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Marinova D, Ivanov M, Yamashima T, Tonchev A. Quantity, distribution and phenotype of newly generated cells in the intact spinal cord of adult macaque monkeys. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28856. [PMID: 38596108 PMCID: PMC11002253 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The existence of proliferating cells in the intact spinal cord, their distribution and phenotype, are well studied in rodents. A limited number of studies also address the proliferation after spinal cord injury, in non-human primates. However, a detailed description of the quantity, distribution and phenotype of proliferating cells at different anatomical levels of the intact adult non-human primate spinal cord is lacking at present. In the present study, we analyzed normal spinal cord tissues from adult macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata), infused with Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and euthanized at 2h, 2 weeks, 5 weeks and 10 weeks after BrdU. We found a significantly higher density of BrdU + cells in the gray matter of cervical segments as compared to thoracic or lumbar segments, and a significantly higher density of proliferating cells in the posterior as compared to the anterior horn of the gray matter. BrdU + cells exhibited phenotype of microglia or endothelial cells (∼50%) or astroglial and oligodendroglial cells (∼40%), including glial progenitor phenotypes marked by the transcription factors Sox9 and Sox10. BrdU + cells also co-expressed other transcription factors known for their involvement in embryonic development, including Emx2, Sox1, Sox2, Ngn1, Olig1, Olig2, Olig3. In the central canal, BrdU + cells were located along the dorso-ventral axis and co-labeled for the markers Vimentin and Nestin. These results reveal the extent of cellular plasticity in the spinal cord of non-human primates under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Marinova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Marin Drinov str. 55, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - M.N. Ivanov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Marin Drinov str. 55, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - T. Yamashima
- Departnent of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - A.B. Tonchev
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Marin Drinov str. 55, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
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2
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Zhou S, Makashova O, Chevillard PM, Josey V, Li B, Prager-Khoutorsky M. Constitutive cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis and subfornical organ of adult rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13377. [PMID: 38418229 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues throughout adulthood in the subventricular zone, hippocampal subgranular zone, and the hypothalamic median eminence (ME) and the adjacent medio-basal hypothalamus. The ME is one of the circumventricular organs (CVO), which are specialized brain areas characterized by an incomplete blood-brain barrier and, thus, are involved in mediating communication between the central nervous system and the periphery. Additional CVOs include the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and the subfornical organs (SFO). Previous studies have demonstrated that the ME contains neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of generating new neurons and glia in the adult brain. However, it remains unclear whether the OVLT and SFO also contain proliferating cells, the identity of these cells, and their ability to differentiate into mature neurons. Here we show that glial and mural subtypes exhibit NSC characteristics, expressing the endogenous mitotic maker Ki67, and incorporating the exogenous mitotic marker BrdU in the OVLT and SFO of adult rats. Glial cells constitutively proliferating in the SFO comprise NG2 glia, while in the OVLT, both NG2 glia and tanycytes appear to constitute the NSC pool. Furthermore, pericytes, which are mural cells associated with capillaries, also contribute to the pool of cells constitutively proliferating in the OVLT and SFO of adult rats. In addition to these glial and mural cells, a fraction of NSCs containing proliferation markers Ki67 and BrdU also expresses the early postmitotic neuronal marker doublecortin, suggesting that these CVOs comprise newborn neurons. Notably, these neurons can differentiate and express the mature neuronal marker NeuN. These findings establish the sensory CVOs OVLT and SFO as additional neurogenic niches, where the generation of new neurons and glia persists in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suijian Zhou
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olena Makashova
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Marie Chevillard
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vanessa Josey
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Banruo Li
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Masha Prager-Khoutorsky
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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3
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Junaid M, Choe HK, Kondoh K, Lee EJ, Lim SB. Unveiling Hypothalamic Molecular Signatures via Retrograde Viral Tracing and Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Sci Data 2023; 10:861. [PMID: 38049462 PMCID: PMC10696032 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of hypothalamic neurocircuits in regulating homeostatic and survival-related behaviors, our understanding of the intrinsic molecular identities of neural components involved in these complex multi-synaptic interactions remains limited. In this study, we constructed a Cre recombinase-dependent pseudorabies virus (PRVs) capable of crossing synapses, coupled with transcriptome analysis of single upstream neurons post-infection. By utilizing this retrograde nuclear Connect-seq (nuConnect-seq) approach, we generated a single nuclei RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) dataset of 1,533 cells derived from the hypothalamus of CRH-IRES-Cre (CRH-Cre) mice. To ensure the technical validity of our nuConnect-seq dataset, we employed a label transfer technique against an integrated reference dataset of postnatal mouse hypothalamus comprising 152,524 QC-passed cells. The uniqueness of our approach lies in the integration of diverse datasets for validation, providing a more nuanced diversity of hypothalamic cell types. The presented validated dataset may deepen our understanding of hypothalamic neurocircuits and underscore the essential role of comprehensive integrated transcriptomic data for technical validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Kunio Kondoh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
