidics. It begins by introducing the subject's historical background, allowing readers to familiarize themselves with the basics. The review then delves into the fundamental principles, discussing the underlying phenomena at play. Additionally, it highlights the different aspects of microfluidic device design, classification, and fabrication. Furthermore, the paper explores various applications, the global market, recent advancements, and challenges in the field. Finally, the review presents a positive outlook on trends and draws lessons to support the future flourishing of microfluidic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Irfan Hajam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, India.
| | - Mohammad Mohsin Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, India.
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7
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Yu C, Wu S, Zhong Y, Xu R, Yu T, Zhao J, Yu D. Application of Through Glass Via (TGV) Technology for Sensors Manufacturing and Packaging. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:171. [PMID: 38203033 PMCID: PMC10781294 DOI: 10.3390/s24010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Glass has emerged as a highly versatile substrate for various sensor and MEMS packaging applications, including electromechanical, thermal, optical, biomedical, and RF devices, due to its exceptional properties such as high geometrical tolerances, outstanding heat and chemical resistance, excellent high-frequency electrical properties, and the ability to be hermetically sealed. In these applications, Through Glass Via (TGV) technology plays a vital role in manufacturing and packaging by creating electrical interconnections through glass substrates. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the research progress in TGV fabrication along with its integrations, including through via formation and metallization. This paper also reviews the significant qualification and reliability achievements obtained by the scientific community for TGV technology. Additionally, this paper summarizes the application of TGV technology in various sensors such as MEMS sensors and discusses the potential applications and future development directions of TGV technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (C.Y.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.X.); (T.Y.)
| | - Shaocheng Wu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (C.Y.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.X.); (T.Y.)
| | - Yi Zhong
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (C.Y.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.X.); (T.Y.)
| | - Rongbin Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (C.Y.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.X.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tian Yu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (C.Y.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.X.); (T.Y.)
| | - Jin Zhao
- Institute of Electronics Packaging Technology and Reliability, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100021, China;
| | - Daquan Yu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (C.Y.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.X.); (T.Y.)
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de Moraes NC, Carvalho RM, Ferreira VS, da Silva RAB, de Melo EI, Petroni JM, Lucca BG. Improving the performance and versatility of microfluidic thread electroanalytical devices by automated injection with electronic pipettes: a new and powerful 3D-printed analytical platform. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:461. [PMID: 37926729 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic cotton thread-based electroanalytical devices (μTEDs) are analytical systems with attractive features such as spontaneous passive flow, low cost, minimal waste production, and good sensitivity. Currently, sample injection in µTEDs is performed by hand using manual micropipettes, which have drawbacks such as inconstant speed and position, dependence of skilled analysts, and need of physical effort of operator during prolonged times, leading to poor reproducibility and risk of strain injury. As an alternative to these inconveniences, we propose, for the first time, the use of electronic micropipettes to carry out automated injections in µTEDs. This new approach avoids all disadvantages of manual injections, while also improving the performance, experience, and versatility of µTEDs. The platform developed here is composed by three 3D-printed electrodes (detector) attached to a 3D-printed platform containing an adjustable holder that keeps the electronic pipette in the same x/y/z position. As a proof-of-concept, both injection modes (manual and electronic) were compared using three model analytes (nitrite, paracetamol, and 5-hydroxytryptophan) on µTED with amperometric detection. As result, improved analytical performance (limits of detection between 2.5- and 5-fold lower) was obtained when using electronic injections, as well as better repeatability/reproducibility and higher analytical frequencies. In addition, the determination of paracetamol in urine samples suggested better precision and accuracy for automated injection. Thus, electronic injection is a great advance and changes the state-of-art of µTEDs, mainly considering the use of more modern and versatile electronic pipettes (wider range of pre-programmed modes), which can lead to the development of even more automated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Canhete de Moraes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Rayan Marcel Carvalho
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | | | - Edmar Isaias de Melo
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Monte Carmelo, MG, 38500-000, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil.
