Actionable Mutation Profiles of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer patients from Vietnamese population

Sex- and Age-Associated Differences in Genomic Alterations among Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Genomic mutations impact non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) biology. The influence of sex and age on the distribution of these alterations is unclear. We analyzed circulating-tumor DNA from individuals with advanced NSCLC from March 2018 to October 2020. EGFR, KRAS, ALK, ROS1, BRAF, NTRK, ERBB2, RET, MET, PIK3CA, STK11, and TP53 alterations were assessed. We evaluated the differences by sex and age (<70 and ≥70) using Fisher's exact test. Of the 34,277 samples, 30,790 (89.83%) had a detectable mutation and 19,923 (58.12%) had an alteration of interest. The median age of the ctDNA positive population was 69 (18-102), 16,756 (54.42%) were female, and 28,835 (93.65%) had adenocarcinoma. Females had more alterations in all the assessed EGFR mutations, KRAS G12C, and ERBB2 ex20 ins. Males had higher numbers of MET amp and alterations in STK11 and TP53. Patients <70 years were more likely to have alterations in EGFR exon 19 del/exon 20 ins/T790M, KRAS G12C/D, ALK, ROS1, BRAF V600E, ERBB2 Ex20ins, MET amp, STK11, and TP53. Individuals ≥70 years were more likely to have alterations in EGFR L861Q, MET exon 14 skipping, and PIK3CA. We provided evidence of sex- and age-associated differences in the distribution of genomic alterations in individuals with advanced NSCLC.

Analytical validation and clinical utilization of K-4CARE™: a comprehensive genomic profiling assay with personalized MRD detection

Background: Biomarker testing has gradually become standard of care in precision oncology to help physicians select optimal treatment for patients. Compared to single-gene or small gene panel testing, comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) has emerged as a more time- and tissue-efficient method. This study demonstrated in-depth analytical validation of K-4CARE, a CGP assay that integrates circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) tracking for residual cancer surveillance. Methods: The assay utilized a panel of 473 cancer-relevant genes with a total length of 1.7 Mb. Reference standards were used to evaluate limit of detection (LOD), concordance, sensitivity, specificity and precision of the assay to detect single nucleotide variants (SNVs), small insertion/deletions (Indels), gene amplification and fusion, microsatellite instability (MSI) and tumor mutational burden (TMB). The assay was then benchmarked against orthogonal methods using 155 clinical samples from 10 cancer types. In selected cancers, top tumor-derived somatic mutations, as ranked by our proprietary algorithm, were used to detect ctDNA in the plasma. Results: For detection of somatic SNVs and Indels, gene fusion and amplification, the assay had sensitivity of >99%, 94% and >99% respectively, and specificity of >99%. Detection of germline variants also achieved sensitivity and specificity of >99%. For TMB measurement, the correlation coefficient between whole-exome sequencing and our targeted panel was 97%. MSI analysis when benchmarked against polymerase chain reaction method showed sensitivity of 94% and specificity of >99%. The concordance between our assay and the TruSight Oncology 500 assay for detection of somatic variants, TMB and MSI measurement was 100%, 89%, and 98% respectively. When CGP-informed mutations were used to personalize ctDNA tracking, the detection rate of ctDNA in liquid biopsy was 79%, and clinical utility in cancer surveillance was demonstrated in 2 case studies. Conclusion: K-4CARE™ assay provides comprehensive and reliable genomic information that fulfills all guideline-based biomarker testing for both targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Integration of ctDNA tracking helps clinicians to further monitor treatment response and ultimately provide well-rounded care to cancer patients.

A real-world cohort study of first-line afatinib in patients with EGFR-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Vietnam

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of first-line afatinib treatment in a real-world setting in Vietnam.

METHODS

This retrospective study was conducted across nine hospitals in Vietnam. Advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received afatinib as first-line therapy between April 2018 and June 2022 were included, and patient medical records were reviewed. Key outcomes were overall response rate (ORR), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and tolerability.

