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Iijima N, Hayashi T, Niino M, Miyamoto Y, Oka M, Ishii KJ. Tridecylcyclohexane in incomplete Freund's adjuvant is a critical component in inducing experimental autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350957. [PMID: 39030805 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) has been used for many years to induce autoimmune diseases in animal models, including experimental autoimmune encephalitis and collagen-induced arthritis. However, it remains unclear why it is necessary to emulsify autoantigen and heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (HKMtb) with IFA to induce experimental autoimmune diseases. Here, we found that immunization with self-antigen and HKMtb was insufficient to induce autoimmune diseases in mice. Furthermore, IFA or one of its components, mineral oil, but not mannide monooleate, was required for the development of experimental autoimmune disease. Immunization with autoantigen and HKMtb emulsified in mineral oil facilitated innate immune activation and promoted the differentiation of pathogenic CD4+ T cells, followed by their accumulation in neuronal tissues. Several water-soluble hydrocarbon compounds were identified in mineral oil. Of these, immunization with HKMtb and autoantigen emulsified with the same amount of hexadecane or tridecylcyclohexane as mineral oil induced the development of experimental autoimmune encephalitis. In contrast, immunization with HKMtb and autoantigen emulsified with tridecylcyclohexane, but not hexadecane, at doses equivalent to those found in mineral oil, resulted in neuronal dysfunction. These data indicate that tridecylcyclohexane in mineral oil is a critical component in the induction of experimental autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Iijima
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBN), Osaka, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBN), Osaka, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBN), Osaka, Ibaraki, Japan
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Masaaki Niino
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBN), Osaka, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBN), Osaka, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBN), Osaka, Ibaraki, Japan
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Suita, Japan
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2
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Dangerfield EM, Ishizuka S, Kodar K, Yamasaki S, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Chimeric NOD2 Mincle Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5373-5390. [PMID: 38507580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
There is a need for improved vaccine adjuvants to augment vaccine efficacy. One way to address this is by targeting multiple immune cell pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) using chimeric pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Conjugation of the PAMPs will ensure codelivery of the immunostimulatory molecules to the same cell, enhancing adjuvant activity. The macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is a promising PRR for adjuvant development; however, no effective chimeric Mincle adjuvants have been prepared. We addressed this by synthesizing Mincle adjuvant conjugates, MDP-C18Brar and MDP-C18Brar-dilipid, which contain PAMPs recognized by Mincle and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2). The two PAMPs are joined by a pH-sensitive oxyamine linker which, upon acidification at lysosomal pH, hydrolyzed to release the NOD2 ligands. The conjugates elicited the production of Th1 and Th17 promoting cytokines in vitro, and when using OVA as a model antigen, exhibited enhanced T-cell-mediated immune responses and reduced toxicity in vivo, compared to the coadministration of the adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Dangerfield
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Shigenari Ishizuka
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kristel Kodar
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Mattie S M Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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3
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Greenblatt CL, Lathe R. Vaccines and Dementia: Part I. Non-Specific Immune Boosting with BCG: History, Ligands, and Receptors. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:343-360. [PMID: 38393912 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can apparently defer dementia onset with an efficacy better than all drugs known to date, as initially reported by Gofrit et al. (PLoS One14, e0224433), now confirmed by other studies. Understanding how and why is of immense importance because it could represent a sea-change in how we manage patients with mild cognitive impairment through to dementia. Given that infection and/or inflammation are likely to contribute to the development of dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (Part II of this work), we provide a historical and molecular background to how vaccines, adjuvants, and their component molecules can elicit broad-spectrum protective effects against diverse agents. We review early studies in which poxvirus, herpes virus, and tuberculosis (TB) infections afford cross-protection against unrelated pathogens, a concept known as 'trained immunity'. We then focus on the attenuated TB vaccine, BCG, that was introduced to protect against the causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We trace the development of BCG in the 1920 s through to the discovery, by Freund and