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Karamzadeh V, Sohrabi-Kashani A, Shen M, Juncker D. Digital Manufacturing of Functional Ready-to-Use Microfluidic Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303867. [PMID: 37531202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Digital manufacturing (DM) holds great potential for microfluidics, but requirements for embedded conduits and high resolution beyond the capability of common manufacturing equipment, and microfluidic systems' dependence on peripheralshave limited its adoption. Capillaric circuits (CCs) are structurally encoded, self-contained microfluidic systems that operate and self-fill via precisely tailored hydrophilicity. CCs are heretofore hydrophilized in a plasma chamber, but which offers only transient hydrophilicity, lacks reproducibility, and limits CC design to open surface channels subsequently sealed with tape. Here, the additive DM of monolithic, fully functional, and intrinsically hydrophilic CCs is reported. CCs are 3D printed with commonly available light-engine-based 3D printers using poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate-based ink co-polymerized with hydrophilic acrylic acid crosslinkers and optimized for hydrophilicity and printability. A new, robust capillary valve design and embedded conduits with circular cross-sections that prevent bubble trapping are presented, interwoven circuit architectures created, and CC use illustrated with an immunoassay. Finally, the external paper capillary pumps are eliminated by directly embedding the capillary pump in the chip as a porous gyroid structure, realizing fully functional, monolithic CCs. Thence, a digital file can be made into a CC by commonly available 3D printers in less than 30 min enabling low-cost, distributed DM of fully functional ready-to-use microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Karamzadeh
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Ahmad Sohrabi-Kashani
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Molly Shen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - David Juncker
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0G1, Canada
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Rodríguez CF, Andrade-Pérez V, Vargas MC, Mantilla-Orozco A, Osma JF, Reyes LH, Cruz JC. Breaking the clean room barrier: exploring low-cost alternatives for microfluidic devices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1176557. [PMID: 37180035 PMCID: PMC10172592 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1176557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses both science and engineering, which aims to design and fabricate devices capable of manipulating extremely low volumes of fluids on a microscale level. The central objective of microfluidics is to provide high precision and accuracy while using minimal reagents and equipment. The benefits of this approach include greater control over experimental conditions, faster analysis, and improved experimental reproducibility. Microfluidic devices, also known as labs-on-a-chip (LOCs), have emerged as potential instruments for optimizing operations and decreasing costs in various of industries, including pharmaceutical, medical, food, and cosmetics. However, the high price of conventional prototypes for LOCs devices, generated in clean room facilities, has increased the demand for inexpensive alternatives. Polymers, paper, and hydrogels are some of the materials that can be utilized to create the inexpensive microfluidic devices covered in this article. In addition, we highlighted different manufacturing techniques, such as soft lithography, laser plotting, and 3D printing, that are suitable for creating LOCs. The selection of materials and fabrication techniques will depend on the specific requirements and applications of each individual LOC. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the numerous alternatives for the development of low-cost LOCs to service industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Camila Vargas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Johann F. Osma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis H. Reyes
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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11
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Cao UMN, Zhang Y, Chen J, Sayson D, Pillai S, Tran SD. Microfluidic Organ-on-A-chip: A Guide to Biomaterial Choice and Fabrication. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3232. [PMID: 36834645 PMCID: PMC9966054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-A-chip (OoAC) devices are miniaturized, functional, in vitro constructs that aim to recapitulate the in vivo physiology of an organ using different cell types and extracellular matrix, while maintaining the chemical and mechanical properties of the surrounding microenvironments. From an end-point perspective, the success of a microfluidic OoAC relies mainly on the type of biomaterial and the fabrication strategy employed. Certain biomaterials, such as PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), are preferred over others due to their ease of fabrication and proven success in modelling complex organ systems. However, the inherent nature of human microtissues to respond differently to surrounding stimulations has led to the combination of biomaterials ranging from simple PDMS chips to 3D-printed polymers coated with natural and synthetic materials, including hydrogels. In addition, recent advances in 3D printing and bioprinting techniques have led to the powerful combination of utilizing these materials to develop microfluidic OoAC devices. In this narrative review, we evaluate the different materials used to fabricate microfluidic OoAC devices while outlining their pros and cons in different organ systems. A note on combining the advances made in additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for the microfabrication of these complex systems is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon D. Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
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12
