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Orr Y. Invited Commentary: What Is the Significance of the Konno Incision in Pediatric Ross Procedures? World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2024; 15:419-420. [PMID: 39056454 DOI: 10.1177/21501351241240769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yishay Orr
- Baylor College of Medicine, Congenital Heart Surgery, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Maes L, Vervenne T, Hendrickx A, Estrada AC, Van Hoof L, Verbrugghe P, Rega F, Jones EAV, Humphrey JD, Famaey N. Cell signaling and tissue remodeling in the pulmonary autograft after the Ross procedure: A computational study. J Biomech 2024; 171:112180. [PMID: 38906711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
In the Ross procedure, a patient's pulmonary valve is transplanted in the aortic position. Despite advantages of this surgery, reoperation is still needed in many cases due to excessive dilatation of the pulmonary autograft. To further understand the failure mechanisms, we propose a multiscale model predicting adaptive processes in the autograft at the cell and tissue scale. The cell-scale model consists of a network model, that includes important signaling pathways and relations between relevant transcription factors and their target genes. The resulting gene activity leads to changes in the mechanical properties of the tissue, modeled as a constrained mixture of collagen, elastin and smooth muscle. The multiscale model is calibrated with findings from experiments in which seven sheep underwent the Ross procedure. The model is then validated against a different set of sheep experiments, for which a qualitative agreement between model and experiment is found. Model outcomes at the cell scale, including the activity of genes and transcription factors, also match experimentally obtained transcriptomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauranne Maes
- BioMechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thibault Vervenne
- BioMechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amber Hendrickx
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana C Estrada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Lucas Van Hoof
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Verbrugghe
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Nele Famaey
- BioMechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Balasubramanya A, Maes L, Rega F, Mazzi V, Morbiducci U, Famaey N, Degroote J, Segers P. Hemodynamics and wall shear metrics in a pulmonary autograft: Comparing a fluid-structure interaction and computational fluid dynamics approach. Comput Biol Med 2024; 176:108604. [PMID: 38761502 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In young patients, aortic valve disease is often treated by placement of a pulmonary autograft (PA) which adapts to its new environment through growth and remodeling. To better understand the hemodynamic forces acting on the highly distensible PA in the acute phase after surgery, we developed a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) framework and comprehensively compared hemodynamics and wall shear-stress (WSS) metrics with a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation. METHODS The FSI framework couples a prestressed non-linear hyperelastic arterial tissue model with a fluid model using the in-house coupling code CoCoNuT. Geometry, material parameters and boundary conditions are based on in-vivo measurements. Hemodynamics, time-averaged WSS (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI) and topological shear variation index (TSVI) are evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively for 3 different sheeps. RESULTS Despite systolic-to-diastolic volumetric changes of the PA in the order of 20 %, the point-by-point correlation of TAWSS and OSI obtained through CFD and FSI remains high (r > 0.9, p < 0.01) for TAWSS and (r > 0.8, p < 0.01) for OSI). Instantaneous WSS divergence patterns qualitatively preserve similarities, but large deformations of the PA leads to a decrease of the correlation between FSI and CFD resolved TSVI (r < 0.7, p < 0.01). Moderate co-localization between FSI and CFD is observed for low thresholds of TAWSS and high thresholds of OSI and TSVI. CONCLUSION FSI might be warranted if we were to use the TSVI as a mechano-biological driver for growth and remodeling of PA due to varying intra-vascular flow structures and near wall hemodynamics because of the large expansion of the PA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauranne Maes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentina Mazzi
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Umberto Morbiducci
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Nele Famaey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Degroote
- Department of Electromechanical Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Vervenne T, Maes L, Van Hoof L, Rega F, Famaey N. Drivers of vascular growth and remodeling: A computational framework to promote benign adaptation in the Ross procedure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 148:106170. [PMID: 37852088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