McDermott in the 1940 s, that extracts of mycobacteria can themselves exert potent immunostimulating (adjuvant) activity; Freund's complete adjuvant based on mycobacteria remains the most potent immunopotentiator reported to date. We then discuss whether the beneficial effects of BCG require long-term persistence of live bacteria, before focusing on the specific mycobacterial molecules, notably muramyl dipeptides, that mediate immunopotentiation, as well as the receptors involved. Part II addresses evidence that immunopotentiation by BCG and other vaccines can protect against dementia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Greenblatt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Greenblatt CL, Lathe R. Vaccines and Dementia: Part II. Efficacy of BCG and Other Vaccines Against Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:361-372. [PMID: 38393913 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
There is growing awareness that infections may contribute to the development of senile dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that immunopotentiation is therefore a legitimate target in the management of diseases of the elderly including AD. In Part I of this work, we provided a historical and molecular background to how vaccines, adjuvants, and their component molecules can elicit broad-spectrum protective effects against diverse agents, culminating in the development of the tuberculosis vaccine strain Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a treatment for some types of cancer as well as a prophylactic against infections of the elderly such as pneumonia. In Part II, we critically review studies that BCG and other vaccines may offer a measure of protection against dementia development. Five studies to date have determined that intravesicular BCG administration, the standard of care for bladder cancer, is followed by a mean ∼45% reduction in subsequent AD development in these patients. Although this could potentially be ascribed to confounding factors, the finding that other routine vaccines such as against shingles (herpes zoster virus) and influenza (influenza A virus), among others, also offer a degree of protection against AD (mean 29% over multiple studies) underlines the plausibility that the protective effects are real. We highlight clinical trials that are planned or underway and discuss whether BCG could be replaced by key components of the mycobacterial cell wall such as muramyl dipeptide. We conclude that BCG and similar agents merit far wider consideration as prophylactic agents against dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Greenblatt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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5
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Bharadwaj R, Anonick MV, Jaiswal S, Mashayekh S, Brown A, Wodzanowski KA, Okuda K, Silverman N, Grimes CL. Synthesis and validation of click-modified NOD1/2 agonists. Innate Immun 2023; 29:186-200. [PMID: 37828863 PMCID: PMC10621468 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231207198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD1 and NOD2 sense small bacterial peptidoglycan fragments, often called muropeptides, that access the cytosol. These muropeptides include iE-DAP and MDP, the minimal agonists for NOD1 and NOD2, respectively. Here, we synthesized and validated alkyne-modified muropeptides, iE-DAP-Alk and MDP-Alk, for use in click-chemistry reactions. While it has long been known that many cell types respond to extracellular exposure to muropeptides, it is unclear how these innate immune activators access their cytosolic innate immune receptors, NOD1 and NOD2. The subcellular trafficking and transport mechanisms by which muropeptides access these cytosolic innate immune receptors are a major gap in our understanding of these critical host responses. The click-chemistry-enabled agonists developed here will be particularly powerful to decipher the underlying cell biology and biochemistry of NOD1 and NOD2 innate immune sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605, USA
| | - Madison V. Anonick
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605, USA
| | - Siavash Mashayekh
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Ashley Brown
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Kendi Okuda
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605, USA
| | - Neal Silverman
- Program in Innate Immunity and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605, USA
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Lin YJ, Luo PK, Su HR, Lu HY, Chang WA, Chiang MC, Chen HL, Chen K, Wei HJ, Lin KJ, Sung HW. A low-energy emulsification platform based on a Diet Coke-Mentos reaction-derived bubbly flow for formulating various emulsions as drug carriers. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122264. [PMID: 37562155 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The formulation of a drug using high-energy emulsification commonly causes drug deterioration. Exploiting the well-known Diet Coke-Mentos reaction (DCMR), a U-shaped tube reactor that can generate an eruption of bubbly flow that can serve as a low-energy emulsification platform, is proposed. The liquid in the U-tube reactor is a supersaturated solution of aqueous CO2, which mimics Diet Coke. When glass beads with rough surfaces, mimicking Mentos, are dropped into the carbonated water, an eruptive bubbly flow is spontaneously created, mediating effective emulsification at a compound water-oil interface. Experimental results demonstrate that DCMR-mediated bubbly flow may provide a versatile platform for the production of "oil-in-water" or "water-in-oil" droplets and Pickering emulsion composite particles as drug carriers. The DCMR-derived bubbly flow is generated without significant temperature elevation, so the activity of the drug to be emulsified is unaffected. In vivo results reveal the feasibility of using this low-energy emulsification platform to formulate an emulsion system that contains catalase, a temperature-sensitive oxidoreductase, to mitigate an experimentally formed paw inflammation in mice. The as-proposed emulsification platform is attractive for formulating numerous drug delivery systems on a small-scale in a customized manner to meet the needs of each individual for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kai Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Rou Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wan-An Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chun Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ji Wei
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Veterans General Hospital-Taichung, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Wen Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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7
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Perera DJ, Domenech P, Babuadze GG, Naghibosadat M, Alvarez F, Koger-Pease C, Labrie L, Stuible M, Durocher Y, Piccirillo CA, Lametti A, Fiset PO, Elahi SM, Kobinger GP, Gilbert R, Olivier M, Kozak R, Reed MB, Ndao M. BCG administration promotes the long-term protection afforded by a single-dose intranasal adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. iScience 2023; 26:107612. [PMID: 37670783 PMCID: PMC10475483 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent publications have explored intranasal (i.n.) adenovirus-based (Ad) vaccines as an effective strategy for SARS-CoV-2 in pre-clinical models. However, the effects of prior immunizations and infections have yet to be considered. Here, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG pre-immunization followed by vaccination with an S-protein-expressing i.n. Ad, termed Ad(Spike). While i.n. Ad(Spike) retains some protective effect after 6 months, a single administration of BCG-Danish prior to Ad(Spike) potentiates its ability to control viral replication of the B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant within the respiratory tract. Though BCG-Danish did not affect Ad(Spike)-generated humoral immunity, it promoted the generation of cytotoxic/Th1 responses over suppressive FoxP3+ TREG cells in the lungs of infected mice. Thus, this vaccination strategy may prove useful in limiting future pandemics by potentiating the long-term efficacy of mucosal vaccines within the context of the widely distributed BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilhan J. Perera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pilar Domenech
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - George Giorgi Babuadze
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maedeh Naghibosadat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cal Koger-Pease
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lydia Labrie
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - André Lametti
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Seyyed Mehdy Elahi
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Rénald Gilbert
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Kozak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Microbiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael B. Reed
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Heng WT, Lim HX, Tan KO, Poh CL. Validation of Multi-epitope Peptides Encapsulated in PLGA Nanoparticles Against Influenza A Virus. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1999-2025. [PMID: 37344603 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease which poses a serious threat to public health globally, causing severe diseases in 3-5 million humans and resulting in 650,000 deaths annually. The current licensed seasonal influenza vaccines lacked cross-reactivity against novel emerging influenza strains as they conferred limited neutralising capabilities. To address the issue, we designed a multi-epitope peptide-based vaccine delivered by the self-adjuvanting PLGA nanoparticles against influenza infections. METHODS A total of six conserved peptides representing B- and T-cell epitopes of Influenza A were identified and they were formulated in either incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing CpG ODN 1826 or being encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles for the evaluation of immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. RESULTS The self-adjuvanting PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating the six conserved peptides were capable of eliciting the highest levels of IgG and IFN- γ producing cells. In addition, the immunogenicity of the six peptides encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles showed greater humoral and cellular mediated immune responses elicited by the mixture of six naked peptides formulated in incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing CpG ODN 1826 in the immunized mice. Peptide 3 from the mixture of six peptides was found to exert necrotic effect on CD3+ T-cells and this finding indicated that peptide 3 should be removed from the nanovaccine formulation. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated the self-adjuvanting properties of the PLGA nanoparticles as a delivery system without the need for incorporation of toxic and costly conventional adjuvants in multi-epitope peptide-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tzuen Heng