RESULTS

A total of 343 patients on first-line afatinib were eligible for the study. EGFR exon 19 deletion (Del19) alone was detected in 46.9% of patients, L858R mutation alone in 26.3%, and other uncommon EGFR mutations, including compound mutations, in 26.8%. Patients with brain metastases at baseline were 25.4%. Patients who received 40 mg, 30 mg, and 20 mg as starting doses of afatinib were 58.6%, 39.9%, and 1.5%, respectively. The ORR was 78.1% in the overall population, 82.6% in the Del19 mutation subgroup, 73.3% in the L858R mutation subgroup, and 75.0% in the uncommon mutation subgroup (p > 0.05). The univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that the ORR increased when the starting dose was 40 mg compared to starting doses below 40 mg (83.9% vs. 74.3%, p = 0.034). The median TTF (mTTF) was 16.7 months (CI 95%: 14.8-18.5) in all patients, with a median follow-up time of 26.2 months. The mTTF was longer in patients in the common EGFR mutation subgroup (Del19/L858R) than in those in the uncommon mutation subgroup (17.5 vs. 13.8 months, p = 0.045) and in those without versus with brain metastases at baseline (17.5 vs. 15.1 months, p = 0.049). There were no significant differences in the mTTF between subgroups based on the starting dose of 40 mg and < 40 mg (16.7 vs. 16.9 months, p > 0.05). The most common treatment-related adverse events (any grade/grade ≥ 3) were diarrhea (55.4%/3.5%), rash (51.9%/3.2%), paronychia (35.3%/5.0%), and stomatitis (22.2%/1.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

Afatinib demonstrated clinical effectiveness and good tolerability in Vietnamese EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. In our real-world setting, administering a starting dose below 40 mg might result in a reduction in ORR; however, it might not have a significant impact on TTF.

Treatment of Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Pembrolizumab in Combination with Platinum-Based Doublet Chemotherapy in Vietnam

Introduction

Lung cancer has been one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide in recent decades. According to the findings of the KEYNOTE-407 (2018) study on patients with stage IV squamous cell lung cancer, the combination of pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in the first-line treatment prolongs overall survival compared with chemotherapy alone. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of treating patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer with pembrolizumab in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy.

Methods

A retrospective multicenter study on 46 patients at four hospitals in Vietnam between June 2018 and August 2022. Patients received first-line treatment with a protocol of pembrolizumab in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy (pemetrexed plus carboplatin or paclitaxel plus carboplatin). The study's primary endpoints were progression-free survival and safety. The secondary endpoint was overall survival.

Results

The median progression-free survival was 11.0 months (95% CI, 7.4-14.7 months). The median overall survival was 23.1 months (95% CI, 18.4-27.8 months). The survival rate of patients after 1 and 2 years was 82.3% and 43.3%, respectively. The most common side effects were anemia and elevated liver enzymes, but they were primarily mild or moderate severity. Progression-free survival did not depend on cancer type based on histology (p = 0.13). The progression-free survival was independent of programmed death ligand-1 expression levels < 50% or ≥ 50% (p = 0.68).

Conclusion

Treatment of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer without EGFR and ALK gene mutations with the immunotherapy protocol of pembrolizumab in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy resulted in favorable outcomes without any new safety concerns. A larger sample size and longer follow-up in the future are necessary to yield more complete results.

Targeted Toxicities: Protocols for Monitoring the Adverse Events of Targeted Therapies Used in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment for many patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Multiple new oral targeted therapies have been approved in the last decade; however, their overall efficacy may be reduced by poor adherence, treatment interruptions, or dose reductions due to adverse events. Most institutions lack standard monitoring protocols for toxicities from these targeted agents. This review describes important adverse events observed in clinical trials and reported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for both currently approved and upcoming promising therapies in the treatment of NSCLC. These agents cause a range of toxicities, including dermatologic, gastroenteric, pulmonary, and cardiac toxicities. This review proposes protocols for routine monitoring of these adverse events, both prior to initiation of therapy and while on treatment.

