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Zhang FW, Trackey PD, Verma V, Mandes GT, Calabro RL, Presot AW, Tsay CK, Lawton TJ, Zammit AS, Tang EM, Nguyen AQ, Munz KV, Nagelli EA, Bartolucci SF, Maurer JA, Burpo FJ. Cellulose Nanofiber-Alginate Biotemplated Cobalt Composite Multifunctional Aerogels for Energy Storage Electrodes. Gels 2023; 9:893. [PMID: 37998983 PMCID: PMC10671317 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tunable porous composite materials to control metal and metal oxide functionalization, conductivity, pore structure, electrolyte mass transport, mechanical strength, specific surface area, and magneto-responsiveness are critical for a broad range of energy storage, catalysis, and sensing applications. Biotemplated transition metal composite aerogels present a materials approach to address this need. To demonstrate a solution-based synthesis method to develop cobalt and cobalt oxide aerogels for high surface area multifunctional energy storage electrodes, carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and alginate biopolymers were mixed to form hydrogels to serve as biotemplates for cobalt nanoparticle formation via the chemical reduction of cobalt salt solutions. The CNF-alginate mixture forms a physically entangled, interpenetrating hydrogel, combining the properties of both biopolymers for monolith shape and pore size control and abundant carboxyl groups that bind metal ions to facilitate biotemplating. The CNF-alginate hydrogels were equilibrated in CaCl2 and CoCl2 salt solutions for hydrogel ionic crosslinking and the prepositioning of transition metal ions, respectively. The salt equilibrated hydrogels were chemically reduced with NaBH4, rinsed, solvent exchanged in ethanol, and supercritically dried with CO2 to form aerogels with a specific surface area of 228 m2/g. The resulting aerogels were pyrolyzed in N2 gas and thermally annealed in air to form Co and Co3O4 porous composite electrodes, respectively. The multifunctional composite aerogel's mechanical, magnetic, and electrochemical functionality was characterized. The coercivity and specific magnetic saturation of the pyrolyzed aerogels were 312 Oe and 114 emu/gCo, respectively. The elastic moduli of the supercritically dried, pyrolyzed, and thermally oxidized aerogels were 0.58, 1.1, and 14.3 MPa, respectively. The electrochemical testing of the pyrolyzed and thermally oxidized aerogels in 1 M KOH resulted in specific capacitances of 650 F/g and 349 F/g, respectively. The rapidly synthesized, low-cost, hydrogel-based synthesis for tunable transition metal multifunctional composite aerogels is envisioned for a wide range of porous metal electrodes to address energy storage, catalysis, and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felita W. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Paul D. Trackey
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Vani Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Galen T. Mandes
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Rosemary L. Calabro
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command-Armaments Center, Watervliet Arsenal, NY 12189, USA; (S.F.B.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Anthony W. Presot
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Claire K. Tsay
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Timothy J. Lawton
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command-Soldier Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA;
| | - Alexa S. Zammit
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Edward M. Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Andrew Q. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Kennedy V. Munz
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
| | - Enoch A. Nagelli
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
- Photonics Research Center, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Stephen F. Bartolucci
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command-Armaments Center, Watervliet Arsenal, NY 12189, USA; (S.F.B.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Joshua A. Maurer
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command-Armaments Center, Watervliet Arsenal, NY 12189, USA; (S.F.B.); (J.A.M.)
| | - F. John Burpo
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (F.W.Z.); (P.D.T.); (V.V.); (G.T.M.); (R.L.C.); (A.W.P.); (C.K.T.); (A.S.Z.); (E.M.T.); (A.Q.N.); (K.V.M.); (E.A.N.)