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hui Xuan Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Onn Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Wang B, Dong Y, Cen Y, Chen S, Wen X, Liu K, Wu S, Yu L, Yu Y, Zhu Z, Ma J, Song B, Cui Y. PEI-PLGA nanoparticles significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of IsdB 137-361 proteins from Staphylococcus aureus. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e928. [PMID: 37506158 PMCID: PMC10336661 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus seriously threatens human and animal health. IsdB137-361 of the iron surface determinant B protein (IsdB) from S. aureus exhibits the strong immunogenicity, but its immunoprotective effect is still to be further promoted. Because PEI-PLGA nanoparticles are generated by PEI conjugate with PLGA to develop great potential as a novel immune adjuvant, the immunogenicity of IsdB137-361 is likely be strengthened by PEI-PLGA. METHODS Here, PEI-PLGA nanoparticles containing IsdB137-361 proteins were prepared by optimizing the entrapment efficiency. Mice were immunized with IsdB137-361 -PEI-PLGA nanoparticles to assess their anti-S. aureus effects. The level of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-10 cytokines from spleen lymphocytes in mice and generation of the antibodies against IsdB137-361 in serum was assessed by ELISA, the protective immune response was appraised by S. aureus challenge. RESULTS IsdB137-361 proteins loaded by PEI-PLGA were able to stimulate effectively the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and increase the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-10 cytokine from spleen lymphocytes, and significantly enhance generation of the antibodies against IsdB137-361 in serum, reduce the level of bacterial load in liver, spleen and kidney, and greatly improve the survival rate of mice after challenge. CONCLUSION These data showed that PEI-PLGA nanoparticles can significantly enhance the immunogenicity of IsdB137-361 proteins, and provide an important reference for the development of novel immune adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyan Wang
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Yazun Dong
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Yuwei Cen
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Shujie Chen
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Xue Wen
- Water Environmental Protection Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Water CompanyDaqingChina
| | - Kaiyue Liu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Shuangshuang Wu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Liquan Yu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Yongzhong Yu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Baifen Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricul‐tural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
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10
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Abstract
Mycobacteria are responsible for several human and animal diseases. NOD2 is a pattern recognition receptor that has an important role in mycobacterial recognition. However, the mechanisms by which mutations in NOD2 alter the course of mycobacterial infection remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to review the totality of studies directly addressing the relationship between NOD2 and mycobacteria as a foundation for moving the field forward. NOD2 was linked to mycobacterial infection at 3 levels: (1) genetic, through association with mycobacterial diseases of humans; (2) chemical, through the distinct NOD2 ligand in the mycobacterial cell wall; and (3) immunologic, through heightened NOD2 signaling caused by the unique modification of the NOD2 ligand. The immune response to mycobacteria is shaped by NOD2 signaling, responsible for NF-κB and MAPK activation, and the production of various immune effectors like cytokines and nitric oxide, with some evidence linking this to bacteriologic control. Absence of NOD2 during mycobacterial infection of mice can be detrimental, but the mechanism remains unknown. Conversely, the success of immunization with mycobacteria has been linked to NOD2 signaling and NOD2 has been targeted as an avenue of immunotherapy for diseases even beyond mycobacteria. The mycobacteria-NOD2 interaction remains an important area of study, which may shed light on immune mechanisms in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Dubé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marcel A. Behr
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
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11
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Zeng Y, Zou F, Xia N, Li S. In-depth review of delivery carriers associated with vaccine adjuvants: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:681-695. [PMID: 37496496 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2238807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemics. To enhance the immune response to antigens, effective subunit vaccines or mRNA vaccines often require the combination of adjuvants or delivery carriers. In recent years, with the rapid development of immune mechanism research and nanotechnology, various studies based on the optimization of traditional adjuvants or various novel carriers have been intensified, and the construction of vaccine adjuvant delivery systems (VADS) with both adjuvant activity and antigen delivery has become more and more important in vaccine research. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the common types of vaccine adjuvant delivery carriers, classifies the VADS according to their basic carrier types, introduces the current research status and future development trend, and emphasizes the important role of VADS in novel vaccine research. EXPERT OPINION As the number of vaccine types increases, conventional aluminum adjuvants show limitations in effectively stimulating cellular immune responses, limiting their use in therapeutic vaccines for intracellular infections or tumors. In contrast, the use of conventional adjuvants as VADS to carry immunostimulatory molecules or deliver antigens can greatly enhance the immune boosting effect of classical adjuvants. A comprehensive understanding of the various delivery vehicles will further facilitate the development of vaccine adjuvant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Feihong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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12
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Skupnevskii SV, Pukhaeva EG, Badtiev AK, Rurua FK, Batagova FE, Farnieva ZG. Improving safety of oil adjuvant-based vaccines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-iso-1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High adjuvant reactogenicity is the main limitation for increasing the effectiveness of vaccine therapy. The aim was to reduce the immunotoxicity effects of complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA) in warm-blooded animals. Materials and methods. The study examined Wistar rats by dividing animals into negative control (solvents); positive control (single subcutaneous CFA injection of 0.1 ml/200 g body weight (b.w.)); the minimum and maximum (per os administration of 1:4 citric and succinic acids in ratio of 17 and 88 mg/kg b.w. during 4 weeks after immunization of CFA) experiment. Body weight, hematological (complete blood count) and biochemical (hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde, catalase activity, mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity) parameters were dynamically investigated. At the end of the experiment, necropsy was performed and the relative internal organ mass coefficients were calculated. The spleen and connective tissue (knee joint) were examined histologically. The median, C25C75 quartiles, MannWhitney U-test were calculated. Results and discussion. it was found that parameters examined were within normal range in animals of negative control group. Immunization of warm-blooded animals with CFA was accompanied by transition of acute-to- chronic inflammatory reaction (week 3 and week 7, respectively). The total leukocyte count increased from 12.5 109 (negative control) up to 26.6 109/L (P = 0.01) on week 3 followed by its decline down to 19.2 109/L (P = 0.01) by week 7. Platelet count also increased significantly: from 506 109 (negative control) up to 656 109/L (P = 0.01, week 3) followed by decrease down to 610 109/L by week 7 (P = 0.01). Activation of lipid peroxidation was manifested by malondialdehyde (MDA) level elevated by 55.861.8% (P = 0.01); the general CFA-related toxic effect resulted in 11.7% weight loss (P = 0.01), spleen swelling and thymus reduction. Administration of antioxidant acids led to a dose-dependent decline in inflammation (leukocyte count at the minimum dosage 19.6 10920.9 109/L; at the maximum 16.6 10916.0 109/L), as well as normalized the platelet/leukocyte index up to 29.536.3 (positive control 24.6, negative control 40.5). The acid-related protective effect was also manifested as maintained body weight, activated catalase and inhibited lipid peroxidation. The therapeutic effect in alleviated degenerative changes in the spleen and connective tissue were revealed: reduced hemorrhagic focuses and swelling as well as preserved histoarchitectonics. Conclusion. The use of citric and succinic acids contributes to profoundly lowered CFA toxicity due to increased total antioxidant status, inhibited lipid peroxidation, improved mitochondrial metabolic activity, which ultimately lead to a decline in general systemic inflammation and allows to recommend such acids as immunoprotectors from oil adjuvant-coupled effects.
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13
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Motor Behavioral Deficits in the Cuprizone Model: Validity of the Rotarod Test Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911342. [PMID: 36232643 PMCID: PMC9570024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder, which is histopathologically characterized by multifocal inflammatory demyelinating lesions affecting both the central nervous system’s white and grey matter. Especially during the progressive phases of the disease, immunomodulatory treatment strategies lose their effectiveness. To develop novel progressive MS treatment options, pre-clinical animal models are indispensable. Among the various different models, the cuprizone de- and remyelination model is frequently used. While most studies determine tissue damage and repair at the histological and ultrastructural level, functional readouts are less commonly applied. Among the various overt functional deficits, gait and coordination abnormalities are commonly observed in MS patients. Motor behavior is mediated by a complex neural network that originates in the cortex and terminates in the skeletal muscles. Several methods exist to determine gait abnormalities in small rodents, including the rotarod testing paradigm. In this review article, we provide an overview of the validity and characteristics of the rotarod test in cuprizone-intoxicated mice.