In the sixties, Dr Donald Ross designed a surgical solution for young patients with aortic valve disease by using the patients' own pulmonary valve. The Ross procedure is the only aortic valve replacement technique that can restore long-term survival and preserve quality of life. The main failure mode of the Ross procedure is wall dilatation, potentially leading to valve regurgitation and leakage. Dilatation occurs due to the inability of the pulmonary autograft to adapt to the sudden increase in loading when exposing to aortic pressures. Previous experimental data has shown that a permanent external support wrapped around the artery can prevent the acute dilatation of the arterial wall. However, the textile support leads to stress-shielding phenomena due to the loss of mechanical wall compliance. We present a pragmatic and modular computational framework of arterial growth and remodeling predicting the long-term outcomes of cardiovascular tissue adaptation, with and without textile wrapping. The model integrates mean, systolic and diastolic pressures and assumes the resulting wall stresses to drive the biological remodeling rules. Rather than a single mean pressure or stress deviation from the homeostatic state, we demonstrate that only pulsatile stresses can predict available experimental results. Therefore, we suggest that a biodegradable external support could induce benign remodeling in the Ross procedure. Indeed, a biodegradable textile wrapped around the autograft fulfills the trade-off between prevention of acute dilatation on the one hand and recovery of arterial wall compliance on the other hand. After further validation, the computational framework can set the basis for the development of an actual biodegradable external support for the Ross procedure with optimized polymer mechanical properties and degradation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Vervenne
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Lauranne Maes
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Lucas Van Hoof
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Nele Famaey
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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Maes L, Vervenne T, Van Hoof L, Jones EAV, Rega F, Famaey N. Computational modeling reveals inflammation-driven dilatation of the pulmonary autograft in aortic position. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1555-1568. [PMID: 36764979 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The pulmonary autograft in the Ross procedure, where the aortic valve is replaced by the patient's own pulmonary valve, is prone to failure due to dilatation. This is likely caused by tissue degradation and maladaptation, triggered by the higher experienced mechanical loads in aortic position. In order to further grasp the causes of dilatation, this study presents a model for tissue growth and remodeling of the pulmonary autograft, using the homogenized constrained mixture theory and equations for immuno- and mechano-mediated mass turnover. The model outcomes, compared to experimental data from an animal model of the pulmonary autograft in aortic position, show that inflammation likely plays an important role in the mass turnover of the tissue constituents and therefore in the autograft dilatation over time. We show a better match and prediction of long-term outcomes assuming immuno-mediated mass turnover, and show that there is no linear correlation between the stress-state of the material and mass production. Therefore, not only mechanobiological homeostatic adaption should be taken into account in the development of growth and remodeling models for arterial tissue in similar applications, but also inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauranne Maes
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300 box 2419, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thibault Vervenne
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300 box 2419, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Van Hoof
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 box 276, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 box 911, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 box 276, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Famaey
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300 box 2419, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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An improved parameter fitting approach of a planar biaxial test including the experimental prestretch. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 134:105389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cattapan C, Della Barbera M, Dedja A, Pavan P, Di Salvo G, Sabatino J, Avesani M, Padalino M, Guariento A, Basso C, Vida V. Mechanical and Structural Adaptation of the Pulmonary Root after Ross Operation in a Murine Model. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133742. [PMID: 35807025 PMCID: PMC9267924 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The major limitation to the Ross operation is a progressive autograft dilation, possibly leading to reoperations. A murine model was created to evaluate pulmonary artery graft (PAG) adaptation to pressure overload. Methods: Lewis rats (n = 17) underwent heterotopic surgical implantation of a PAG, harvested from syngeneic animals (n = 17). A group of sham animals (n = 7) was used as a control. Seriated ultrasound studies of the PAG were performed. Animals were sacrificed at 1 week (n = 5) or 2 months (n = 15) and the PAG underwent mechanical and histopathological analyses. Results: Echography showed an initial increase in diameter (p < 0.001) and a decrease in peak systolic velocity (PSV). Subsequently, despite no change in diameter, an increase in PSV was observed (p < 0.01). After 1 week, the stiffness of the PAG and the aorta were similar, while at 2 months, the PAG appeared more rigid (p < 0.05). PAG’s histological analysis at 2 months revealed intimal hyperplasia development. The tunica media showed focal thinning of the elastic lamellae and normally distributed smooth muscle cells. Conclusions: We demonstrated a stiffening of the PAG wall after its implantation in systemic position; the development of intimal hyperplasia and the thinning of the elastic lamellae could be the possible underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cattapan