- Photonics Research Center, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
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Svoboda R, Nevyhoštěná M, Macháčková J, Vaculík J, Knotková K, Chromčíková M, Komersová A. Thermal degradation of Affinisol HPMC: Optimum Processing Temperatures for Hot Melt Extrusion and 3D Printing. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2253-2268. [PMID: 37610622 PMCID: PMC10547629 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Affinisol HPMC HME is a new popular form of hypromellose specifically designed for the hot melt extrusion and 3D printing of pharmaceutical products. However, reports of its thermal stability include only data obtained under inert N2 atmosphere, which is not consistent with the common pharmaceutical practice. Therefore, detailed investigation of its real-life thermal stability in air is paramount for identification of potential risks and limitations during its high-temperature processing. METHODS In this work, the Affinisol HPMC HME 15LV powder as well as extruded filaments will be investigated by means of thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy with respect to its thermal stability. RESULTS The decomposition in N2 was proceeded in accordance with the literature data and manufacturer's specifications: onset at ~260°C at 0.5°C·min-1, single-step mass loss of 90-95%. However, in laboratory or industrial practice, high-temperature processing is performed in the air, where oxidation-induced degradation drastically changes. The thermogravimetric mass loss in air proceeded in three stages: ~ 5% mass loss with onset at 150°C, ~ 70% mass loss at 200°C, and ~ 15% mass loss at 380°C. Diffusion of O2 into the Affinisol material was identified as the rate-determining step. CONCLUSION For extrusion temperatures ≥170°C, Affinisol exhibits a significant degree of degradation within the 5 min extruder retention time. Hot melt extrusion of pure Affinisol can be comfortably performed below this temperature. Utilization of plasticizers may be necessary for safe 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Svoboda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Nevyhoštěná
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Macháčková
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vaculík
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Knotková
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Chromčíková
- VILA - Joined Glass Centre of the IIC SAS, TnUAD, FChPT STU, Študentská 2, SK-911 50, Trenčín, Slovakia
- FunGlass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Študentská 2, SK-911 50, Trenčín, Slovakia
| | - Alena Komersová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Janković B, Kojić M, Milošević M, Rosić M, Waisi H, Božilović B, Manić N, Dodevski V. Upcycling of the Used Cigarette Butt Filters through Pyrolysis Process: Detailed Kinetic Mechanism with Bio-Char Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3054. [PMID: 37514442 PMCID: PMC10383087 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermo-chemical conversion via the pyrolysis of cigarette butt (CB) filters was successfully valorized and upcycled in the pre-carbonization and carbonization stages. The pre-carbonization stage (devolatilization) of the precursor material (cellulose acetate filter, r-CAcF) was analyzed by micro-scale experiments under non-isothermal conditions using TG-DTG-DTA and DSC techniques. The results of a detailed kinetic study showed that the decomposition of r-CAcF takes place via complex mechanisms, including consecutive reaction steps and two single-step reactions. Consecutive stages include the α-transition referred to as a cellulose polymorphic transformation (cellulose I → II) through crystallization mechanism changes, where a more thermodynamically ordered system was obtained. It was found that the transformation rate of cellulose I → II ('cellulose regeneration') is strongly affected by the presence of alkali metals and the deacetylation process. Two single-step reactions showed significant overlapping behavior, which involves a nucleation-controlled scission mechanism (producing levoglucosan, gaseous products, and abundant radicals) and hydrolytic decomposition of cellulose by catalytic cleavage of glycosidic bonds with the presence of an acidic catalyst. A macro-scale experiment showed that the operating temperature and heating rate had the most notable effects on the total surface area of the manufactured carbon. A substantial degree of mesoporosity with a median pore radius of 3.1695 nm was identified. The presence of macroporosity on the carbon surface and acidic surface functional groups was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Janković
- Department of Physical Chemistry, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Kojić
- Department of Radiation Chemistry and Physics, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Milošević
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Rosić
- Department of Material Science, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Hadi Waisi
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University UNION-Nikola Tesla, Cara Dušana 62-64, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Božilović
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University UNION-Nikola Tesla, Cara Dušana 62-64, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Manić
- Fuel and Combustion Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dodevski
