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Zhang L, Liu Z, Song Y, Sui J, Hua X. Advances in the Involvement of Metals and Metalloids in Plant Defense Response to External Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:313. [PMID: 38276769 PMCID: PMC10820295 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, uptake nutrients from the soil. Throughout their whole life cycle, they confront various external biotic and abiotic threats, encompassing harmful element toxicity, pathogen infection, and herbivore attack, posing risks to plant growth and production. Plants have evolved multifaceted mechanisms to cope with exogenous stress. The element defense hypothesis (EDH) theory elucidates that plants employ elements within their tissues to withstand various natural enemies. Notably, essential and non-essential trace metals and metalloids have been identified as active participants in plant defense mechanisms, especially in nanoparticle form. In this review, we compiled and synthetized recent advancements and robust evidence regarding the involvement of trace metals and metalloids in plant element defense against external stresses that include biotic stressors (such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity) and abiotic environmental stressors (such as pathogen invasion and herbivore attack). We discuss the mechanisms underlying the metals and metalloids involved in plant defense enhancement from physiological, biochemical, and molecular perspectives. By consolidating this information, this review enhances our understanding of how metals and metalloids contribute to plant element defense. Drawing on the current advances in plant elemental defense, we propose an application prospect of metals and metalloids in agricultural products to solve current issues, including soil pollution and production, for the sustainable development of agriculture. Although the studies focused on plant elemental defense have advanced, the precise mechanism under the plant defense response still needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Zhang
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Z.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Zhengyan Liu
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Z.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Yun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Junkang Sui
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Z.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Xuewen Hua
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Z.L.); (J.S.)
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Attipoe JQ, Khan W, Tayade R, Steven S, Islam MS, Lay L, Ghimire A, Kim H, Sereyvichea M, Propey T, Rana YB, Kim Y. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Calcium Silicate in Enhancing Soybean Growth and Yield. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112190. [PMID: 37299169 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of silicon (Si) fertilizer positively impacts crop health, yield, and seed quality worldwide. Si is a "quasi-essential" element that is crucial for plant nutrition and stress response but is less associated with growth. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Si on the yield of cultivated soybean (Glycine max L). Two locations, Gyeongsan and Gunwi, in the Republic of Korea were selected, and a land suitability analysis was performed using QGIS version 3.28.1. The experiments at both locations consisted of three treatments: the control, Si fertilizer application at 2.3 kg per plot (9 m × 9 m) (T1), and Si fertilizer application at 4.6 kg per plot (9 m × 9 m) (T2). The agronomic, root, and yield traits, as well as vegetative indices, were analyzed to evaluate the overall impact of Si. The results demonstrated that Si had consistently significant effects on most root and shoot parameters in the two experimental fields, which led to significantly increased crop yield when compared with the control, with T2 (22.8% and 25.6%, representing an output of 2.19 and 2.24 t ha-1 at Gyeongsan and Gunwi, respectively) showing a higher yield than T1 (11% and 14.2%, representing 1.98 and 2.04 t ha-1 at Gyeongsan and Gunwi, respectively). These results demonstrate the positive impact of exogenous Si application on the overall growth, morphological and physiological traits, and yield output of soybeans. However, the application of the optimal concentration of Si according to the crop requirement, soil status, and environmental conditions requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quarshie Attipoe
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Waleed Khan
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Rupesh Tayade
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Upland Field Machinery Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Senabulya Steven
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Shafiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Liny Lay
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Ghimire
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Kim
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Muong Sereyvichea
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Then Propey
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yam Bahadur Rana
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonha Kim
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Upland Field Machinery Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Understanding the Relationship between Water Availability and Biosilica Accumulation in Selected C4 Crop Leaves: An Experimental Approach. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081019. [PMID: 35448747 PMCID: PMC9031050 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biosilica accumulation in plant tissues is related to the transpiration stream, which in turn depends on water availability. Nevertheless, the debate on whether genetically and environmentally controlled mechanisms of biosilica deposition are directly connected to water availability is still open. We aim at clarifying the system which leads to the deposition of biosilica in Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum glaucum, and Eleusine coracana, expanding our understanding of the physiological role of silicon in crops well-adapted to arid environments, and simultaneously advancing the research in archaeological and paleoenvironmental studies. We cultivated ten traditional landraces for each crop in lysimeters, simulating irrigated and rain-fed scenarios in arid contexts. The percentage of biosilica accumulated in leaves indicates that both well-watered millet species deposited more biosilica than the water-stressed ones. By contrast, sorghum accumulated more biosilica with respect to the other two species, and biosilica accumulation was independent of the water regime. The water treatment alone did not explain either the variability of the assemblage or the differences in the biosilica accumulation. Hence, we hypothesize that genetics influence the variability substantially. These results demonstrate that biosilica accumulation differs among and within C4 species and that water availability is not the only driver in this process.