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Li Z, Liu H, Wang D, Zhang M, Yang Y, Ren TL. Recent advances in microfluidic sensors for nutrients detection in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Khamcharoen W, Kaewjua K, Yomthiangthae P, Anekrattanasap A, Chailapakul O, Siangproh W. Recent developments in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for pharmaceutical analysis. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:CTMC-EPUB-127245. [PMID: 36305123 DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666221027144310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, due to the global increase in diseases, drugs for biomedical applications have increased dramatically. Therefore, there is an urgent need for analytical tools to monitor, treat, investigate, and control drug compounds in diverse matrices. The new and challenging task has been looking for simple, low-cost, rapid, and portable analytical platforms. The development of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) has garnered immense attention in many analytical applications due to the benefit of cellulose structure. It can be functionalized and serves as an ideal channel and scaffold for the transportation and immobilization of various substances. Microfluidic technology has been considered an effective tool in pharmaceutical analysis that facilitates the quantitative measurement of several parameters on cells or other biological systems. The µPADs represent unique advantages over conventional microfluidics, such as the self-pumping capability. They have low material costs, are easy to fabricate, and do not require external power sources. This review gives an overview of the current designs in this decade for µPADs and their respective application in pharmaceutical analysis. These include device designs, choice of paper material, and fabrication techniques with their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, the strategies for improving analytical performance in terms of simplicity, high sensitivity, and selectivity are highlighted, followed by the application of µPADs design for the detection of drug compounds for various purposes. Moreover, we present recent advances involving µPAD technologies in the field of pharmaceutical applications. Finally, we discussed the challenges and potential of µPADs for the transition from laboratory to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisarut Khamcharoen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Kantima Kaewjua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Phanumas Yomthiangthae
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Ananyaporn Anekrattanasap
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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14
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Gómez-Varela AI, Sanchez R, Carnero B, Diaz-Gomez L, Flores-Arias MT, Bao-Varela C. Subaquatic indirect laser ablation technique for glass processing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:37536-37553. [PMID: 36258341 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Subaquatic indirect Laser-Induced Plasma-Assisted Ablation (SLIPAA) is proposed as a laser-based technique for glass processing. In this configuration, a water layer is added between a metallic target and a soda-lime glass substrate, so the processing of the glass is due to a combination of the ablation mechanism, the shock waves, and the cavitation bubbles. Thus, this method makes it possible to produce higher depth structures than those performed up to now by other standard laser techniques based on ablation, achieving structures in glass with rectangular cross-sectional profiles. Channels of 1 mm width are fabricated, reaching an average maximal depth value of almost 1400 µm at 30 passes of the laser beam while keeping the focal position fixed. Furthermore, the difference between processing the material with and without the addition of the water layer is presented. The influence of the processing parameters on the shape and quality of the fabricated structures is studied by optical and confocal microscopy, microcomputed tomography, and scanning electron microscopy. Compositional analysis of the glass is performed by energy dispersive X-ray technique to assess the transference of material from the metallic target to the fabricated channels. Deeper and more complex structures are obtained by refocusing the laser beam on the target and adding a pulsed flowing water film.
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15
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Wang J, Yang L, Wang H, Wang L. Application of Microfluidic Chips in the Detection of Airborne Microorganisms. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1576. [PMID: 36295928 PMCID: PMC9611547 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The spread of microorganisms in the air, especially pathogenic microorganisms, seriously affects people's normal life. Therefore, the analysis and detection of airborne microorganisms is of great importance in environmental detection, disease prevention and biosafety. As an emerging technology with the advantages of integration, miniaturization and high efficiency, microfluidic chips are widely used in the detection of microorganisms in the environment, bringing development vitality to the detection of airborne microorganisms, and they have become a research highlight in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Microfluidic chips can be used for the detection and analysis of bacteria, viruses and fungi in the air, mainly for the detection of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, H1N1 virus, SARS-CoV-2 virus, Aspergillus niger, etc. The high sensitivity has great potential in practical detection. Here, we summarize the advances in the collection and detection of airborne microorganisms by microfluidic chips. The challenges and trends for the detection of airborne microorganisms by microfluidic chips was also discussed. These will support the role of microfluidic chips in the prevention and control of air pollution and major outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Wang
- College of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-Aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710077, China
- Applied Research Center for Life Science, Xi’an International University, Xi’an 710077, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- College of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-Aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710077, China
- Applied Research Center for Life Science, Xi’an International University, Xi’an 710077, China
| | - Hanghui Wang
- College of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an 710077, China
- Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi’an 710100, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-Aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710077, China
- Applied Research Center for Life Science, Xi’an International University, Xi’an 710077, China