- Department of Material Science, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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Su G, Zulkifli NWM, Ong HC, Ibrahim S, Cheah MY, Zhu R, Bu Q. Co-pyrolysis of medical protective clothing and oil palm wastes for biofuel: Experimental, techno-economic, and environmental analyses. ENERGY (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2023; 273:127221. [PMID: 36942281 PMCID: PMC10014877 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.127221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19 has devastatingly influenced the environment, society, and economy around the world. Numerous medical resources are used to inhibit the infectious transmission of the virus, resulting in massive medical waste. This study proposes a sustainable and environment-friendly method to convert hazardous medical waste into valuable fuel products through pyrolysis. Medical protective clothing (MPC), a typical medical waste from COVID-19, was utilized for co-pyrolysis with oil palm wastes (OPWs). The utilization of MPC improved the bio-oil properties in OPWs pyrolysis. The addition of catalysts further ameliorated the bio-oil quality. HZSM-5 was more effective in producing hydrocarbons in bio-oil, and the relevant reaction pathway was proposed. Meanwhile, a project was simulated to co-produce bio-oil and electricity from the co-pyrolysis of OPWs and MPC from application perspectives. The techno-economic analysis indicated that the project was economically feasible, and the payback period was 6.30-8.75 years. Moreover, it was also environmentally benign as its global warming potential varied from -211.13 to -90.76 kg CO2-eq/t. Therefore, converting MPC and OPWs into biofuel and electricity through co-pyrolysis is a green, economic, and sustainable method that can decrease waste, produce valuable fuel products, and achieve remarkable economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Energy Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nurin Wahidah Mohd Zulkifli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Energy Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shaliza Ibrahim
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mei Yee Cheah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Energy Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ruonan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Quan Bu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
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Liu X, Rong R, Dai M, Bian H, Peng C. Preparation of red mud-based zero-valent iron materials by biomass pyrolysis reduction: Reduction mechanism and application study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:160907. [PMID: 36526202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zero-valent iron (ZVI) materials have been developed and applied to treat various pollutants due to their strong reducing properties and large specific surface area. Red mud contains a large amount of iron oxide and therefore can be used as a source of iron base for the preparation of ZVI materials. Industrial reduction of iron oxides to prepare ZVI materials requires high temperatures resulting in high energy consumption and high costs. Biomass can be pyrolyzed at low temperatures to release large amounts of reducing gas, which can efficiently reduce red mud to obtain ZVI at lower temperatures. Therefore, this paper studied the pyrolysis of five biomasses, corn straw, wheat straw, rice husk, pine wood and coffee grounds, and compared the reduction of iron oxide in red mud at different temperatures for different biomass feedstocks. The results showed that the biomass could reduce most of the iron oxide in red mud to ZVI at 800 °C, which was at least 100 °C lower than the conventional iron reduction temperature. The reducing gas greatly facilitated the conversion of iron oxide to ZVI in this process. Moreover, the material has a good removal effect on both gentian violet and methylene blue. A low-energy and low-cost method was explored for the preparation of ZVI materials, and the resource utilization of biomass and red mud was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Liu
- The Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Rong Rong
- The Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Min Dai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China.
| | - Hengzhi Bian
- The Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Changsheng Peng
- The Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China.
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Soulet S, Sussman RA. Critical Review of the Recent Literature on Organic Byproducts in E-Cigarette Aerosol Emissions. TOXICS 2022; 10:714. [PMID: 36548547 PMCID: PMC9787926 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We review the literature on laboratory studies quantifying the production of potentially toxic organic byproducts (carbonyls, carbon monoxide, free radicals and some nontargeted compounds) in e-cigarette (EC) aerosol emissions, focusing on the consistency between their experimental design and a realistic usage of the devices, as determined by the power ranges of an optimal regime fulfilling a thermodynamically efficient process of aerosol generation that avoids overheating and "dry puffs". The majority of the reviewed studies failed in various degrees to comply with this consistency criterion or supplied insufficient information to verify it. Consequently, most of the experimental outcomes and risk assessments are either partially or totally unreliable and/or of various degrees of questionable relevance to end users. Studies testing the devices under reasonable approximation to realistic conditions detected levels of all organic byproducts that are either negligible or orders of magnitude lower than in tobacco smoke. Our review reinforces the pressing need to update and improve current laboratory standards by an appropriate selection of testing parameters and the logistical incorporation of end users in the experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto A. Sussman