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Mila Della Barbera
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Arben Dedja
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Piero Pavan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Children and Woman’s Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (G.D.S.); (J.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Jolanda Sabatino
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Children and Woman’s Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (G.D.S.); (J.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Martina Avesani
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Children and Woman’s Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (G.D.S.); (J.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Massimo Padalino
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Alvise Guariento
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Vladimiro Vida
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (A.D.); (M.P.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-821-2410
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Bryan AY, Brandon Strong E, Kidambi S, Gilligan-Steinberg S, Bennett-Kennett R, Lee JY, Imbrie-Moore A, Moye SC, Hendrickx-Rodriguez S, Wang H, Dauskardt RH, Joseph Woo Y, Ma MR. Biomechanical Analysis of the Ross Procedure in an Ex Vivo Left Heart Simulator. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2022; 13:166-174. [PMID: 35238706 DOI: 10.1177/21501351211070288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neo-aortic pulmonary autografts often experience root dilation and valve regurgitation over time. This study seeks to understand the biomechanical differences between aortic and neo-aortic pulmonary roots using a heart simulator. METHODS Porcine aortic, neo-aortic pulmonary, and pulmonary roots (n = 6) were mounted in a heart simulator (parameters: 100 mm Hg, 37 °C, 70 cycles per minute, 5.0 L/min cardiac output). Echocardiography was used to study root distensibility (percentage change in luminal diameter between systole and diastole) and valve function. Leaflet motion was tracked with high-speed videography. After 30 min in the simulator, leaflet thickness (via cryosectioning), and multiaxial modulus (via lenticular hydrostatic deformation testing) were obtained. RESULTS There were no significant differences between aortic and neo-aortic pulmonary leaflet motion, including mean opening velocity (218 vs 248 mm/s, P = .27) or mean closing velocity (116 vs 157 mm/s, P = .12). Distensibility was similar between aortic (8.5%, 1.56 mm) and neo-aortic pulmonary (7.8%, 1.12 mm) roots (P = .59). Compared to virgin controls, native pulmonic roots exposed to systemic pressure for 30 min had reduced leaflet thickness (630 vs 385 µm, P = .049) and a reduced Young's modulus (3,125 vs 1,089 kPa, P = .077). In contrast, the aortic roots exposed to pressure displayed no significant difference in aortic leaflet thickness (1,317 vs 1,256 µm, P = .27) or modulus (5,931 vs 3,631 kPa, P = .56). CONCLUSIONS Neo-aortic pulmonary roots demonstrated equivalence in valve function and distensibility but did experience changes in biomechanical properties and morphology. These changes may contribute to long-term complications associated with the Ross procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Y Bryan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - E Brandon Strong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sumanth Kidambi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Ross Bennett-Kennett
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - James Y Lee
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Annabel Imbrie-Moore
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stephen C Moye
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Hanjay Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Y Joseph Woo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Ma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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9
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Van Hoof L, Verbrugghe P, Jones EAV, Humphrey JD, Janssens S, Famaey N, Rega F. Understanding Pulmonary Autograft Remodeling After the Ross Procedure: Stick to the Facts. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:829120. [PMID: 35224059 PMCID: PMC8865563 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.829120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ross, or pulmonary autograft, procedure presents a fascinating mechanobiological scenario. Due to the common embryological origin of the aortic and pulmonary root, the conotruncus, several authors have hypothesized that a pulmonary autograft has the innate potential to remodel into an aortic phenotype once exposed to systemic conditions. Most of our understanding of pulmonary autograft mechanobiology stems from the remodeling observed in the arterial wall, rather than the valve, simply because there have been many opportunities to study the walls of dilated autografts explanted at reoperation. While previous histological studies provided important clues on autograft adaptation, a comprehensive understanding of its determinants and underlying mechanisms is needed so that the Ross procedure can become a widely accepted aortic valve substitute in select patients. It is clear that protecting the autograft during the early adaptation phase is crucial to avoid initiating a sequence of pathological remodeling. External support in the freestanding Ross procedure should aim to prevent dilatation while simultaneously promoting remodeling, rather than preventing dilatation at the cost of vascular atrophy. To define the optimal mechanical properties