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Ongaro AE, Ndlovu Z, Sollier E, Otieno C, Ondoa P, Street A, Kersaudy-Kerhoas M. Engineering a sustainable future for point-of-care diagnostics and single-use microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3122-3137. [PMID: 35899603 PMCID: PMC9397368 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00380e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-use, disposable, point-of-care diagnostic devices carry great promise for global health, including meeting urgent needs for testing and diagnosis in places with limited laboratory facilities. Unfortunately, the production and disposal of single-use devices, whether in lateral flow assay, cartridges, cassettes, or lab-on-chip microfluidic format, also poses significant challenges for environmental and human health. Point-of-care devices are commonly manufactured from unsustainable polymeric materials derived from fossil sources. Their disposal often necessitates incineration to reduce infection risk, thereby creating additional release of CO2. Many devices also contain toxic chemicals, such as cyanide derivatives, that are damaging to environmental and human health if not disposed of safely. Yet, in the absence of government regulatory frameworks, safe and sustainable waste management for these novel medical devices is often left unaddressed. There is an urgent need to find novel solutions to avert environmental and human harm from these devices, especially in low- and middle-income countries where waste management infrastructure is often weak and where the use of point-of-care tests is projected to rise in coming years. We review here common materials used in the manufacture of single-use point-of-care diagnostic tests, examine the risks they pose to environmental and human health, and investigate replacement materials that can potentially reduce the impact of microfluidic devices on the production of harmful waste. We propose solutions available to point-of-care test developers to start embedding sustainability at an early stage in their design, and to reduce their non-renewable plastic consumption in research and product development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zibusiso Ndlovu
- Medecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Southern Africa Medical Unit (SAMU), Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Collins Otieno
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Pascale Ondoa
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alice Street
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maïwenn Kersaudy-Kerhoas
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
- Infection Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Anshori I, Lukito V, Adhawiyah R, Putri D, Harimurti S, Rajab TLE, Pradana A, Akbar M, Syamsunarno MRAA, Handayani M, Purwidyantri A, Prabowo BA. Versatile and Low-Cost Fabrication of Modular Lock-and-Key Microfluidics for Integrated Connector Mixer Using a Stereolithography 3D Printing. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081197. [PMID: 36014119 PMCID: PMC9413493 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a low-cost and simple method to fabricate a novel lock-and-key mixer microfluidics using an economic stereolithography (SLA) three-dimensional (3D) printer, which costs less than USD 400 for the investment. The proposed study is promising for a high throughput fabrication module, typically limited by conventional microfluidics fabrications, such as photolithography and polymer-casting methods. We demonstrate the novel modular lock-and-key mixer for the connector and its chamber modules with optimized parameters, such as exposure condition and printing orientation. In addition, the optimization of post-processing was performed to investigate the reliability of the fabricated hollow structures, which are fundamental to creating a fluidic channel or chamber. We found out that by using an inexpensive 3D printer, the fabricated resolution can be pushed down to 850 µm and 550 µm size for squared- and circled-shapes, respectively, by the gradual hollow structure, applying vertical printing orientation. These strategies opened up the possibility of developing straightforward microfluidics platforms that could replace conventional microfluidics mold fabrication methods, such as photolithography and milling, which are costly and time consuming. Considerably cheap commercial resin and its tiny volume employed for a single printing procedure significantly cut down the estimated fabrication cost to less than 50 cents USD/module. The simulation study unravels the prominent properties of the fabricated devices for biological fluid mixers, such as PBS, urine and plasma blood. This study is eminently prospective toward microfluidics application in clinical biosensing, where disposable, low-cost, high-throughput, and reproducible chips are highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Anshori
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (RCNN), Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (B.A.P.)
| | - Vincent Lukito
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
| | - Rafita Adhawiyah
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
| | - Delpita Putri
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
| | - Suksmandhira Harimurti
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
| | - Tati Latifah Erawati Rajab
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
| | - Arfat Pradana
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (RCNN), Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia;
| | - Mohammad Akbar
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran and Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia;
| | | | - Murni Handayani
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia; (M.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Agnes Purwidyantri
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia; (M.H.); (A.P.)
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Briliant Adhi Prabowo
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia; (M.H.); (A.P.)
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (B.A.P.)
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18
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Lucivero VG, Zanoni A, Corrielli G, Osellame R, Mitchell MW. Laser-written vapor cells for chip-scale atomic sensing and spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:27149-27163. [PMID: 36236892 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of alkali-metal vapor cells using femtosecond laser machining. This laser-written vapor-cell (LWVC) technology allows arbitrarily-shaped 3D interior volumes and has potential for integration with photonic structures and optical components. We use non-evaporable getters both to dispense rubidium and to absorb buffer gas. This enables us to produce cells with sub-atmospheric buffer gas pressures without vacuum apparatus. We demonstrate sub-Doppler saturated absorption spectroscopy and single beam optical magnetometry with a single LWVC. The LWVC technology may find application in miniaturized atomic quantum sensors and frequency references.