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Dubé JY, McIntosh F, Behr MA. Mice Dually Disrupted for Nod2 and Mincle Manifest Early Bacteriological Control but Late Susceptibility During Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862992. [PMID: 35418999 PMCID: PMC8995500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors Mincle and NOD2 have been implicated in mycobacterial immunity. However, knockout (KO) animal infection studies with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have had mild/delayed phenotypes. Given that genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases can be polygenic, we hypothesized that murine double knockout (DKO) of Mincle and Nod2 would result in exacerbation of altered immunity to mycobacterial infection leading to a more extreme phenotype than either KO alone. To test this hypothesis, we monitored bacterial burden, immune responses and survival following in vivo infections with Mtb in DKO mice for comparison to wildtype (WT) and single KOs. Bacterial burden and immune responses were not significantly affected at 3 and 6 weeks after infection in all mutant mice. At later timepoints, Nod2-KO mice had reduced survival compared to wildtype mice, and Mincle-KO survival was intermediate. Unexpectedly, dual disruption had no further effect; rather, DKO mice phenocopied Nod2-KO mice. We observed that Mtb-related death, exclusively in mice with disrupted Nod2, was accompanied by greater pulmonary cell death and distinct large necrotic foci. Therefore, determining how these receptors contribute to mycobacterial resistance will require analysis of immunophenotypes and their consequences on host pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Dubé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fiona McIntosh
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcel A Behr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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15
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Mycobacterial Adhesion: From Hydrophobic to Receptor-Ligand Interactions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020454. [PMID: 35208908 PMCID: PMC8875947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion is crucial for the infective lifestyles of bacterial pathogens. Adhesion to non-living surfaces, other microbial cells, and components of the biofilm extracellular matrix are crucial for biofilm formation and integrity, plus adherence to host factors constitutes a first step leading to an infection. Adhesion is, therefore, at the core of pathogens’ ability to contaminate, transmit, establish residency within a host, and cause an infection. Several mycobacterial species cause diseases in humans and animals with diverse clinical manifestations. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which enters through the respiratory tract, first adheres to alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells leading up to transmigration across the alveolar epithelium and containment within granulomas. Later, when dissemination occurs, the bacilli need to adhere to extracellular matrix components to infect extrapulmonary sites. Mycobacteria causing zoonotic infections and emerging nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens follow divergent routes of infection that probably require adapted adhesion mechanisms. New evidence also points to the occurrence of mycobacterial biofilms during infection, emphasizing a need to better understand the adhesive factors required for their formation. Herein, we review the literature on tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacterial adhesion to living and non-living surfaces, to themselves, to host cells, and to components of the extracellular matrix.
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16
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Lin YW. Electroacupuncture reduces mice inflammatory pain through adiponectin in the peripheral circulation and the central spinal cord. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:8-9. [PMID: 34808286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Lin
- College of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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17
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Liu J, Ma Z, Li H, Li X. Chinese medicine in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: Progress and future opportunities. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:95-107. [PMID: 35263512 PMCID: PMC9043711 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease occurring in individuals of all ages with a higher incidence in females and characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated serum autoantibodies and histological features of interface hepatitis. AIH pathogenesis remains obscure and still needs in‐depth study, which is likely associated with genetic susceptibility and the loss of immune homeostasis. Steroids alone and in combination with other immunosuppressant agents are the primary choices of AIH treatment in the clinic, whereas, in some cases, severe adverse effects and disease relapse may occur. Chinese medicine used for the treatment of AIH has proven its merits over many years and is well tolerated. To better understand the pathogenesis of AIH and to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies, several animal models have been generated to recapitulate the immune microenvironment of patients with AIH. In the current review, we summarize recent advances in the study of animal models for AIH and their application in pharmacological research of Chinese medicine‐based therapies and also discuss current limitations. This review aims to provide novel insights into the discovery of Chinese medicine‐originated therapies for AIH using cutting‐edge animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhi Ma
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Han Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
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18