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Silicon improves ion homeostasis and growth of liquorice under salt stress by reducing plant Na + uptake. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5089. [PMID: 35332196 PMCID: PMC8948228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) effectively alleviates the effects of salt stress in plants and can enhance salt tolerance in liquorice. However, the mechanisms by which Si improved salt tolerance in liquorice and the effects of foliar application of Si on different liquorice species under salt stress are not fully understood. We investigated the effects of foliar application of Si on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and ion balance of two liquorice species, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and G. inflata. High salt stress resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of Na+, decreased photosynthetic pigment concentrations, perturbed ion homeostasis, and eventually inhibited both liquorice species growth. These effects were more pronounced in G. uralensis, as G. inflata is more salt tolerant than G. uralensis. Foliar application of Si effectively reduced the decomposition of photosynthetic pigments and improved gas exchange parameters, thereby promoting photosynthesis. It also effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation and leaf electrolyte leakage and enhanced osmotic adjustment of the plants. Furthermore, Si application increased the K+ concentration and reduced Na+ absorption, transport, and accumulation in the plants. The protective effects of Si were more pronounced in G. uralensis than in G. inflata. In conclusion, Si reduces Na+ absorption, improves ion balance, and alleviates the negative effects of salt stress in the two liquorice species studied, but the effect is species dependent. These findings may help to develop novel strategies for protecting liquorice plants against salt stress and provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of salt tolerance and the scientific cultivation of liquorice.
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Advances in Understanding Silicon Transporters and the Benefits to Silicon-Associated Disease Resistance in Plants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element after oxygen in the earth’s crust and soil. It is available for plant growth and development, and it is considered as quasi-essential for plant growth. The uptake and transport of Si is mediated by Si transporters. With the study of the molecular mechanism of Si uptake and transport in higher plants, different proteins and coding genes with different characteristics have been identified in numerous plants. Therefore, the accumulation, uptake and transport mechanisms of Si in various plants appear to be quite different. Many studies have reported that Si is beneficial for plant survival when challenged by disease, and it can also enhance plant resistance to pathogens, even at low Si accumulation levels. In this review, we discuss the distribution of Si in plants, as well as Si uptake, transport and accumulation, with a focus on recent advances in the study of Si transporters in different plants and the beneficial roles of Si in disease resistance. Finally, the application prospects are reviewed, leading to an exploration of the benefits of Si uptake for plant resistance against pathogens.