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Weaver E, O'Hagan C, Lamprou DA. The sustainability of emerging technologies for use in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:861-872. [PMID: 35732275 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2093857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sustainability within the pharmaceutical industry is becoming a focal point for many companies, to improve the longevity and social perception of the industry. Both additive manufacturing (AM) and microfluidics (MFs) are continuously progressing, so are far from their optimization in terms of sustainability; hence, it is the aim of this review to highlight potential gaps alongside their beneficial features. Discussed throughout this review also will be an in-depth discussion on the environmental, legal, economic, and social particulars relating to these emerging technologies. AREAS COVERED Additive manufacturing (AM) and microfluidics (MFs) are discussed in depth within this review, drawing from up-to-date literature relating to sustainability and circular economies. This applies to both technologies being utilized for therapeutic and analytical purposes within the pharmaceutical industry. EXPERT OPINION It is the role of emerging technologies to be at the forefront of promoting a sustainable message by delivering plausible environmental standards whilst maintaining efficacy and economic viability. AM processes are highly customizable, allowing for their optimization in terms of sustainability, from reducing printing time to reducing material usage by removing supports. MFs too are supporting sustainability via reduced material wastage and providing a sustainable means for point of care analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Weaver
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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20
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Nhunduru RAE, Jahanbakhsh A, Shahrokhi O, Wlodarczyk KL, Garcia S, Maroto‐Valer MM. The Impact of Wettability on Dynamic Fluid Connectivity and Flow Transport Kinetics in Porous Media. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 2022; 58:e2021WR030729. [PMID: 35859620 PMCID: PMC9285789 DOI: 10.1029/2021wr030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Usually, models describing flow and transport for sub-surface engineering processes at the Darcy-scale do not take into consideration the effects of pore-scale flow regimes and fluid connectivity on average flow functions. In this article, we investigate the impact of wettability on pore-scale flow regimes. We show that fluid connectivity at the pore scale has a significant impact on average flow kinetics and therefore its contribution should not be ignored. Immiscible two-phase flow simulations were performed in a two-dimensional model of a Berea sandstone rock for wettability conditions ranging from moderately water-wet to strongly oil-wet. The simulation results show that wettability has a strong impact on invading fluid phase connectivity, which subsequently influences flow transport resistance. The effect of invading-phase connectivity and ganglion dynamics (GD) on two-phase displacement kinetics was also investigated. It was found that invading phase connectivity decreases away from the neutrally wet (intermediate wet) state. This study provides evidence that GD accelerate fluid flow transport kinetics during immiscible displacement processes. Lastly, the impact of wettability on fluid displacement efficiency and residual saturations was investigated. Maximum displacement efficiency occurred at the neutrally wet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumbidzai A. E. Nhunduru
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesResearch Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)Heriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Amir Jahanbakhsh
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesResearch Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)Heriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Omid Shahrokhi
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesResearch Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)Heriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Krystian L. Wlodarczyk
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesResearch Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)Heriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesApplied Optics and Photonics (AOP) GroupHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Susana Garcia
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesResearch Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)Heriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - M. Mercedes Maroto‐Valer
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesResearch Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)Heriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
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21
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22
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Rodrigues PM, Xavier M, Calero V, Pastrana L, Gonçalves C. Partitioning of Small Hydrophobic Molecules into Polydimethylsiloxane in Microfluidic Analytical Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:713. [PMID: 35630180 PMCID: PMC9148048 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is ubiquitously used in microfluidics. However, PDMS is porous and hydrophobic, potentially leading to small molecule partitioning. Although many studies addressed this issue and suggested surface/bulk modifications to overcome it, most were not quantitative, did not address which variables besides hydrophobicity governed molecule absorption, and no modification has been shown to completely obviate it. We evaluated qualitatively (confocal microscopy) and quantitatively (fluorescence spectroscopy) the effects of solute/solvent pairings, concentration, and residence time on molecule partitioning into PDMS. Additionally, we tested previously reported surface/bulk modifications, aiming to determine whether reduced PDMS hydrophobicity was stable and hindered molecule partitioning. Partitioning was more significant at lower concentrations, with the relative concentration of rhodamine-B at 20 µM remaining around 90% vs. 10% at 1 µM. Solute/solvent pairings were demonstrated to be determinant by the dramatically higher partitioning of Nile-red in a PBS-based solvent as opposed to ethanol. A paraffin coating slightly decreased the partitioning of Nile-red, and a sol-gel modification hindered the rhodamine-B diffusion into the PDMS bulk. However, there was no direct correlation between reduced surface hydrophobicity and molecule partitioning. This work highlighted the need for pre-assessing the absorption of test molecules into the microfluidic substrates and considering alternative materials for fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M. Rodrigues
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (P.M.R.); (M.X.); (V.C.); (L.P.)