| | - Su Bin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
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Tsuneoka Y, Nishikawa T, Furube E, Okamoto K, Yoshimura R, Funato H, Miyata S. Characterization of TRPM8-expressing neurons in the adult mouse hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2023; 814:137463. [PMID: 37640249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a menthol receptor that detects cold temperatures and influences behaviors and autonomic functions under cold stimuli. Despite the well-documented peripheral roles of TRPM8, the evaluation of its central functions is still of great interest. The present study clarifies the nature of a subpopulation of TRPM8-expressing neurons in the adult mice. Combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that TRPM8-expressing neurons are exclusively positive for glutamate decarboxylase 67 mRNA signals in the lateral septal nucleus (LS) and preoptic area (POA) but produced no positive signal for vesicular glutamate transporter 2. Double labeling immunohistochemistry showed the colocalization of TRPM8 with vesicular GABA transporter at axonal terminals. Immunohistochemistry further revealed that TRPM8-expressing neurons frequently expressed calbindin and calretinin in the LS, but not in the POA. TRPM8-expressing neurons in the POA expressed a prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP3, and neurotensin, whereas expression in the LS was minimal. These results indicate that hypothalamic TRPM8-expressing neurons are inhibitory GABAergic, while the expression profile of calcium-binding proteins, neurotensin, and EP3 differs between the POA and LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Tsuneoka
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Taichi Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Eriko Furube
- Department of Anatomy, Asahikawa Medical University School of Medicine, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kaho Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; International Institutes for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. Neural Progenitor Cells and the Hypothalamus. Cells 2023; 12:1822. [PMID: 37508487 PMCID: PMC10378393 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of self-renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the postnatal/adult brain, NPCs are primarily located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). There is evidence that NPCs are also present in the postnatal/adult hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in the regulation of core homeostatic processes, such as feeding, metabolism, reproduction, neuroendocrine integration and autonomic output. In the rodent postnatal/adult hypothalamus, NPCs mainly comprise different subtypes of tanycytes lining the wall of the 3rd ventricle. In the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, the neurogenic niche is constituted by tanycytes at the floor of the 3rd ventricle, ependymal cells and ribbon cells (showing a gap-and-ribbon organization similar to that in the SVZ), as well as suprachiasmatic cells. We speculate that in the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in a highly complex, exquisitely sophisticated neurogenic niche consisting of at least four subniches; this structure has a key role in the regulation of extrahypothalamic neurogenesis, and hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neural circuits, partly through the release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Inada H, Corales LG, Osumi N. A novel feature of the ancient organ: A possible involvement of the subcommissural organ in neurogenic/gliogenic potential in the adult brain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1141913. [PMID: 36960167 PMCID: PMC10027738 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1141913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a circumventricular organ highly conserved in vertebrates from Cyclostomata such as lamprey to mammals including human. The SCO locates in the boundary between the third ventricle and the entrance of the aqueduct of Sylvius. The SCO functions as a secretory organ producing a variety of proteins such as SCO-spondin, transthyretin, and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A significant contribution of the SCO has been thought to maintain the homeostasis of CSF dynamics. However, evidence has shown a possible role of SCO on neurogenesis in the adult brain. This review highlights specific features of the SCO related to adult neurogenesis, suggested by the progress of understanding SCO functions. We begin with a brief history of the SCO discovery and continue to structural features, gene expression, and a possible role in adult neurogenesis suggested by the SCO transplant experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Inada
- Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hitoshi Inada,
| | - Laarni Grace Corales
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Muñoz EM. Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221135697. [PMID: 36317305 PMCID: PMC9629557 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221135697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are unique areas within the central nervous system. They serve as a portal for the rest of the body and, as such, lack a blood-brain barrier. Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma. Within the CVOs, microglial cells find themselves continuously challenged and stimulated by local and systemic stimuli, even under steady-state conditions. Therefore, CVO microglia in their typical state often resemble the activated microglial forms found elsewhere in the brain as they are responding to pathological conditions or other stressors. In this review, I focus on the dynamics of CVO microglia, using the pineal gland as a specific CVO example. Data related to microglia heterogeneity in both homeostatic and unhealthy environments are presented and discussed, including those recently generated by using advanced single-cell and single-nucleus technology. Finally, perspectives in the CVO microglia field are also included.Summary StatementMicroglia in circumventricular organs (CVOs) continuously adapt to react differentially to the diverse challenges they face. Herein, I discuss microglia heterogeneity in CVOs, including pineal gland. Further studies are needed to better understand microglia dynamics in these unique brain areas. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela M. Muñoz
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina,Estela M. Muñoz, IHEM-UNCuyo-CONICET, Parque General San Martin, Ciudad de Mendoza, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina.