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Cabral-Hipólito N, Molina-Ramírez BS, Castillo-Maldonado I, Meza-Velázquez R, García-Garza R, Gauna SEV, Delgadillo-Guzmán D, Hernández-Herrera A, Ramírez-Moreno A, Cruz JHS, Espino-Silva PK, Pedroza-Escobar D. Tannic Acid Exhibits Adjuvant Activity by Enhancing Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Against BSA as a Protein Antigen. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 29:166-175. [PMID: 34823455 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666211125110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization or vaccination is the process of inducing artificial immunity against an antigen taking advantage of the mechanisms of immunological memory. Current vaccines include substances known as adjuvants, which tend to improve the immunogenicity of the antigen, reduce the antigen quantity employed, and boost the immune response in weak responders. Unfortunately, only a few vaccine adjuvants are approved for human use. OBJECTIVE Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Tannic acid on humoral and cell-mediated immunity against bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a protein antigen in Wistar rats. METHOD In order to establish the Tannic acid concentration to test it as an adjuvant, the lethal dose 50 and maximum non-toxic dose were calculated through cytotoxicity and hemolytic assays with J774 A.1 cell line and rat erythrocytes by resazurin reduction method and UV/vis spectrophotometry. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups that included two controls without antigen and three treatment groups of adjuvants plus BSA as a protein antigen. The rats were immunized in a 30-day scheme. Blood samples were collected for humoral immunity analysis by means of immunoglobulin quantification, isotyping and antigen-antibody precipitation inhibition analysis. Rat peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes were isolated for cell-mediated immunity analysis by means of nitric oxide quantification from adjuvant stimulated peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes proliferation assay. RESULTS Tannic acid was capable of increasing the immunogenicity of the antigen; besides, it was able to stimulate cell-mediated immunity by means of increased lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, Tannic acid improved the humoral response by means of increased specific antibodies titers. These activities may be attributed to pattern recognition receptors stimulation. CONCLUSION Tannic acid was considered biocompatible when tested in vivo because the concentration tested did not show cytotoxicity or hemolytic effect, and there was no detrimental effect observed on the animals' health. These results show Tannic acid as a promising candidate for vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Cabral-Hipólito
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Brenda Sarahí Molina-Ramírez
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Irais Castillo-Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Rocío Meza-Velázquez
- Department of Research, FACSA, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Gomez Palacio. Mexico
| | - Rubén García-Garza
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | | | - Dealmy Delgadillo-Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Agustina Ramírez-Moreno
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Jorge Haro-Santa Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - Perla-Karina Espino-Silva
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
| | - David Pedroza-Escobar
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Unidad Torreon, Torreon. Mexico
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19
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Sircy LM, Harrison-Chau M, Novis CL, Baessler A, Nguyen J, Hale JS. Protein Immunization Induces Memory CD4 + T Cells That Lack Th Lineage Commitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1388-1400. [PMID: 34380649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral infection generates lineage-committed Th1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) memory cells that recall their lineage-specific functions following secondary challenge with virus. However, the lineage commitment of effector and memory Th cells in vivo following protein vaccination is poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed effector and memory CD4+ T cell differentiation in mice (Mus musculus) following adjuvanted glycoprotein immunization compared with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Glycoprotein immunization induced CXCR5- non-Tfh effector and memory CD4+ T cells that surprisingly had not undergone polarization toward any particular Th cell lineage but had undergone memory differentiation. However, upon challenge with virus, these Th lineage-nonpolarized memory CD4+ T cells were able to generate Th1 secondary effector cells, demonstrating their lineage plasticity. In addition, Tfh and memory Tfh cells were generated in response to protein immunization, and these cells differed from infection-induced Tfh cells by their lack of the transcription factor Tbet. Rechallenge experiments demonstrated that viral infection, but not protein immunization, during either the primary or secondary immune response, restricts the recall of Bcl6 expression and the generation of germinal center Tfh cells. Together, these data demonstrate that protein immunization generates a combination of nonpolarized memory cells that are highly plastic and memory Tfh cells that can undergo further Th1-like modulation during a secondary response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Sircy
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | - Andrew Baessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jacklyn Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - J Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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20
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Dubé JY, Fava VM, Schurr E, Behr MA. Underwhelming or Misunderstood? Genetic Variability of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Immune Responses and Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714808. [PMID: 34276708 PMCID: PMC8278570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetic control is thought to affect a considerable part of the outcome of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Most of us deal with the pathogen by containment (associated with clinical "latency") or sterilization, but tragically millions each year do not. After decades of studies on host genetic susceptibility to Mtb infection, genetic variation has been discovered to play a role in tuberculous immunoreactivity and tuberculosis (TB) disease. Genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) enable a consistent, molecularly direct interaction between humans and Mtb which suggests the potential for co-evolution. In this review, we explore the roles ascribed to PRRs during Mtb infection and ask whether such a longstanding and intimate interface between our immune system and this pathogen plays a critical role in determining the outcome of Mtb infection. The scientific evidence to date suggests that PRR variation is clearly implicated in altered immunity to Mtb but has a more subtle role in limiting the pathogen and pathogenesis. In contrast to 'effectors' like IFN-γ, IL-12, Nitric Oxide and TNF that are critical for Mtb control, 'sensors' like PRRs are less critical for the outcome of Mtb infection. This is potentially due to redundancy of the numerous PRRs in the innate arsenal, such that Mtb rarely goes unnoticed. Genetic association studies investigating PRRs during Mtb infection should therefore be designed to investigate endophenotypes of infection - such as immunological or clinical variation - rather than just TB disease, if we hope to understand the molecular interface between innate immunity and Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Dubé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vinicius M. Fava