- University of Minho, Gualtar Campus, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel Xavier
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (P.M.R.); (M.X.); (V.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Victor Calero
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (P.M.R.); (M.X.); (V.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Pastrana
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (P.M.R.); (M.X.); (V.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Catarina Gonçalves
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (P.M.R.); (M.X.); (V.C.); (L.P.)
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Ghasemi H, Mozaffari S, Mohammadghasemi H, Jemere AB, Nazemifard N. Microfluidic Platform for Characterization of Crude Oil Emulsion Stability. CAN J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has gained significant scientific interest in the characterization of crude oil emulsions that are often formed in the process of oil production. Microfluidic platforms can be used to mimic the pores of natural rock and study multiphase displacement, as well as emulsion formation at a microscale level. This mini-Review focuses on the applications of microfluidics to probe the stability of emulsified droplets against coalescence (e.g., in the presence of additives, electric field, etc.) for both water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion systems. Additionally, this study summarizes the recent efforts made to identify the effects of various experimental factors, including crude oil composition, aging, salinity, and pH on the interfacial properties of water/oil interface and their ultimate roles in the formation/stability of emulsions. Finally, main findings and some recommendations for future work related to the potential of microfluidics in different aspects of crude oil emulsion studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Ghasemi
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 14751, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Saeed Mozaffari
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1757, Department of Chemical Engineering, Blacksburg, United States, 24061-0131
- University of Alberta, 3158, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2R3
| | | | - Abebaw B. Jemere
- National Research Council Canada Nanotechnology Research Centre, 103212, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neda Nazemifard
- University of Alberta, 3158, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2R3
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24
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Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) for Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020164. [PMID: 35208289 PMCID: PMC8875460 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The significant advancements within the electronics miniaturization field have shifted the scientific interest towards a new class of precision devices, namely microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Specifically, MEMS refers to microscaled precision devices generally produced through micromachining techniques that combine mechanical and electrical components for fulfilling tasks normally carried out by macroscopic systems. Although their presence is found throughout all the aspects of daily life, recent years have witnessed countless research works involving the application of MEMS within the biomedical field, especially in drug synthesis and delivery, microsurgery, microtherapy, diagnostics and prevention, artificial organs, genome synthesis and sequencing, and cell manipulation and characterization. Their tremendous potential resides in the advantages offered by their reduced size, including ease of integration, lightweight, low power consumption, high resonance frequency, the possibility of integration with electrical or electronic circuits, reduced fabrication costs due to high mass production, and high accuracy, sensitivity, and throughput. In this context, this paper aims to provide an overview of MEMS technology by describing the main materials and fabrication techniques for manufacturing purposes and their most common biomedical applications, which have evolved in the past years.
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25
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Yin M, Alexander Kim Z, Xu B. Micro/Nanofluidic‐Enabled Biomedical Devices: Integration of Structural Design and Manufacturing. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Yin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Zachary Alexander Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Baoxing Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
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Kim J, Kim SI, Joung YH, Choi J, Koo C. Two-step hybrid process of movable part inside glass substrate using ultrafast laser. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-021-00142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe demonstrate a two-step hybrid process for fabricating movable parts inside glass substrate using the selective laser-induced etching (SLE) process that is consisted of laser-direct writing and wet chemical etching. To obtain an influence by the optical characteristics of a glass substrate when fabricating a 3D microstructure using the SLE, we analyzed the relationship of their dimensions between the designed and the fabricated devices. Two 3D microfluidic devices are designed and fabricated on glass substrates as the demonstrations of the hybrid process: a 3D microfluidic valve device with a movable plug and a 3D microfluidic mixer with a rotatable impeller and multilayer microchannels. The valving plug and the impeller of each device are successfully moved and rotated. The smallest structure is a pillar of the impeller device, and its size is 29 μm (diameter) × 277 μm (height). We expect this study to be extended to potential applications in 3D glass microfabrication and microfluidic systems.