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8
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Miyata S. Glial functions in the blood-brain communication at the circumventricular organs. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:991779. [PMID: 36278020 PMCID: PMC9583022 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.991779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are located around the brain ventricles, lack a blood-brain barrier (BBB) and sense blood-derived molecules. This review discusses recent advances in the importance of CVO functions, especially glial cells transferring periphery inflammation signals to the brain. The CVOs show size-limited vascular permeability, allowing the passage of molecules with molecular weight <10,000. This indicates that the lack of an endothelial cell barrier does not mean the free movement of blood-derived molecules into the CVO parenchyma. Astrocytes and tanycytes constitute a dense barrier at the distal CVO subdivision, preventing the free diffusion of blood-derived molecules into neighboring brain regions. Tanycytes in the CVOs mediate communication between cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchyma via transcytosis. Microglia and macrophages of the CVOs are essential for transmitting peripheral information to other brain regions via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Inhibition of TLR2 signaling or depletion of microglia and macrophages in the brain eliminates TLR2-dependent inflammatory responses. In contrast to TLR2, astrocytes and tanycytes in the CVOs of the brain are crucial for initiating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses via TLR4. Depletion of microglia and macrophages augments LPS-induced fever and chronic sickness responses. Microglia and macrophages in the CVOs are continuously activated, even under normal physiological conditions, as they exhibit activated morphology and express the M1/M2 marker proteins. Moreover, the microglial proliferation occurs in various regions, such as the hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and telencephalon, with a marked increase in the CVOs, due to low-dose LPS administration, and after high-dose LPS administration, proliferation is seen in most brain regions, except for the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. A transient increase in the microglial population is beneficial during LPS-induced inflammation for attenuating sickness response. Transient receptor potential receptor vanilloid 1 expressed in astrocytes and tanycytes of the CVOs is responsible for thermoregulation upon exposure to a warm environment less than 37°C. Alternatively, Nax expressed in astrocytes and tanycytes of the CVOs is crucial for maintaining body fluid homeostasis. Thus, recent findings indicate that glial cells in the brain CVOs are essential for initiating neuroinflammatory responses and maintaining body fluid and thermal homeostasis.
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Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Mediated Oligodendrogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132101. [PMID: 35805185 PMCID: PMC9265817 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrogenesis is essential for replacing worn-out oligodendrocytes, promoting myelin plasticity, and for myelin repair following a demyelinating injury in the adult mammalian brain. Neural stem cells are an important source of oligodendrocytes in the adult brain; however, there are considerable differences in oligodendrogenesis from neural stem cells residing in different areas of the adult brain. Amongst the distinct niches containing neural stem cells, the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus are considered the principle areas of adult neurogenesis. In addition to these areas, radial glia-like cells, which are the precursors of neural stem cells, are found in the lining of the third ventricle, where they are called tanycytes, and in the cerebellum, where they are called Bergmann glia. In this review, we will describe the contribution and regulation of each of these niches in adult oligodendrogenesis.