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcel A. Behr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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21
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Jones A, Davies CA, Fitch S, Al Dulayymi JR, Gwenin CD, Gibbons J, Williams AP, Baird MS. Elevated serum antibody responses to synthetic mycobacterial lipid antigens among UK farmers: an indication of exposure to environmental mycobacteria? RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:213-221. [PMID: 34046610 PMCID: PMC8128033 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00325e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: mycobacterial cells contain complex mixtures of mycolic acid esters. These can be used as antigens recognised by antibodies in the serum of individuals with active tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In high burden populations, a significant number of false positives are observed; possibly these antigens are also recognised by antibodies generated by other mycobacterial infections, particularly ubiquitous 'environmental mycobacteria'. This suggests similar responses may be observed in a low burden TB population, particularly in groups regularly exposed to mycobacteria. Methods: ELISA using single synthetic trehalose mycolates corresponding to major classes in many mycobacteria was used to detect antibodies in serum of individuals with no known mycobacterial infection, comprising farmers, abattoir workers, and rural and urban populations. Results: serum from four Welsh or Scottish cohorts showed lower (with some antigens significantly lower) median responses than those reported for TB negatives from high-burden TB populations, and significantly lower responses than those with active TB. A small fraction, particularly older farmers, showed strong responses. A second study examined BCG vaccinated and non-vaccinated farmers and non-farmers. Farmers gave significantly higher median responses than non-farmers with three of five antigens, while there was no significant difference between vaccinated or non-vaccinated for either farmer or non-farmer groups. Conclusions: this initial study shows that serodiagnosis with mycobacterial lipid antigens can detect antibodies in a population sub-group that is significantly exposed to mycobacteria, in an assay that is not interfered with by vaccination. Given the links between mycobacterial exposure and a range of immune system diseases, further understanding such responses may provide a new opportunity for monitoring public health and directing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
| | - Carys A Davies
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University Bangor LL57 2UW UK
| | - Samuel Fitch
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University Bangor LL57 2UW UK
| | | | - Christopher D Gwenin
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215123 P. R. China
| | - James Gibbons
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
| | - A Prysor Williams
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
| | - Mark S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University Bangor LL57 2UW UK
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22
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Identification of CTL Epitopes on Efflux Pumps of the ATP-Binding Cassette and the Major Facilitator Superfamily of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8899674. [PMID: 33490292 PMCID: PMC7803423 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8899674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the world's most deadly infectious disease, with 10 million people falling ill and 1.5 million people dying from the disease every year. With the increasing number of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains and prevalence of coinfection of MTB with human immunodeficiency virus, many challenges remain in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. Therefore, the development of safe and effective tuberculosis vaccines is an urgent issue. In this study, we identified cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes on drug resistance-associated membrane protein efflux pumps of MTB, the ATP-binding cassette and the major facilitator superfamilies. First, three online software were used to predict HLA-A2-restricted epitopes. Then, the candidate epitopes were confirmed with the T2A2 cell binding affinity and peptide/MHC (pMHC) complex stability assays and in vitro immune activity experiments. Two drug-resistant T lymphocyte epitopes, designated Rv1218c-p24 and Rv2477c-p182, were selected, and their immunogenic activities studied in vivo in genetically engineered mice. The immune activities of these two epitopes were improved with the help of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The epitopes identified here provide a foundation for the diagnosis and treatment of patients infected with drug resistant and the future development of a multiepitope vaccine.
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Trindade BC, Chen GY. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:139-161. [PMID: 32677123 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan-conserved motifs. Significant advances have been made from efforts that characterize their upstream activators, assembly of signaling complexes, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Disruption in NOD1 and NOD2 signaling has also been associated with impaired host defense and resistance to the development of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 sense microbes and cellular stress to regulate host responses that can affect disease pathogenesis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Trindade
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Grace Y Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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