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Wlodarczyk KL, MacPherson WN, Hand DP, Maroto-Valer MM. Manufacturing of Microfluidic Devices with Interchangeable Commercial Fiber Optic Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21227493. [PMID: 34833567 PMCID: PMC8625633 DOI: 10.3390/s21227493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurements are highly desirable in many microfluidic applications because they enable real-time, local monitoring of physical and chemical parameters, providing valuable insight into microscopic events and processes that occur in microfluidic devices. Unfortunately, the manufacturing of microfluidic devices with integrated sensors can be time-consuming, expensive, and “know-how” demanding. In this article, we describe an easy-to-implement method developed to integrate various “off-the-shelf” fiber optic sensors within microfluidic devices. To demonstrate this, we used commercial pH and pressure sensors (“pH SensorPlugs” and “FOP-MIV”, respectively), which were “reversibly” attached to a glass microfluidic device using custom 3D-printed connectors. The microfluidic device, which serves here as a demonstrator, incorporates a uniform porous structure and was manufactured using a picosecond pulsed laser. The sensors were attached to the inlet and outlet channels of the microfluidic pattern to perform simple experiments, the aim of which was to evaluate the performance of both the connectors and the sensors in a practical microfluidic environment. The bespoke connectors ensured robust and watertight connection, allowing the sensors to be safely disconnected if necessary, without damaging the microfluidic device. The pH SensorPlugs were tested with a pH 7.01 buffer solution. They measured the correct pH values with an accuracy of ±0.05 pH once sufficient contact between the injected fluid and the measuring element (optode) was established. In turn, the FOP-MIV sensors were used to measure local pressure in the inlet and outlet channels during injection and the steady flow of deionized water at different rates. These sensors were calibrated up to 140 mbar and provided pressure measurements with an uncertainty that was less than ±1.5 mbar. Readouts at a rate of 4 Hz allowed us to observe dynamic pressure changes in the device during the displacement of air by water. In the case of steady flow of water, the pressure difference between the two measuring points increased linearly with increasing flow rate, complying with Darcy’s law for incompressible fluids. These data can be used to determine the permeability of the porous structure within the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian L. Wlodarczyk
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK;
- Applied Optics and Photonics (AOP) Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (W.N.M.); (D.P.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-131-451-3105
| | - William N. MacPherson
- Applied Optics and Photonics (AOP) Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (W.N.M.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Duncan P. Hand
- Applied Optics and Photonics (AOP) Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (W.N.M.); (D.P.H.)
| | - M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK;
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Perrone E, Cesaria M, Zizzari A, Bianco M, Ferrara F, Raia L, Guarino V, Cuscunà M, Mazzeo M, Gigli G, Moroni L, Arima V. Potential of CO 2-laser processing of quartz for fast prototyping of microfluidic reactors and templates for 3D cell assembly over large scale. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100163. [PMID: 34901818 PMCID: PMC8637645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2)-laser processing of glasses is a versatile maskless writing technique to engrave micro-structures with flexible control on shape and size. In this study, we present the fabrication of hundreds of microns quartz micro-channels and micro-holes by pulsed CO2-laser ablation with a focus on the great potential of the technique in microfluidics and biomedical applications. After discussing the impact of the laser processing parameters on the design process, we illustrate specific applications. First, we demonstrate the use of a serpentine microfluidic reactor prepared by combining CO2-laser ablation and post-ablation wet etching to remove surface features stemming from laser-texturing that are undesirable for channel sealing. Then, cyclic olefin copolymer micro-pillars are fabricated using laser-processed micro-holes as molds with high detail replication. The hundreds of microns conical and square pyramidal shaped pillars are used as templates to drive 3D cell assembly. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells are found to assemble in a compact and wrapping way around the micro-pillars forming a tight junction network. These applications are interesting for both Lab-on-a-Chip and Organ-on-a-Chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Perrone
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maura Cesaria
- University of Salento, Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zizzari
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Monica Bianco
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrara
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
- STMicroelectronics S.r.l, Lecce, Italy
| | - Lillo Raia
- STMicroelectronics S.r.l, Agrate Brianza, Monza Brianza, Italy
| | - Vita Guarino
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
- University of Salento, Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy
| | - Massimo Cuscunà
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzeo
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
- University of Salento, Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
- University of Salento, Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, department of complex tissue regeneration, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Valentina Arima
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
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Wang C, Zhang S, Luo Z, Ding K, Liu B, Duan J. High-quality welding of glass by a femtosecond laser assisted with silver nanofilm. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:5360-5364. [PMID: 34263773 DOI: 10.1364/ao.422078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glass products with high joint strength are highly demanded in the field of microelectromechanical system (MEMS). While the quality requirement of MEMS is getting higher and higher, much attention has been paid to further improving the welding strength of the glass. Herein, a femtosecond laser welding method assisted by silver nanofilm for quartz glass is proposed. To optimize the welding results, the influence of the laser power on the location of the heat-affected zone is studied. The effect of coated silver nanofilm at the interface of two glass substrates on femtosecond laser absorptivity is conducted. Also, the welding spot size under different irradiation periods is investigated. In addition, the welding strength with and without the silver nanofilm is measured and compared. It is demonstrated that the welding strength was increased nearly 20% on average by our proposed method compared with direct femtosecond laser welding. In addition, even at the lower laser power than the welding threshold, the welding process could be realized by the proposed method.