Next-generation sequencing of non-small cell lung cancer at a Quebec health care cancer centre

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. Quebec has the highest lung cancer mortality out of all provinces in Canada, believed to be caused by higher smoking rates. Molecular testing for lung cancer is standard of care due to the discovery of actionable driver mutations that can be targeted with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. To date, no detailed molecular testing characterization of Quebec patients with lung cancer using next generation sequencing (NGS) has been performed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The aim of this study was to describe the genomic landscape of patients with lung cancer (n = 997) who underwent NGS molecular testing at a tertiary care center in Quebec and to correlate it with clinical and pathology variables.

RESULTS

Compared to 10 other NGS studies found through a structured search strategy, our cohort had a higher prevalence of KRAS mutations (39.2%) compared to most geographical locations. Additionally, we observed a significant positive association between decreasing age and a higher proportion of KRAS G12C mutations.

CONCLUSION

Overall, it remains important to assess institutional rates of actionable driver mutations to help guide governing bodies, fuel clinical trials and create benchmarks for expected rates as quality metrics.

Mutational Profiling of Lung Cancer Using Next Generation Sequencing: A Malaysian Real-World Clinical Diagnostic Experience

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Malaysia. This analysis aimed to evaluate the prevalence of actionable and common mutations, as well as co-mutations frequently occurring with EGFR variants in lung cancer. Mutational profiling of lung tumour samples was performed using next generation sequencing (NGS) panels at the Subang Jaya Medical Centre laboratory. A total of 469 lung tumour samples referred from several medical facilities in Malaysia were analysed and 84% were of the adenocarcinoma subtype. The three most frequent mutations found were EGFR (46.5%), TP53 (37.5%) and KRAS (14.3%). Actionable mutations with approved drug targets for lung cancer were detected in 63.5% of patient samples. Among patients with EGFR mutations, deletions in exon 19 were detected in 44.5% and p.L858R in 38.5% of samples. The most common co-mutations for samples with EGFR mutations were found in the TP53 gene (38.1%). A median turnaround time (TAT) of 3 working days was achievable with an automated NGS platform. NGS testing can provide valuable information on the mutational landscape and the prevalence of common or actionable mutations present in lung cancer patients. This real-world experience demonstrates the high percentage of actionable mutations detected and highlights the value of NGS testing in a clinical diagnostic setting.

Association of the KRAS genotype and clinicopathologic findings of resected non-small-cell lung cancer: A pooled analysis of 179 patients

BACKGROUND

This study assessed the clinicopathological background of early-stage KRAS-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer and analyzed the biological process of KRAS-mutated tumor using an RNA sequencing procedure.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We used a cohort of consecutive series of 179 surgically resected early-stage non-small-cell lung cancers harboring KRAS mutations and analyzed the clinicopathological features, including the KRAS genotypes, affecting the recurrence-free survival and prognosis. Consequently, we performed RNA sequencing to determine the gene expression profiles of nineteen KRAS-mutated non-small-cell cancers.

RESULTS

The most common KRAS genotype was p.G12C (57; 31.8%). A high p-stage (hazard ratio [HR], 4.181; P < 0.0001) and solid predominant adenocarcinoma histology (HR, 2.343; P = 0.0076) were significant independent prognostic factors for the recurrence-free survival. A high p-stage (HR, 3.793; P < 0.0001), solid predominant adenocarcinoma histology (HR, 2.373; P = 0.0147), and KRAS p.G12V genotype (HR, 1.975; P = 0.0407) were significant independent prognostic factors for the overall survival. A gene expression analysis of the two factors revealed the p.G12V genotype to be closer to those of stem cells, and the traits of e an enhanced fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. as well as And a solid predominant phenotype were shown to an acquired a trait that can withstand hypoxia and the effect of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase.

CONCLUSION

The KRAS p.G12V genotype and solid predominant adenocarcinoma phenotype may be independent predictive factors of a poor clinical course in resected early-stage non-small-cell lung cancers, possibly due to the differentiation tendency observed in stem cells, the trait of an enhanced fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and the effect of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase.