and geometry for external support, the ideal conditions for autograft remodeling and the timeline of mechanical adaptation must be determined. We aimed to rigorously review pulmonary autograft remodeling after the Ross procedure. Starting from the developmental, microstructural and biomechanical differences between the pulmonary artery and aorta, we review autograft mechanobiology in relation to distinct clinical failure mechanisms while aiming to identify unmet clinical needs, gaps in current knowledge and areas for further research. By correlating clinical and experimental observations of autograft remodeling with established principles in cardiovascular mechanobiology, we aim to present an up-to-date overview of all factors involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, their interactions and potential underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Van Hoof
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Verbrugghe
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jay D. Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Stefan Janssens
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Famaey
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Vastmans J, Maes L, Peirlinck M, Vanderveken E, Rega F, Kuhl E, Famaey N. Growth and remodeling in the pulmonary autograft: Computational evaluation using kinematic growth models and constrained mixture theory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 38:e3545. [PMID: 34724357 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Computational investigations of how soft tissues grow and remodel are gaining more and more interest and several growth and remodeling theories have been developed. Roughly, two main groups of theories for soft tissues can be distinguished: kinematic-based growth theory and theories based on constrained mixture theory. Our goal was to apply these two theories on the same experimental data. Within the experiment, a pulmonary artery was exposed to systemic conditions. The change in diameter was followed-up over time. A mechanical and microstructural analysis of native pulmonary artery and pulmonary autograft was conducted. Whereas the kinematic-based growth theory is able to accurately capture the growth of the tissue, it does not account for the mechanobiological processes causing this growth. The constrained mixture theory takes into account the mechanobiological processes including removal, deposition and adaptation of all structural constituents, allowing us to simulate a changing microstructure and mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Vastmans
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lauranne Maes
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Peirlinck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emma Vanderveken
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Kuhl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nele Famaey
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Gaidulis G, Padala M. Commentary: Biomechanical remodeling of the pulmonary autograft after the Ross procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 164:1739-1740. [PMID: 34862059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gediminas Gaidulis
- Structural Heart Research and Innovation Laboratory, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University Hospital Midtown, Atlanta, Ga; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Muralidhar Padala
- Structural Heart Research and Innovation Laboratory, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University Hospital Midtown, Atlanta, Ga; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.
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12
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Van Hoof L, Claus P, Jones EAV, Meuris B, Famaey N, Verbrugghe P, Rega F. Back to the root: a large animal model of the Ross procedure. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 10:444-453. [PMID: 34422556 DOI: 10.21037/acs-2020-rp-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The excellent clinical outcomes of the Ross procedure and previous histological studies suggest that the pulmonary autograft has the potential to offer young patients a permanent solution to aortic valve disease. We aim to study the early mechanobiological adaptation of the autograft. To this end, we have reviewed relevant existing animal models, including the canine models which enabled Donald N Ross to perform the first Ross procedure in a patient in 1967. Two research groups recently evaluated the isolated effect of systemic pressures on pulmonary arterial tissue in an ovine model of a pulmonary artery interposition graft in the descending aorta. While this model is ideal to study the artery's biological response and the effect of external support, it does not recreate the complex environment of the aortic root. The freestanding Ross procedure has been performed in pigs and sheep before. These studies offered valuable insights into leaflet growth and histological remodeling, yet may be less relevant to adults undergoing the Ross procedure, as pronounced autograft dilatation was achieved by using small, rapidly growing animals. Therefore, a large animal model remains needed to determine the ideal conditions and surgical technique to ensure long-term autograft remodeling and valve function. We set out to develop an ovine model of the Ross procedure performed as a freestanding root replacement, acknowledging that the sheep's specific anatomy and the setting of an animal laboratory would mandate several modifications in surgical strategy. This article describes the development, surgical technique and early outcomes of our animal model while highlighting opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Van Hoof