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Corales LG, Inada H, Hiraoka K, Araki S, Yamanaka S, Kikkawa T, Osumi N. The subcommissural organ maintains features of neuroepithelial cells in the adult mouse. J Anat 2022; 241:820-830. [PMID: 35638289 PMCID: PMC9358730 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a part of the circumventricular organs located in the dorsocaudal region of the third ventricle at the entrance of the aqueduct of Sylvius. The SCO comprises epithelial cells and produces high molecular weight glycoproteins, which are secreted into the third ventricle and become part of Reissner's fibre in the cerebrospinal fluid. Abnormal development of the SCO has been linked with congenital hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. In the present study, we characterized the SCO cells in the adult mouse brain to gain insights into the possible role of this brain region. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that expression of Pax6, a transcription factor essential for SCO differentiation during embryogenesis, is maintained in the SCO at postnatal stages from P0 to P84. SCO cells in the adult brain expressed known neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) markers, Sox2 and vimentin. The adult SCO cells also expressed proliferating marker PCNA, although expression of another proliferation marker Ki67, indicating a G2/M phase, was not detected. The SCO cells did not incorporate BrdU, a marker for DNA synthesis in the S phase. Therefore, the SCO cells have a potential for proliferation but are quiescent for cell division in the adult. The SCO cells also expressed GFAP, a marker for astrocytes or NSPCs, but not NeuN (for neurons). A few cells positive for Iba1 (microglia), Olig2 (for oligodendrocytes) and PDGFRα (oligodendrocyte progenitors) existed within or on the periphery of the SCO. These findings revealed that the SCO cells have a unique feature as secretory yet immature neuroepithelial cells in the adult mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laarni Grace Corales
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Inada
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hiraoka
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shun Araki
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takako Kikkawa
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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11
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Transcytosis of tanycytes in the circumventricular organs of adult mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 2022; 779:136633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Torii K, Takagi S, Yoshimura R, Miyata S. Microglial proliferation attenuates sickness responses in adult mice during endotoxin-induced inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 365:577832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Shi X, Gong X, Xiong H, Zhang J. Cellular distribution of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 like immunoreactivities in frontal cortex and corpus callosum of normal and lipopolysaccharide treated animal. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:20. [PMID: 35354428 PMCID: PMC8965573 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of various neurological and/or psychiatric diseases. Tissue or cellular expression of CCL2, in normal or pathological condition, may play an essential role in recruiting monocytes or macrophages into targeted organs, and be involved in a certain pathogenic mechanism. However, few studies focused on tissue and cellular distribution of the CCL2 peptide in brain grey and white matters (GM, WM), and the changes of the GM and WM cellular CCL2 level in septic or endotoxic encephalopathy was not explored. Hence, the CCL2 cellular distribution in the front brain cortex and the corpus callosum (CC) was investigated in the present work by using immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS (1) CCL2 like immunoreactivity (CCL2-ir) in the CC is evidently higher than the cortex. When the measurement includes ependymal layer attached to the CC, CCL2-ir intensity is significantly higher than cortex. (2) Structures in perivascular areas, most of them are GFAP positive, contribute major CCL2-ir positive profiles in both GM and WM, but apparently more in the CC, where they are bilaterally distributed in the lateral CC between the cingulate cortex and ventricles. (3) The neuron-like CCL2-ir positive cells in cortex are significantly more than in the CC, and that number is significantly increased in the cortex following systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but not in the CC. (4) In addition to CCL2-ir positive perivascular rings, more CCL2-ir filled cashew shape elements are observed, probably inside of microvasculature, especially in the CC following systemic LPS. (5) Few macrophage/microglia marker-Iba-1 and CCL2-ir co-labeled structures especially the soma is found in normal cortex and CC; the co-localizations are significantly augmented following systemic LPS, and co-labeled amoeba like somata are presented. (6) CCL2-ir and astrocyte marker GFAP or Iba-1 double labeled structures are also observed within the ependymal layer. No accumulation of neutrophils was detected. CONCLUSION There exist differences in the cellular distribution of the CCL2 peptide in frontal cortex GM and subcortical WM-CC, in both the physiological condition and experimental endotoxemia. Which might cause different pathological change in the GM and WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinrui Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated to Hubei University of Arts and Science, 136 Jinzhou Street, Xiangyang, 441021, China.
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experiment Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experiment Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0531, USA.
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14
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Regulating Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation to Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050846. [PMID: 35269466 PMCID: PMC8909806 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of individuals worldwide. Currently, there is no cure, and treatment options to promote neural recovery are limited. An innovative approach to improve outcomes following SCI involves the recruitment of endogenous populations of neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs can be isolated from the neuroaxis of the central nervous system (CNS), with brain and spinal cord populations sharing common characteristics (as well as regionally distinct phenotypes). Within the spinal cord, a number of NSC sub-populations have been identified which display unique protein expression profiles and proliferation kinetics. Collectively, the potential for NSCs to impact regenerative medicine strategies hinges on their cardinal properties, including self-renewal and multipotency (the ability to generate de novo neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes). Accordingly, endogenous NSCs could be harnessed to replace lost cells and promote structural repair following SCI. While studies exploring the efficacy of this approach continue to suggest its potential, many questions remain including those related to heterogeneity within the NSC pool, the interaction of NSCs with their environment, and the identification of factors that can enhance their response. We discuss the current state of knowledge regarding populations of endogenous spinal cord NSCs, their niche, and the factors that regulate their behavior. In an attempt to move towards the goal of enhancing neural repair, we highlight approaches that promote NSC activation following injury including the modulation of the microenvironment and parenchymal cells, pharmaceuticals, and applied electrical stimulation.