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Ahire ML, Mundada PS, Nikam TD, Bapat VA, Penna S. Multifaceted roles of silicon in mitigating environmental stresses in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 169:291-310. [PMID: 34826705 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Food security relies on plant productivity and plant's resilience to climate change driven environmental stresses. Plants employ diverse adaptive mechanisms of stress-signalling pathways, antioxidant defense, osmotic adjustment, nutrient homeostasis and phytohormones. Over the last few decades, silicon has emerged as a beneficial element for enhancing plant growth productivity. Silicon ameliorates biotic and abiotic stress conditions by regulating the physiological, biochemical and molecular responses. Si-uptake and transport are facilitated by specialized Si-transporters (Lsi1, Lsi2, Lsi3, and Lsi6) and, the differential root anatomy has been shown to reflect in the varying Si-uptake in monocot and dicot plants. Silicon mediates a number of plant processes including osmotic, ionic stress responses, metabolic processes, stomatal physiology, phytohormones, nutrients and source-sink relationship. Further studies on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the Si transporter genes are required for better uptake and transport in spatial mode and under different stress conditions. In this article, we present an account of the availability, uptake, Si transporters and, the role of Silicon to alleviate environmental stress and improve plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Ahire
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, 415 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - P S Mundada
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biotechnology, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, 415 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - T D Nikam
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - V A Bapat
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416 004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suprasanna Penna
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 094, Maharashtra, India.
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Influence of Silicon on Biocontrol Strategies to Manage Biotic Stress for Crop Protection, Performance, and Improvement. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102163. [PMID: 34685972 PMCID: PMC8537781 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has never been acknowledged as a vital nutrient though it confers a crucial role in a variety of plants. Si may usually be expressed more clearly in Si-accumulating plants subjected to biotic stress. It safeguards several plant species from disease. It is considered as a common element in the lithosphere of up to 30% of soils, with most minerals and rocks containing silicon, and is classified as a "significant non-essential" element for plants. Plant roots absorb Si, which is subsequently transferred to the aboveground parts through transpiration stream. The soluble Si in cytosol activates metabolic processes that create jasmonic acid and herbivore-induced organic compounds in plants to extend their defense against biotic stressors. The soluble Si in the plant tissues also attracts natural predators and parasitoids during pest infestation to boost biological control, and it acts as a natural insect repellent. However, so far scientists, policymakers, and farmers have paid little attention to its usage as a pesticide. The recent developments in the era of genomics and metabolomics have opened a new window of knowledge in designing molecular strategies integrated with the role of Si in stress mitigation in plants. Accordingly, the present review summarizes the current status of Si-mediated plant defense against insect, fungal, and bacterial attacks. It was noted that the Si-application quenches biotic stress on a long-term basis, which could be beneficial for ecologically integrated strategy instead of using pesticides in the near future for crop improvement and to enhance productivity.
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Rajput VD, Minkina T, Feizi M, Kumari A, Khan M, Mandzhieva S, Sushkova S, El-Ramady H, Verma KK, Singh A, van Hullebusch ED, Singh RK, Jatav HS, Choudhary R. Effects of Silicon and Silicon-Based Nanoparticles on Rhizosphere Microbiome, Plant Stress and Growth. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:791. [PMID: 34440021 PMCID: PMC8389584 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is considered a non-essential element similar to cadmium, arsenic, lead, etc., for plants, yet Si is beneficial to plant growth, so it is also referred to as a quasi-essential element (similar to aluminum, cobalt, sodium and selenium). An element is considered quasi-essential if it is not required by plants but its absence results in significant negative consequences or anomalies in plant growth, reproduction and development. Si is reported to reduce the negative impacts of different stresses in plants. The significant accumulation of Si on the plant tissue surface is primarily responsible for these positive influences in plants, such as increasing antioxidant activity while reducing soil pollutant absorption. Because of these advantageous properties, the application of Si-based nanoparticles (Si-NPs) in agricultural and food production has received a great deal of interest. Furthermore, conventional Si fertilizers are reported to have low bioavailability; therefore, the development and implementation of nano-Si fertilizers with high bioavailability could be crucial for viable agricultural production. Thus, in this context, the objectives of this review are to summarize the effects of both Si and Si-NPs on soil microbes, soil properties, plant growth and various plant pathogens and diseases. Si-NPs and Si are reported to change the microbial colonies and biomass, could influence rhizospheric microbes and biomass content and are able to improve soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia; (T.M.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia; (T.M.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Morteza Feizi