Evaluating Real World Mutational Differences Between Hispanics and Asians in NSCLC at a Large Academic Institution in Los Angeles

INTRODUCTION

Hispanics living in the United States have higher rates of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations compared with Non-Hispanic Whites. While this higher incidence is like Asian patients living in the United States, the outcomes for Hispanic patients differ. We looked to compare the variances in mutational profiles between Hispanics and Asians in Los Angeles.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Three hundred ninety three non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated at Los Angeles County + University of Southern California (LAC + USC) Medical Center and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center who received comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) were evaluated from July 2017 to August 2020. CGP was done using tissue biopsies (n = 211) from Caris Life Sciences and liquid biopsies (n = 231) from Guardant Health. Multivariate logistic regression evaluated the role of race between Hispanics and Asians.

RESULTS

In the Hispanic cohort (n = 90), 50.0% were male, median age of diagnosis was 62, 54.5% were non-smokers, and 85.5% had adenocarcinoma. In Asians (n = 142), 47.5% were male, median age of diagnosis was 65, 59.6% were non-smokers, and 83.8% had adenocarcinoma. Hispanic patients had greater prevalence of Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) mutations (odds ratio [OR] 4.42, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.63-12.83) and lesser prevalence of EGFR mutations (OR 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16-0.59). There were a greater proportion of Hispanic smokers with KRAS mutations (14/41; 34.1%) than Asian smokers (4/58; 6.9%).

CONCLUSION

We saw a greater percentage of Hispanics with KRAS mutations despite similar smoking percentages along with a greater percentage of Asians with EGFR mutations. This study shows that ethnic and racial backgrounds of the patient can influence the effects of potentially carcinogenic exposures leading to variances of mutation frequency of NSCLC among different ethnicities.

Analytical and clinical validation of a custom 15-gene next-generation sequencing panel for the evaluation of circulating tumor DNA mutations in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

This is a pilot proof-of-concept study to evaluate the utility of a custom 15-gene circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) panel as a potential companion molecular next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay for identifying somatic single nucleotide variants and indels in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The custom panel covers the hotspot mutations in EGFR, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, ERBB2, MET, KIT, PDGFRA, ALK, ROS1, RET, NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3 genes which serve as biomarkers for guiding treatment decisions in NSCLC patients.

METHOD

The custom 15-gene ctDNA NGS panel was designed using ArcherDX Assay Designer. A total of 20 ng or 50 ng input ctDNA was used to construct the libraries. The analytical performance was evaluated using reference standards at different allellic frequencies (0.1%, 1%, 5% and parental). The clinical performance was evaluated using plasma samples collected from 10 treatment naïve advanced stage III or IV NSCLC patients who were tested for tissue EGFR mutations. The bioinformatics analysis was performed using the proprietary Archer Analysis Software.

RESULTS

For the analytical validation, we achieved 100% sensitivity and specificity for the detection of known mutations in the reference standards. The limit of detection was 1% allelic frequency. Clinical validation showed that the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the assay for detecting EGFR mutation were 83.3% and 100% respectively. In addition, the NGS panel also detected other mutations of uncertain significance in 6 out of 10 patients.

CONCLUSION

This preliminary analysis showed that the custom 15-gene ctDNA NGS panel demonstrated good analytical and clinical performances for the EGFR mutation. Further studies incorporating the validation of other candidate gene mutations are warranted.

Molecular Biology and Therapeutic Perspectives for K-Ras Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers

In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) the most common alterations are identified in the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) gene, accounting for approximately 30% of cases in Caucasian patients. The majority of mutations are located in exon 2, with the c.34G > T (p.G12C) change being the most prevalent. The clinical relevance of KRAS mutations in NSCLC was not recognized until a few years ago. What is now emerging is a dual key role played by KRAS mutations in the management of NSCLC patients. First, recent data report that KRAS-mutant lung AC patients generally have poorer overall survival (OS). Second, a KRAS inhibitor specifically targeting the c.34G > T (p.G12C) variant, Sotorasib, has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and by the European Medicines Agency. Another KRAS inhibitor targeting c.34G > T (p.G12C), Adagrasib, is currently being reviewed by the FDA for accelerated approval. From the description of the biology of KRAS-mutant NSCLC, the present review will focus on the clinical aspects of KRAS mutations in NSCLC, in particular on the emerging efficacy data of Sotorasib and other KRAS inhibitors, including mechanisms of resistance. Finally, the interaction between KRAS mutations and immune checkpoint inhibitors will be discussed.