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15
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Role of TRPM8 in cold avoidance behaviors and brain activation during innocuous and nocuous cold stimuli. Physiol Behav 2022; 248:113729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Kim CK, Sachdev PS, Braidy N. Recent Neurotherapeutic Strategies to Promote Healthy Brain Aging: Are we there yet? Aging Dis 2022; 13:175-214. [PMID: 35111369 PMCID: PMC8782556 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the global exponential increase in population ageing, there is an urgent unmet need to develop reliable strategies to slow down and delay the ageing process. Age-related neurodegenerative diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in our contemporary society and represent a major socio-economic burden. There are several controversial factors that are thought to play a causal role in brain ageing which are continuously being examined in experimental models. Among them are oxidative stress and brain inflammation which are empirical to brain ageing. Although some candidate drugs have been developed which reduce the ageing phenotype, their clinical translation is limited. There are several strategies currently in development to improve brain ageing. These include strategies such as caloric restriction, ketogenic diet, promotion of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, removal of senescent cells, 'young blood' transfusions, enhancement of adult neurogenesis, stem cell therapy, vascular risk reduction, and non-pharmacological lifestyle strategies. Several studies have shown that these strategies can not only improve brain ageing by attenuating age-related neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, but also maintain cognitive function in a variety of pre-clinical experimental murine models. However, clinical evidence is limited and many of these strategies are awaiting findings from large-scale clinical trials which are nascent in the current literature. Further studies are needed to determine their long-term efficacy and lack of adverse effects in various tissues and organs to gain a greater understanding of their potential beneficial effects on brain ageing and health span in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Kyu Kim
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Deng S, Gan L, Liu C, Xu T, Zhou S, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Tian H, Tang Y. Roles of Ependymal Cells in the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System. Aging Dis 2022; 14:468-483. [PMID: 37008045 PMCID: PMC10017161 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells are indispensable components of the central nervous system (CNS). They originate from neuroepithelial cells of the neural plate and show heterogeneity, with at least three types that are localized in different locations of the CNS. As glial cells in the CNS, accumulating evidence demonstrates that ependymal cells play key roles in mammalian CNS development and normal physiological processes by controlling the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain metabolism, and waste clearance. Ependymal cells have been attached to great importance by neuroscientists because of their potential to participate in CNS disease progression. Recent studies have demonstrated that ependymal cells participate in the development and progression of various neurological diseases, such as spinal cord injury and hydrocephalus, raising the possibility that they may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the disease. This review focuses on the function of ependymal cells in the developmental CNS as well as in the CNS after injury and discusses the underlying mechanisms of controlling the functions of ependymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaohui Tang
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Yaohui Tang, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .
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18
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Dou Z, Son JE, Hui CC. Irx3 and Irx5 - Novel Regulatory Factors of Postnatal Hypothalamic Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:763856. [PMID: 34795556 PMCID: PMC8593166 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.763856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region that exhibits highly conserved anatomy across vertebrate species and functions as a central regulatory hub for many physiological processes such as energy homeostasis and circadian rhythm. Neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are largely responsible for sensing of peripheral signals such as leptin and insulin, and are critical for the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. While these neurons are mainly born during embryogenesis, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that neurogenesis also occurs in postnatal-adult mouse hypothalamus, particularly in the first two postnatal weeks. This second wave of active neurogenesis contributes to the remodeling of hypothalamic neuronal populations and regulation of energy homeostasis including hypothalamic leptin sensing. Radial glia cell types, such as tanycytes, are known to act as neuronal progenitors in the postnatal mouse hypothalamus. Our recent study unveiled a previously unreported radial glia-like neural stem cell (RGL-NSC) population that actively contributes to neurogenesis in the postnatal mouse hypothalamus. We also identified Irx3 and Irx5, which encode Iroquois homeodomain-containing transcription factors, as genetic determinants regulating the neurogenic property of these RGL-NSCs. These findings are significant as IRX3 and IRX5 have been implicated in FTO-associated obesity in humans, illustrating the importance of postnatal hypothalamic neurogenesis in energy homeostasis and obesity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding postnatal-adult hypothalamic neurogenesis and highlight recent findings on the radial glia-like cells that contribute to the remodeling of postnatal mouse hypothalamus. We will discuss characteristics of the RGL-NSCs and potential actions of Irx3 and Irx5 in the regulation of neural stem cells in the postnatal-adult mouse brain. Understanding the behavior and regulation of neural stem cells in the postnatal-adult hypothalamus will provide novel mechanistic insights in the control of hypothalamic remodeling and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Dou
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joe Eun Son