- Department of Soil Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran;
| | - Arpna Kumari
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia; (T.M.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Masudulla Khan
- School of Life and Basic Sciences, SIILAS, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302017, India;
| | - Saglara Mandzhieva
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia; (T.M.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia; (T.M.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Hassan El-Ramady
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | | | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut 250110, India;
| | - Eric D. van Hullebusch
- CNRS, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Rupesh Kumar Singh
- Centro de Química de Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Hanuman Singh Jatav
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jaipur 303329, India;
| | - Ravish Choudhary
- Division of Seed Science and Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
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Bokor B, Santos CS, Kostoláni D, Machado J, da Silva MN, Carvalho SMP, Vaculík M, Vasconcelos MW. Mitigation of climate change and environmental hazards in plants: Potential role of the beneficial metalloid silicon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126193. [PMID: 34492957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the concentration of atmospheric CO2 and the average temperature have been increasing, and this trend is expected to become more severe in the near future. Additionally, environmental stresses including drought, salinity, UV-radiation, heavy metals, and toxic elements exposure represent a threat for ecosystems and agriculture. Climate and environmental changes negatively affect plant growth, biomass and yield production, and also enhance plant susceptibility to pests and diseases. Silicon (Si), as a beneficial element for plants, is involved in plant tolerance and/or resistance to various abiotic and biotic stresses. The beneficial role of Si has been shown in various plant species and its accumulation relies on the root's uptake capacity. However, Si uptake in plants depends on many biogeochemical factors that may be substantially altered in the future, affecting its functional role in plant protection. At present, it is not clear whether Si accumulation in plants will be positively or negatively affected by changing climate and environmental conditions. In this review, we focused on Si interaction with the most important factors of global change and environmental hazards in plants, discussing the potential role of its application as an alleviation strategy for climate and environmental hazards based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bokor
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Carla S Santos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dominik Kostoláni
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Joana Machado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre / Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Marta Nunes da Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre / Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Susana M P Carvalho
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre / Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta W Vasconcelos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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Ranjan A, Sinha R, Bala M, Pareek A, Singla-Pareek SL, Singh AK. Silicon-mediated abiotic and biotic stress mitigation in plants: Underlying mechanisms and potential for stress resilient agriculture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 163:15-25. [PMID: 33799014 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a beneficial macronutrient for plants. The Si supplementation to growth media mitigates abiotic and biotic stresses by regulating several physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms. The uptake of Si from the soil by root cells and subsequent transport are facilitated by Lsi1 (Low silicon1) belonging to nodulin 26-like major intrinsic protein (NIP) subfamily of aquaporin protein family, and Lsi2 (Low silicon 2) belonging to putative anion transporters, respectively. The soluble Si in the cytosol enhances the production of jasmonic acid, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, secondary metabolites and induces expression of genes in plants under stress conditions. Silicon has been found beneficial in conferring tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses by scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulation of different metabolic pathways. In the present review, Si transporters identified in various plant species and mechanisms of Si-mediated abiotic and biotic stress tolerance have been presented. In addition, role of Si in regulating gene expression under various abiotic and biotic stresses as revealed by transcriptome level studies has been discussed. This provides a deeper understanding of various mechanisms of Si-mediated stress tolerance in plants and may help in devising strategies for stress resilient agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Ranjan
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834010, India
| | - Ragini Sinha
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834010, India
| | - Meenu Bala
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834010, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India; National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834010, India.