Predicting oncogene mutations of lung cancer using deep learning and histopathologic features on whole-slide images

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Developed a deep learning model for predicting somatic mutations of LUAD patients.

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Utilized LUAD subtype-related histological features to predict five major genetic mutations.

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Investigated multiple transfer learning scenarios to characterize morphological features.

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Achieved strong performance in predicting EGFR genetic mutations across multiple datasets.

Lung cancer is a leading cause of death in both men and women globally. The recent development of tumor molecular profiling has opened opportunities for targeted therapies for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. However, the lack of access to molecular profiling or cost and turnaround time associated with it could hinder oncologists' willingness to order frequent molecular tests, limiting potential benefits from precision medicine. In this study, we developed a weakly supervised deep learning model for predicting somatic mutations of LUAD patients based on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) whole-slide images (WSIs) using LUAD subtypes-related histological features and recent advances in computer vision. Our study was performed on a total of 747 hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained FFPE LUAD WSIs and the genetic mutation data of 232 patients who were treated at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC). We developed our convolutional neural network-based models to analyze whole slides and predict five major genetic mutations, i.e., BRAF, EGFR, KRAS, STK11, and TP53. We additionally used 111 cases from the LUAD dataset of the CPTAC-3 study for external validation. Our model achieved an AUROC of 0.799 (95% CI: 0.686–0.904) and 0.686 (95% CI: 0.620–0.752) for predicting EGFR genetic mutations on the DHMC and CPTAC-3 test sets, respectively. Predicting TP53 genetic mutations also showed promising outcomes. Our results demonstrated that H&E stained FFPE LUAD whole slides could be utilized to predict oncogene mutations, such as EGFR, indicating that somatic mutations could present subtle morphological characteristics in histology slides, where deep learning-based feature extractors can learn such latent information.

Unique characteristics of G719X and S768I compound double mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in lung cancer of coal-producing areas of East Yunnan in Southwestern China

Background

The principal objective of this project was to investigate the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) gene mutation characteristics of lung cancer patients, which can provide a molecular basis for explaining the clinicopathological features, epidemiology and use of targeted therapy in lung cancer patients in the coal-producing areas of East Yunnan.

Methodology

We collected 864 pathologically confirmed lung cancer patients’ specimens in First People’s Hospital of Qujing City of Yunnan Province from September 2016 to September 2021. We thereafter employed Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology to detect all exons present in the EGFR gene.

Results

The overall mutation frequency of the EGFR gene was 47.22%. The frequency of EGFR gene mutations in the tissue, plasma, and cytology samples were found to be 53.40%, 23.33%, and 62.50%, respectively. Univariate analysis indicated that the coal-producing areas and Fuyuan county origin were significantly associated with relatively low EGFR gene mutation frequency. Female, non-smoking history, adenocarcinoma, non-brain metastasis, and tissue specimens were found to be related to high EGFR gene mutation frequency. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested the lung cancer patients in the central area of Qujing City, stage Ia, non-coal-producing areas, non-Fuyuan origin, and non-Xuanwei origin were more likely to develop EGFR gene mutations. The most common mutations were L858R point mutation (33.09%) and exon 19 deletion (19-del) (21.32%). Interestingly, the mutation frequency of G719X (p = 0.001) and G719X + S768I (p = 0.000) in the coal-producing areas were noted to be more significant than those in non-coal-producing regions.

Conclusion

This findings of this study might be important in establishing the correlation between routine using NGS for EGFR gene mutation diagnosis and clinical practice in the lung cancer patients.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41021-022-00248-z.

Response to a Combination of Full-Dose Osimertinib and Ceritinib in a Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patient with EML4-ALK Rearrangement and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Co-Mutation

Lung cancer has been the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both developed and developing countries, with most primary lung cancers being non-small cell lung carcinomas. Treatment for this condition is sometimes individualized. With developments in modern treatment and phase III clinical trial results, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and ALK-TKI have proven thier superior effectivity in comparison with the standard platinum-based doublet and are commonly approved as first-line indications in previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR or ALK mutations. In the majority of cases, the presence of the ALK rearrangement mutation does not overlap with other mutations in NSCLC. Here, we report a patient with concomitant ALK rearrangement and EGFR mutation treated with a combination of TKIs: osimertinib and ceritinib.