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chi-chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Kugler EC, Greenwood J, MacDonald RB. The "Neuro-Glial-Vascular" Unit: The Role of Glia in Neurovascular Unit Formation and Dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732820. [PMID: 34646826 PMCID: PMC8502923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a complex multi-cellular structure consisting of endothelial cells (ECs), neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and pericytes. Each component is closely linked to each other, establishing a structural and functional unit, regulating central nervous system (CNS) blood flow and energy metabolism as well as forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and inner blood-retina barrier (BRB). As the name suggests, the “neuro” and “vascular” components of the NVU are well recognized and neurovascular coupling is the key function of the NVU. However, the NVU consists of multiple cell types and its functionality goes beyond the resulting neurovascular coupling, with cross-component links of signaling, metabolism, and homeostasis. Within the NVU, glia cells have gained increased attention and it is increasingly clear that they fulfill various multi-level functions in the NVU. Glial dysfunctions were shown to precede neuronal and vascular pathologies suggesting central roles for glia in NVU functionality and pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we take a “glio-centric” view on NVU development and function in the retina and brain, how these change in disease, and how advancing experimental techniques will help us address unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth C Kugler
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan B MacDonald
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Miya K, Keino-Masu K, Okada T, Kobayashi K, Masu M. Expression of Heparan Sulfate Endosulfatases in the Adult Mouse Brain: Co-expression of Sulf1 and Dopamine D1/D2 Receptors. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:726718. [PMID: 34489650 PMCID: PMC8417564 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.726718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatases, Sulfatase 1 (Sulf1), and Sulfatase 2 (Sulf2), are extracellular enzymes that regulate cellular signaling by removing 6-O-sulfate from the heparan sulfate chain. Although previous studies have revealed that Sulfs are essential for normal development, their functions in the adult brain remain largely unknown. To gain insight into their neural functions, we used in situ hybridization to systematically examine Sulf1/2 mRNA expression in the adult mouse brain. Sulf1 and Sulf2 mRNAs showed distinct expression patterns, which is in contrast to their overlapping expression in the embryonic brain. In addition, we found that Sulf1 was distinctly expressed in the nucleus accumbens shell, the posterior tail of the striatum, layer 6 of the cerebral cortex, and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, all of which are target areas of dopaminergic projections. Using double-labeling techniques, we showed that Sulf1-expressing cells in the above regions coincided with cells expressing the dopamine D1 and/or D2 receptor. These findings implicate possible roles of Sulf1 in modulation of dopaminergic transmission and dopamine-mediated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Miya
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuko Keino-Masu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuya Okada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Masu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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21
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Diversity of Adult Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082045. [PMID: 34440814 PMCID: PMC8392301 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) contribute to learning, memory, maintenance of homeostasis, energy metabolism and many other essential processes. They are highly heterogeneous populations that require input from a regionally distinct microenvironment including a mix of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, NG2+ glia, vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and others. The diversity of NSPCs is present in all three major parts of the CNS, i.e., the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Intrinsic and extrinsic signals, e.g., neurotrophic and growth factors, master transcription factors, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), collectively regulate activities and characteristics of NSPCs: quiescence/survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integration. This review discusses the heterogeneous NSPC populations in the normal physiology and highlights their potentials and roles in injured/diseased states for regenerative medicine.
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22
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Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Triggers Neurogenesis in the Hypothalamus of Adult Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115926. [PMID: 34072957 PMCID: PMC8198740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown in adult mammals that the hypothalamus can generate new cells in response to metabolic changes, and tanycytes, putative descendants of radial glia, can give rise to neurons. Previously we have shown in vitro that neurospheres generated from the hypothalamus of adult zebrafish show increased neurogenesis in response to exogenously applied hormones. To determine whether adult zebrafish have a hormone-responsive tanycyte-like population in the hypothalamus, we characterized proliferative domains within this region. Here we show that the parvocellular nucleus of the preoptic region (POA) labels with neurogenic/tanycyte markers vimentin, GFAP/Zrf1, and Sox2, but these cells are generally non-proliferative. In contrast, Sox2+ proliferative cells in the ventral POA did not express vimentin and GFAP/Zrf1. A subset of the Sox2+ cells co-localized with Fezf2:GFP, a transcription factor important for neuroendocrine cell specification. Exogenous treatments of GnRH and testosterone were assayed in vivo. While the testosterone-treated animals showed no significant changes in proliferation, the GnRH-treated animals showed significant increases in the number of BrdU-labeled cells and Sox2+ cells. Thus, cells in the proliferative domains of the zebrafish POA do not express radial glia (tanycyte) markers vimentin and GFAP/Zrf1, and yet, are responsive to exogenously applied GnRH treatment.