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Gupta M, Sharma A, Beniwal CS, Tyagi P. Curcumin coated 3D biocomposite scaffolds based on chitosan and cellulose for diabetic wound healing. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Chen P, Zhou Y, Li Q, Xiao Q, Lun Y, Huang Y, Ye G. Study on the photopolymerization mechanism of allyl monomers: A photo-driven radical-mediated [3+2] cyclopolymerization mechanism to reduce degradation chain transfer. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kim T, Sohn S, Park H, Jang S, Lee C, Lee JI, Joo SW, Zoh KD. Surface-dependent gas equilibrium of semi-volatile organic compounds on glass, wood, and polyurethane foam using SPME-GC/MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132869. [PMID: 34774608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The surface-dependent evaporation behavior of phthalates as semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) on glass, wood, and polyurethane foam (PUF) was investigated. Three phthalates of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were studied to compare the amount of gases vaporized from their surfaces. A 10 mL silicate glass vial was used to compare the gas equilibrium of the phthalates after 2 h. The gases accumulated in the air were transferred to a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) column and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As correlated with the physicochemical properties of the phthalates, including molecular weights and vapor pressure, the surface-air partition coefficients (Ksa) were found to be in the range of 101-105 m, 106-107 m, and 107-109 m on glass, wood, and PUF, respectively, implying that a significant amount of phthalates are retained on wood and PUF surfaces as compared to glass, and only a trace amount of phthalates can be volatilized into the air, especially the less volatile DEHP. The three-dimensional (3D) morphologies of glass and wood were also examined using a white-light interferometric surface profile microscope and an atomic force microscope (AFM). In contrast to smooth glass surfaces within the sub-micrometer vertical range, the wood surfaces exhibited uneven irregular structures at a height of 5-30 μm. The rough wood surfaces were found to adsorb substantial amounts of gases to prevent the effective volatilization of phthalates into the air, especially the low molecular DBP. Our results imply that wood and PUF surfaces may be superior to glass surfaces in storage and reduction of phthalates in the air, especially DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seungwoon Sohn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Heungjoo Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Soonmin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - Cheolmin Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02713, South Korea
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon, 13810, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Tahir M, Irfan RM, Hussain MB, Alhumade H, Al-Turki Y, Cheng X, Karim A, Ibrahim M, Rathore HA. Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Soybean Straw Biomass for Glycolaldehyde-Rich Bio-oil Production and Subsequent Extraction. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33694-33700. [PMID: 34926917 PMCID: PMC8675037 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, soybean straw (SS) as a promising source of glycolaldehyde-rich bio-oil production and extraction was investigated. Proximate and ultimate analysis of SS was performed to examine the feasibility and suitability of SS for thermochemical conversion design. The effect of the co-catalyst (CaCl2 + ash) on glycolaldehyde concentration (%) was examined. Thermogravimetric-Fourier-transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis was applied to optimize the pyrolysis temperature and biomass-to-catalyst ratio for glycolaldehyde-rich bio-oil production. By TG-FTIR analysis, the highest glycolaldehyde concentration of 8.57% was obtained at 500 °C without the catalyst, while 12.76 and 13.56% were obtained with the catalyst at 500 °C for a 1:6 ratio of SS-to-CaCl2 and a 1:4 ratio of SS-to-ash, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest glycolaldehyde concentrations (%) determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for bio-oils produced at 500 °C (without the catalyst), a 1:6 ratio of SS-to-CaCl2, and a 1:4 ratio of SS-to-ash were found to be 11.3, 17.1, and 16.8%, respectively. These outcomes were fully consistent with the TG-FTIR results. Moreover, the effect of temperature on product distribution was investigated, and the highest bio-oil yield was achieved at 500 °C as 56.1%. This research work aims to develop an environment-friendly extraction technique involving aqueous-based imitation for glycolaldehyde extraction with 23.6% yield. Meanwhile, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis was used to confirm the purity of the extracted glycolaldehyde, which was found as 91%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir
Hussain Tahir
- School
of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong
University, Jinan 250061, China
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Rana Muhammad Irfan
- College
of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 50 Huxi East Ring Road, Gusu District, Suzhou City, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Hussain
- School
of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong
University, Jinan 250061, China
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center
of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusuf Al-Turki
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xingxing Cheng
- School
of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong
University, Jinan 250061, China
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Abdul Karim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department
of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hassaan Anwer Rathore
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O.
Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical
and Pharmaceutical Research Unit (BPRU), QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
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11
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Gollihue J, Pook VG, DeBolt S. Sources of variation in bourbon whiskey barrels: a review. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrad Gollihue
- Department of Horticulture University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546 USA
- James B. Beam Institute for Kentucky Spirits University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546 USA
| | - Victoria G. Pook
- Department of Horticulture University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546 USA
- James B. Beam Institute for Kentucky Spirits University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546 USA
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546 USA
- James B. Beam Institute for Kentucky Spirits University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546 USA
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12
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Kumagai S, Takahashi Y, Kameda T, Saito Y, Yoshioka T. Quantification of Cellulose Pyrolyzates via a Tube Reactor and a Pyrolyzer-Gas Chromatograph/Flame Ionization Detector-Based System. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12022-12026. [PMID: 34056356 PMCID: PMC8154023 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of cellulose primarily produces 1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose (levoglucosan), which easily repolymerizes to form coke precursors in the heating zone of a pyrolysis reactor. This hinders the investigation of primary pyrolysis products as well as the elucidation of cellulose pyrolysis mechanisms, particularly because of the significant buildup of coke during slow pyrolysis. The present study discusses the applicability of a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (Py-GC/FID) system using naphthalene as the internal standard, with the aim of substantially improving the quantification of pyrolyzates during the slow pyrolysis of cellulose. This method achieved quantification of levoglucosan with a yield that was 14 times higher than that obtained from offline pyrolysis in a simple tube reactor. The high yield recovery of levoglucosan was attributed to the suppression of levoglucosan repolymerization in the Py-GC/FID system, owing to the rapid escape of levoglucosan from the heating zone, low concentration of levoglucosan in the gas phase, and rapid quenching of levoglucosan. Therefore, this method facilitated the improved quantification of primary pyrolysis products during the slow pyrolysis of cellulose, which can be beneficial for understanding the primary pyrolysis reaction mechanisms. This method can potentially be applied to other polymeric materials that produce reactive pyrolyzates.
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13
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Park C, Lee N, Kim J, Lee J. Co-pyrolysis of food waste and wood bark to produce hydrogen with minimizing pollutant emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116045. [PMID: 33257148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the co-pyrolysis of food waste with lignocellulosic biomass (wood bark) in a continuous-flow pyrolysis reactor was considered as an effective strategy for the clean disposal and value-added utilization of the biowaste. To achieve this aim, the effects of major co-pyrolysis parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, the flow rate of the pyrolysis medium (nitrogen (N2) gas), and the blending ratio of food waste/wood bark on the yields, compositions, and properties of three-phase pyrolytic products (i.e., non-condensable gases, condensable compounds, and char) were investigated. The temperature and the food waste/wood bark ratio were found to affect the pyrolytic product yields, while the N2 flow rate did not. More non-condensable gases and less char were produced at higher temperatures. For example, as the temperature was increased from 300 °C to 700 °C, the yield of non-condensable gases increased from 6.3 to 17.5 wt%, while the yield of char decreased from 63.6 to 30.6 wt% for the co-pyrolysis of food waste and wood bark at a weight ratio of 1:1. Both the highest yield of hydrogen (H2) gas and the most significant suppression of the formation of phenolic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were achieved with a combination of food waste and wood bark at a weight ratio of 1:1 at 700 °C. The results suggest that the synergetic effect of food waste and lignocellulosic biomass during co-pyrolysis can be exploited to increase the H2 yield while limiting the formation of phenolic compounds and PAH derivatives. This study has also proven the effectiveness of co-pyrolysis as a process for the valorization of biowaste that is produced by agriculture, forestry, and the food industry, while reducing the formation of harmful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyeong Park
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyeon Lee