Selecting the optimal immunotherapy regimen in driver-negative metastatic NSCLC

The treatment landscape of driver-negative non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is rapidly evolving. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors, specifically those targeting PD-1 or PD-L1, have demonstrated durable efficacy in a subset of patients with NSCLC, and these agents have become the cornerstone of first-line therapy. Approved immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment-naive patients now include monotherapy, immunotherapy-exclusive regimens or chemotherapy-immunotherapy combinations. Decision making in this space is complex given the absence of head-to-head prospective comparisons, although a thorough analysis of long-term efficacy and safety data from pivotal clinical trials can provide insight into the optimal management of each subset of patients. Indeed, histological subtype and the extent of tumour cell PD-L1 expression are paramount to regimen selection, although other clinicopathological factors and patient preferences might also be relevant in certain scenarios. Finally, several emerging biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies are currently under investigation, and these might further refine the current treatment paradigm. In this Review, we discuss the current treatment landscape and detail our approach to first-line immunotherapy regimen selection for patients with advanced-stage, driver-negative NSCLC.

Real-world utility of next-generation sequencing for targeted gene analysis and its application to treatment in lung adenocarcinoma

PURPOSE

This study investigated the clinical utility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for detection of genetic alterations and its implications on treatment of lung adenocarcinoma in real-world practice.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data were reviewed for 391 patients with lung adenocarcinoma who underwent NGS between March 2017 and October 2018. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival samples were used for performing NGS targeting 382 genes, including all exons of 199 genes, 184 hotspots, and the partial introns of 8 genes often rearranged in cancer. Survival analysis was performed for stage IV disease.

RESULTS

Among the 391 patients, at least one actionable mutation was identified in 294 patients (75.2%). The most commonly mutated gene was EGFR (n = 130, 33.2%), involving EGFR exon 19 deletion (n = 48, 12.3%), L858R (n = 47, 12%), and others (n = 35, 9%), followed by KRAS (n = 48, 12.3%), ALK (n = 40, 10.2%), RET (6%), MET (3%), ROS-1 (3%), and BRAF (2%) mutations. TP53 (46.9%) and CDKN2A (12.6%) mutations were common co-mutations in patients with AMs. With a median follow-up duration of 16.8 months, median overall survival was 36.8 months in patients with stage IV disease. Patients treated with the corresponding targeted therapy for AMs based on NGS reports lived significantly longer than those not treated with such therapy (p < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, targeted therapy for AM was a significantly favorable factor for survival (AM without targeted therapy vs. AM with targeted therapy, hazard ratio 2.58, 95% confidence interval 1.57-4.25; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that AMs could be comparably detected using NGS. Based on these NGS results, a suitable targeted therapy can be selected, which may improve survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. This NGS-based approach is useful in real-world practice to provide guidance when selecting targeted therapy.

Ultra-Deep Massive Parallel Sequencing of Plasma Cell-Free DNA Enables Large-Scale Profiling of Driver Mutations in Vietnamese Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Population-specific profiling of mutations in cancer genes is of critical importance for the understanding of cancer biology in general as well as the establishment of optimal diagnostics and treatment guidelines for that particular population. Although genetic analysis of tumor tissue is often used to detect mutations in cancer genes, the invasiveness and limited accessibility hinders its application in large-scale population studies. Here, we used ultra-deep massive parallel sequencing of plasma cell free DNA (cfDNA) to identify the mutation profiles of 265 Vietnamese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Compared to a cohort of advanced NSCLC patients characterized by sequencing of tissue samples, cfDNA genomic testing, despite lower mutation detection rates, was able to detect major mutations in tested driver genes that reflected similar mutation composition and distribution pattern, as well as major associations between mutation prevalence and clinical features. In conclusion, ultra-deep sequencing of plasma cfDNA represents an alternative approach for population-wide genetic profiling of cancer genes where recruitment of patients is limited to the accessibility of tumor tissue site.