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Nambu Y, Ohira K, Morita M, Yasumoto H, Kurganov E, Miyata S. Effects of leptin on proliferation of astrocyte- and tanycyte-like neural stem cells in the adult mouse medulla oblongata. Neurosci Res 2021; 173:44-53. [PMID: 34058263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte- and tanycyte-like neural stem cells (NSCs) were recently detected in the area postrema (AP) and central canal (CC) of the adult medulla oblongata, respectively. The present study aimed to examine dynamical behaviors of the astrocyte- and tanycyte-like NSCs of the mouse medulla oblongata to leptin. The neurosphere assay identified astrocytes in the AP and tanycytes in the CC as NSCs based on their self-renewing neurospherogenic potential. Both NSCs in neurosphere cultures were multipotent cells that generate astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Astrocyte-like NSCs actively proliferated and tanycyte-like NSCs were quiescent under physiologically-relevant in vivo conditions. Chronic leptin treatment promoted proliferation of astrocyte-like NSCs in the AP both in vitro and in vivo. Leptin receptors were expressed in astrocyte-like, but not tanycyte-like NSCs. Food deprivation significantly diminished proliferation of astrocyte-like NSCs. Therefore, the present study indicates that proliferation of astrocyte-like, but not tanycyte-like NSCs is regulated by nutritional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Nambu
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Ohira
- Laboratory of Nutritional Brain Science, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Morita
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yasumoto
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Erkin Kurganov
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
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Brossier NM, Thondapu S, Cobb OM, Dahiya S, Gutmann DH. Temporal, spatial, and genetic constraints contribute to the patterning and penetrance of murine neurofibromatosis-1 optic glioma. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:625-637. [PMID: 33080011 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors of childhood, but little is understood about the factors that influence their development. Pediatric low-grade gliomas in particular display unique temporal and spatial localization associated with different genetic mutations (eg, BRAF genomic alterations, mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 1 [NF1] gene) for reasons that remain unclear. NF1 low-grade gliomas typically arise in the optic pathway of young children as optic pathway gliomas (OPGs), likely from a cell of origin that resides within the third ventricular zone (TVZ). However, the factors that contribute to their distinct temporal patterning and penetrance have not been adequately explored. METHODS TVZ neuroglial progenitor cells (NPCs) were analyzed over the course of mouse brain development. Progenitors isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) were assessed for functional and molecular differences. The impact of different germline Nf1 mutations on TVZ NPC properties was analyzed using genetically engineered mice. RESULTS We identify 3 individual factors that could each contribute to Nf1 optic glioma temporal patterning and penetrance. First, there are 3 functionally and molecularly distinct populations of mouse TVZ NPCs, one of which ("M" cells) exhibits the highest clonogenic incidence, proliferation, and abundance during embryogenesis. Second, TVZ NPC proliferation dramatically decreases after birth. Third, germline Nf1 mutations differentially increase TVZ NPC proliferation during embryogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The unique temporal patterning and penetrance of Nf1 optic glioma reflects the combined effects of TVZ NPC population composition, time-dependent changes in progenitor proliferation, and the differential impact of the germline Nf1 mutation on TVZ NPC expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Brossier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Sharanya Thondapu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Olivia M Cobb
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Sonika Dahiya
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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Nambu Y, Horie K, Kurganov E, Miyata S. Chronic running and a corticosterone treatment attenuate astrocyte-like neural stem cell proliferation in the area postrema of the adult mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 2021; 748:135732. [PMID: 33592302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain has provided insights into an extra level of brain plasticity. The proliferation and differentiation of NSCs is modulated by various physiological, pathological, and pharmacological stimuli. NSCs were recently detected in the medulla oblongata of adult rodents and humans; however, their functional significance currently remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of chronic wheel-running and a corticosterone (CORT) treatment on the proliferation of astrocyte-like NSCs in the area postrema (AP) and dentate gyrus (DG). Chronic running significantly decreased the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled astrocyte-like NSCs in the AP of adult mice, but markedly increased that of BrdU+ NSCs/neural progenitor cells in the DG. The chronic CORT treatment markedly reduced the number of BrdU+ astrocyte-like NSCs in the AP, but not in the DG. These results demonstrate that the proliferation of astrocyte-like NSCs in the medulla oblongata is decreased by chronic running and a CORT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Nambu
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kohei Horie
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Erkin Kurganov
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Tanycytes in the infundibular nucleus and median eminence and their role in the blood-brain barrier. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:253-273. [PMID: 34225934 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is generally attributed to endothelial cells. However, in circumventricular organs, such as the median eminence, tanycytes take over the barrier function. These ependymoglial cells form the wall of the third ventricle and send long extensions into the parenchyma to contact blood vessels and hypothalamic neurons. The shape and location of tanycytes put them in an ideal position to connect the periphery with central nervous compartments. In line with this, tanycytes control the transport of hormones and key metabolites in and out of the hypothalamus. They function as sensors of peripheral homeostasis for central regulatory networks. This chapter discusses current evidence that tanycytes play a key role in regulating glucose balance, food intake, endocrine axes, seasonal changes, reproductive function, and aging. The understanding of how tanycytes perform these diverse tasks is only just beginning to emerge and will probably lead to a more differentiated view of how the brain and the periphery interact.