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Ligaba-Osena A, Guo W, Choi SC, Limmer MA, Seyfferth AL, Hankoua BB. Silicon Enhances Biomass and Grain Yield in an Ancient Crop Tef [ Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:608503. [PMID: 33329679 PMCID: PMC7732538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.608503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is one of the beneficial plant mineral nutrients which is known to improve biotic and abiotic stress resilience and productivity in several crops. However, its beneficial role in underutilized or "orphan" crop such as tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] has never been studied before. In this study, we investigated the effect of Si application on tef plant performance. Plants were grown in soil with or without exogenous application of Na2SiO3 (0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mM), and biomass and grain yield, mineral content, chlorophyll content, plant height, and expression patterns of putative Si transporter genes were studied. Silicon application significantly increased grain yield (100%) at 3.0 mM Si, and aboveground biomass yield by 45% at 5.0 mM Si, while it had no effect on plant height. The observed increase in grain yield appears to be due to enhanced stress resilience and increased total chlorophyll content. Increasing the level of Si increased shoot Si and Na content while it significantly decreased the content of other minerals including K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, and Mn in the shoot, which is likely due to the use of Na containing Si amendment. A slight decrease in grain Ca, P, S, and Mn was also observed with increasing Si treatment. The increase in Si content with increasing Si levels prompted us to analyze the expression of Si transporter genes. The tef genome contains seven putative Si transporters which showed high homology with influx and efflux Lsi transporters reported in various plant species including rice. The tef Lsi homologs were deferentially expressed between tissues (roots, leaves, nodes, and inflorescences) and in response to Si, suggesting that they may play a role in Si uptake and/or translocation. Taken together, these results show that Si application improves stress resilience and yield and regulates the expression of putative Si transporter genes. However, further study is needed to determine the physiological function of the putative Si transporters, and to study the effect of field application of Si on tef productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Ligaba-Osena
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Wanli Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sang Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Alan Limmer
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Angelia L. Seyfferth
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Bertrand B. Hankoua
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Sciences and Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
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Gaur S, Kumar J, Kumar D, Chauhan DK, Prasad SM, Srivastava PK. Fascinating impact of silicon and silicon transporters in plants: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110885. [PMID: 32650140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a metalloid which is gaining worldwide attention of plant scientists due to its ameliorating impact on plants' growth and development. The beneficial response of Si is observed predominantly under numerous abiotic and biotic stress conditions. However, under favorable conditions, most of the plant can grow without it. Therefore, Si has yet not been fully accepted as essential element rather it is being considered as quasi-essential for plants' growth. Si is also known to enhance resilience in plants by reducing the plant's stress. Besides its second most abundance on the earth crust, most of the soils lack plant available form of Si i.e. silicic acid. In this regard, understanding the role of Si in plant metabolism, its uptake from roots and transport to aerial tissues along with its ionomics and proteomics under different circumstances is of great concern. Plants have evolved a well-optimized Si-transport system including various transporter proteins like Low silicon1 (Lsi1), Low silicon2 (Lsi2), Low silicon3 (Lsi3) and Low silicon6 (Lsi6) at specific sub-cellular locations along with the expression profiling that creates precisely coordinated network among these transporters, which also facilitate uptake and accumulation of Si. Though, an ample amount of information is available pertinent to the solute specificity, active sites, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of these transporter genes. Similarly, the information regarding transporters involved in Si accumulation in different organelles is also available particularly in silica cells occurred in poales. But in this review, we have attempted to compile studies related to plants vis à vis Si, its role in abiotic and biotic stress, its uptake in various parts of plants via different types of Si-transporters, expression pattern, localization and the solute specificity. Besides these, this review will also provide the compiled knowledge about the genetic variation among crop plants vis à vis enhanced Si uptake and related benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Gaur
- DD Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P, 211002, India.
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P, 211002, India; Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. Shakuntla Misra National Rehabilitation University, Mohaan Road, Lucknow, U.P, 226017, India.
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- DD Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P, 211002, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Chauhan
- DD Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P, 211002, India.
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P, 211002, India.
| | - Prabhat Kumar Srivastava
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P, 211002, India; Department of Botany, KS Saket PG College, Ayodhya U.P, 224123., India.
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