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Experimental Cardiac Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Claus
- Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Meuris
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Experimental Cardiac Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Famaey
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Verbrugghe
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Experimental Cardiac Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Experimental Cardiac Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Mackova K, Mazzer AM, Mori Da Cunha M, Hajkova Hympanova L, Urbankova I, Kastelein AW, Vodegel E, Vander Linden K, Fehervary H, Guler Z, Roovers JP, Krofta L, Verhaeghe J, Deprest J. Vaginal Er:YAG laser application in the menopausal ewe model: a randomised estrogen and sham-controlled trial. BJOG 2020; 128:1087-1096. [PMID: 33017509 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe effects of non-ablative erbium-doped:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Er:YAG) laser on vaginal atrophy induced by iatrogenic menopause in the ewe. DESIGN Animal experimental, randomised, sham and estrogen-treatment controlled study with blinding for primary outcome. SETTING KU Leuven, Belgium. SAMPLE Twenty-four ewes. METHODS Menopause was surgically induced, after which the ewes were randomised to three groups receiving vaginal Er:YAG laser application three times, with a 1-month interval; three sham manipulations with a 1-month interval; or estrogen replacement and sham manipulations. At given intervals, ewes were clinically examined and vaginal wall biopsies were taken. Vaginal compliance was determined by passive biomechanical testing from explants taken at autopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Vaginal epithelial thickness (primary), composition of the lamina propria (collagen, elastin, glycogen and vessel content), vaginal compliance, clinical signs. RESULTS Animals exposed to Er:YAG laser application and sham manipulation, but not to estrogens, displayed a significant and comparable increase in vaginal epithelial thickness between baseline and 7 days after the third application (69% and 67%, respectively, both P < 0.0008). In laser-treated ewes, temporary vaginal discharge and limited thermal injury were observed. Estrogen-substituted ewes displayed a more prominent increase in epithelial thickness (202%; P < 0.0001) and higher vaginal compliance (P < 0.05). None of the interventions induced changes in the lamina propria. CONCLUSIONS Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes #LASER #GSM #RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mackova
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Urogenital, Abdominal and Plastic Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A M Mazzer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Mgmc Mori Da Cunha
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Urogenital, Abdominal and Plastic Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Hajkova Hympanova
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Urogenital, Abdominal and Plastic Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - I Urbankova
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A W Kastelein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Vodegel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Vander Linden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Fehervary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Z Guler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J P Roovers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Krofta
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Verhaeghe
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Urogenital, Abdominal and Plastic Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Pelvic Floor Unit, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Deprest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Urogenital, Abdominal and Plastic Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Pelvic Floor Unit, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Nemec P, Pepper J, Fila P. Personalized external aortic root support. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2020; 31:342-345. [PMID: 32761056 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Implantation of a personalized external aortic root support (PEARS) can prevent dilatation of the aortic root and ascending aorta in patients with aortopathy of various aetiologies. Because PEARS is an emerging technology, all aspects concerning indications, surgical technique and safety should be elucidated. Our goal was to summarize all of these aspects so that physicians and patients would have sufficient information to evaluate this alternative approach. METHODS Between April 2004 and March 2020, 317 patients underwent PEARS operations at 25 surgical centres in 9 countries. RESULTS The most common indication was Marfan syndrome (57%). The single perioperative death represented a mortality of 0.3%. The long-term experience comprises 871 patient/years with 1 patient living for 15 years and 19 patients living for more than 10 years. CONCLUSIONS PEARS seems to be a promising method of treatment of dilatation of the aortic root and/or ascending aorta. Multicentre observational studies are needed to gain more experience because this operation is still uncommon and the number of operations per surgeon/centre is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Nemec
- Centre of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantations, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Fila
- Centre of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantations, Brno, Czech Republic
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