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Sharif A, Fitzsimons CP, Lucassen PJ. Neurogenesis in the adult hypothalamus: A distinct form of structural plasticity involved in metabolic and circadian regulation, with potential relevance for human pathophysiology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:125-140. [PMID: 34225958 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain harbors specific niches where stem cells undergo substantial plasticity and, in some regions, generate new neurons throughout life. This phenomenon is well known in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the hippocampus and has recently also been described in the hypothalamus of several rodent and primate species. After a brief overview of preclinical studies illustrating the pathophysiologic significance of hypothalamic neurogenesis in the control of energy metabolism, reproduction, thermoregulation, sleep, and aging, we review current literature on the neurogenic niche of the human hypothalamus. A comparison of the organization of the niche between humans and rodents highlights some common features, but also substantial differences, e.g., in the distribution and extent of the hypothalamic neural stem cells. Exploring the full dynamics of hypothalamic neurogenesis in humans raises a formidable challenge however, given among others, inherent technical limitations. We close with discussing possible functional role(s) of the human hypothalamic niche, and how gaining more insights into this form of plasticity could be relevant for a better understanding of pathologies associated with disturbed hypothalamic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Sharif
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Smedlund KB, Hill JW. The role of non-neuronal cells in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110996. [PMID: 32860862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released by the hypothalamus. Disruption of this system leads to impaired reproductive maturation and function, a condition known as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Most studies to date have focused on genetic causes of HH that impact neuronal development and function. However, variants may also impact the functioning of non-neuronal cells known as glia. Glial cells make up 50% of brain cells of humans, primates, and rodents. They include radial glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, tanycytes, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Many of these cells influence the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system controlling fertility. Indeed, glia regulate GnRH neuronal activity and secretion, acting both at their cell bodies and their nerve endings. Recent work has also made clear that these interactions are an essential aspect of how the HPG axis integrates endocrine, metabolic, and environmental signals to control fertility. Recognition of the clinical importance of interactions between glia and the GnRH network may pave the way for the development of new treatment strategies for dysfunctions of puberty and adult fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B Smedlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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Recabal A, Fernández P, López S, Barahona MJ, Ordenes P, Palma A, Elizondo-Vega R, Farkas C, Uribe A, Caprile T, Sáez JC, García-Robles MA. The FGF2-induced tanycyte proliferation involves a connexin 43 hemichannel/purinergic-dependent pathway. J Neurochem 2020; 156:182-199. [PMID: 32936929 PMCID: PMC7894481 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the adult hypothalamus, the neuronal precursor role is attributed to the radial glia-like cells that line the third-ventricle (3V) wall called tanycytes. Under nutritional cues, including hypercaloric diets, tanycytes proliferate and differentiate into mature neurons that moderate body weight, suggesting that hypothalamic neurogenesis is an adaptive mechanism in response to metabolic changes. Previous studies have shown that the tanycyte glucosensing mechanism depends on connexin-43 hemichannels (Cx43 HCs), purine release, and increased intracellular free calcium ion concentration [(Ca2+ )i ] mediated by purinergic P2Y receptors. Since, Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) causes similar purinergic events in other cell types, we hypothesize that this pathway can be also activated by FGF2 in tanycytes to promote their proliferation. Here, we used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to evaluate if FGF2-induced tanycyte cell division is sensitive to Cx43 HC inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Immunocytochemical analyses showed that cultured tanycytes maintain the expression of in situ markers. After FGF2 exposure, tanycytic Cx43 HCs opened, enabling release of ATP to the extracellular milieu. Moreover, application of external ATP was enough to induce their cell division, which could be suppressed by Cx43 HC or P2Y1-receptor inhibitors. Similarly, in vivo experiments performed on rats by continuous infusion of FGF2 and a Cx43 HC inhibitor into the 3V, demonstrated that FGF2-induced β-tanycyte proliferation is sensitive to Cx43 HC blockade. Thus, FGF2 induced Cx43 HC opening, triggered purinergic signaling, and increased β-tanycytes proliferation, highlighting some of the molecular mechanisms involved in the cell division response of tanycyte. This article has an Editorial Highlight see https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15218.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Recabal
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paola Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago
| | - Sergio López
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María J Barahona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio Ordenes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandra Palma
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Carlos Farkas
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amparo Uribe
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Depletion of microglia and macrophages with clodronate liposomes attenuates zymosan-induced Fos expression and hypothermia in the adult mouse. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 344:577244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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