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Kirkok SK, Kibet JK, Kinyanjui T, Okanga FI, Nyamori VO. Dioxin and dibenzofuran like molecular analogues from the pyrolysis of biomass materials-the emerging challenge in bio-oil production. BMC Chem 2021; 15:3. [PMID: 33451336 PMCID: PMC7809783 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-020-00732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aggressive search for renewable energy resources and essential pyrosynthetic compounds has marked an exponential rise in the thermal degradation of biomass materials. Consequently, clean and sustainable transport fuels are increasingly desirable in a highly industrialized economy, for energy security and environmental protection. For this reason, biomass materials have been identified as promising alternatives to fossil fuels despite the challenges resulting from the possible formation of toxic nitrogen-based molecules during biomass degradation. In order to understand the free radical characteristic challenges facing the use of bio-oil, a brief review of the effects of free radicals in bio-oil is presented. Methodology Pyrolysis was conducted in a tubular flow quartz reactor at a residence time of 2 s at 1 atm. pressure, for a total pyrolysis time of 5 min. The thermal degradation of biomass components was investigated over the temperature range of 200 to 700 °C typically in 50 °C increments under two reaction conditions; pyrolysis in N2 and oxidative pyrolysis in 5% O2 in N2. The pyrolysate effluent was analysed using a Gas chromatograph hyphenated to a mass selective detector (MSD). Results The yield of levoglucosan in the pyrolysis of cellulose in the entire pyrolysis temperature range was 68.2 wt % under inert conditions and 28.8 wt % under oxidative conditions. On the other hand, formaldehyde from pyrolysis of cellulose yielded 4 wt % while that from oxidative pyrolysis was 7 wt % translating to ⁓ 1.8 times higher than the yield from pyrolysis. Accordingly, we present for the first time dioxin-like and dibenzofuran-like nitrogenated analogues from an equimassic pyrolysis of cellulose and tyrosine. Levoglucosan and formaldehyde were completely inhibited during the equimassic pyrolysis of cellulose and tyrosine. Conclusion Clearly, any small amounts of N-biomass components such as amino acids in cellulosic biomass materials can inhibit the formation of levoglucosan–a major constituent of bio-oil. Overall, a judicious balance between the production of bio-oil and side products resulting from amino acids present in plant matter should be taken into account to minimize economic losses and mitigate against negative public health concerns.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Kirkok
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Joshua K Kibet
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya.
| | - Thomas Kinyanjui
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Francis I Okanga
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Vincent O Nyamori
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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15
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Akhade SA, Singh N, Gutiérrez OY, Lopez-Ruiz J, Wang H, Holladay JD, Liu Y, Karkamkar A, Weber RS, Padmaperuma AB, Lee MS, Whyatt GA, Elliott M, Holladay JE, Male JL, Lercher JA, Rousseau R, Glezakou VA. Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Biomass-Derived Organics: A Review. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11370-11419. [PMID: 32941005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable energy generation calls for a shift away from centralized, high-temperature, energy-intensive processes to decentralized, low-temperature conversions that can be powered by electricity produced from renewable sources. Electrocatalytic conversion of biomass-derived feedstocks would allow carbon recycling of distributed, energy-poor resources in the absence of sinks and sources of high-grade heat. Selective, efficient electrocatalysts that operate at low temperatures are needed for electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) to upgrade the feedstocks. For effective generation of energy-dense chemicals and fuels, two design criteria must be met: (i) a high H:C ratio via ECH to allow for high-quality fuels and blends and (ii) a lower O:C ratio in the target molecules via electrochemical decarboxylation/deoxygenation to improve the stability of fuels and chemicals. The goal of this review is to determine whether the following questions have been sufficiently answered in the open literature, and if not, what additional information is required:(1)What organic functionalities are accessible for electrocatalytic hydrogenation under a set of reaction conditions? How do substitutions and functionalities impact the activity and selectivity of ECH?(2)What material properties cause an electrocatalyst to be active for ECH? Can general trends in ECH be formulated based on the type of electrocatalyst?(3)What are the impacts of reaction conditions (electrolyte concentration, pH, operating potential) and reactor types?
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha A Akhade
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Nirala Singh
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
| | - Oliver Y Gutiérrez
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Juan Lopez-Ruiz
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Huamin Wang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jamie D Holladay
- TU München, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-84747 Garching, Germany
| | - Yue Liu
- TU München, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-84747 Garching, Germany
| | - Abhijeet Karkamkar
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Robert S Weber
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Asanga B Padmaperuma
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Greg A Whyatt
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Michael Elliott
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Johnathan E Holladay
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jonathan L Male
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Johannes A Lercher
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,TU München, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-84747 Garching, Germany
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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