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Mader M, Schlatter O, Heck B, Warmbold A, Dorn A, Zappe H, Risch P, Helmer D, Kotz F, Rapp BE. High-throughput injection molding of transparent fused silica glass. Science 2021; 372:182-186. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abf1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mader
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Heck
- Institute of Physics, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Warmbold
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alex Dorn
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Zappe
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Chair of Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Risch
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Glassomer GmbH, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Helmer
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Glassomer GmbH, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Kotz
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Glassomer GmbH, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bastian E. Rapp
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Glassomer GmbH, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Kim S, Kim J, Joung YH, Ahn S, Park C, Choi J, Koo C. Monolithic 3D micromixer with an impeller for glass microfluidic systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4474-4485. [PMID: 33108430 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00823k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The performance of micromixers, namely their mixing efficiency and throughput, is a critical component in increasing the overall efficiency of microfluidic systems (e.g., lab-on-a-chip and μ-TAS). Most previously reported high-performance micromixers use active elements with some external power to induce turbulence, or contain long and complex fluidic channels with obstacles to increase diffusion. In this paper, we introduce a new type of 3D impeller micromixer built within a single fused silica substrate. The proposed device is composed of microchannels with three inlets and a tank, with a mixing impeller passively rotated by axial flow. The passive micromixer is directly fabricated inside a glass plate using a selective laser-induced etching technique. The mixing tank, with its rotating shaft and 3D pitched blade impeller, exists within a micro-cavity with a volume of only 0.28 mm3. A mixing efficiency of 99% is achieved in mixing experiments involving three dye colours over flow rates ranging from 1.5-30 mL min-1, with the same flow rates also applied to a sodium hydroxide-based bromothymol blue indicator and a hydrochloric acid chemical solution. To verify the reliable performance of the proposed device, we compare the mixing index with a general self-circulation-type chamber mixer to demonstrate the improved mixing efficiency achieved by rotating the impeller. No cracking or breakage of the device is observed under high inner pressures or when the maximum flow rate is applied to the mixer. The proposed microfluidic system based on a compact built-in 3D micromixer with an impeller opens the door to robust, highly efficient, and high-throughput glass-based platforms for micro-centrifuges, cell sorters, micro-turbines, and micro-pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungil Kim
- Department of Laser and Electron Beam Technologies, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
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Jahanbakhsh A, Wlodarczyk KL, Hand DP, Maier RRJ, Maroto-Valer MM. Review of Microfluidic Devices and Imaging Techniques for Fluid Flow Study in Porous Geomaterials. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20144030. [PMID: 32698501 PMCID: PMC7412536 DOI: 10.3390/s20144030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding transport phenomena and governing mechanisms of different physical and chemical processes in porous media has been a critical research area for decades. Correlating fluid flow behaviour at the micro-scale with macro-scale parameters, such as relative permeability and capillary pressure, is key to understanding the processes governing subsurface systems, and this in turn allows us to improve the accuracy of modelling and simulations of transport phenomena at a large scale. Over the last two decades, there have been significant developments in our understanding of pore-scale processes and modelling of complex underground systems. Microfluidic devices (micromodels) and imaging techniques, as facilitators to link experimental observations to simulation, have greatly contributed to these achievements. Although several reviews exist covering separately advances in one of these two areas, we present here a detailed review integrating recent advances and applications in both micromodels and imaging techniques. This includes a comprehensive analysis of critical aspects of fabrication techniques of micromodels, and the most recent advances such as embedding fibre optic sensors in micromodels for research applications. To complete the analysis of visualization techniques, we have thoroughly reviewed the most applicable imaging techniques in the area of geoscience and geo-energy. Moreover, the integration of microfluidic devices and imaging techniques was highlighted as appropriate. In this review, we focus particularly on four prominent yet very wide application areas, namely “fluid flow in porous media”, “flow in heterogeneous rocks and fractures”, “reactive transport, solute and colloid transport”, and finally “porous media characterization”. In summary, this review provides an in-depth analysis of micromodels and imaging techniques that can help to guide future research in the in-situ visualization of fluid flow in porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jahanbakhsh
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (K.L.W.); (M.M.M.-V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Krystian L. Wlodarczyk
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (K.L.W.); (M.M.M.-V.)
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (D.P.H.); (R.R.J.M.)
| | - Duncan P. Hand
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (D.P.H.); (R.R.J.M.)
| | - Robert R. J. Maier
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (D.P.H.); (R.R.J.M.)
| | - M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (K.L.W.); (M.M.M.-V.)
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