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He J, Jin L, Yao J, Mahmoudi A, Pan Z, Fu J, Yuan Q, Liu W. Clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1378017. [PMID: 38978810 PMCID: PMC11228336 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1378017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the etiology, clinical features, and prognosis of patients diagnosed with bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (BSSNHL). The clinical data of 100 patients with bilateral sudden hearing loss as a chief complaint treated at Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University between January 2010 and August 2022, including clinical characteristics, audiometric data, and prognosis, were retrospectively analyzed. These 100 cases accounted for 8.09% (100/1235) of all patients admitted for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) during the same period. Of these, 71 were simultaneous cases and 29 were sequential cases of BSSNHL. Among the 200 ears analyzed in this study, 13, 36, 57, and 94 had mild, moderate, severe, and profound sensorineural hearing loss, respectively. The overall effective rate after comprehensive treatment was 32%, with significant differences in efficacy and prognosis among different degrees of hearing loss (p < 0.05). Comorbidities of hypertension (24 cases), diabetes (14 cases), and coronary heart disease (9 cases) significantly impacted therapeutic efficacy and prognosis in patients with BSSNHL (p < 0.05). Compared to unilateral SSNHL, BSSNHL exhibits distinctive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jacqueline Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ahmad Mahmoudi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zhen Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changde Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (The First People’s Hospital of Changde City), Changde, China
| | - Jinfeng Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiulin Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Williams ED, Rubio ME. Associations between diabetes mellitus and sensorineural hearing loss from humans and animal studies. Hear Res 2024; 450:109072. [PMID: 38936171 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There is controversy regarding the association and etiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Some studies support that SNHL develops because of angiopathy and/or neuropathy caused by DM, but many of the findings have been inconsistent. This review aims to highlight a select number of studies that effectively describe the relationship between DM and SNHL, thus bringing more attention and awareness to this area of research. This review also describes animal models to understand better the mechanisms of DM contributing to SNHL in the inner ear. The goal of this narrative review is for researchers and healthcare professionals to further their understanding and investigation of the etiopathogenesis of both DM and SNHL, therefore leading to the development of effective treatments for diabetic patients displaying symptoms of SNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essence DeVine Williams
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - María Eulalia Rubio
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Santek T, Hofmann E, Milewski C, Schwager K, Prescher A. Clinical High-Resolution Imaging of the Inner Ear by Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). J Pers Med 2024; 14:637. [PMID: 38929858 PMCID: PMC11205160 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging of the delicate inner ear morphology has become more and more precise owing to the rapid progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, in clinical practice, the interpretation of imaging findings is hampered by a limited knowledge of anatomical details which are frequently obscured by artifacts. Corresponding review articles are as rare in journals as they are in reference books. This shortness prompted us to perform a direct comparison of imaging with anatomical whole-mount sections as a reference. It was the intention of this paper to compare the microscopic anatomy of a human inner ear as shown on anatomical whole-mount sections with high-resolution MRI and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Both are available in clinical routine and depict the structures with maximum spatial resolution. It was also a goal of this work to clarify if structures that were observed on MRI in a regular manner correlate with factual inner ear anatomy or correspond with artifacts typical for imaging. METHODS A fresh human anatomical specimen was examined on a clinical 3-Tesla MRI scanner using a dedicated surface coil. The same specimen was then studied with CBCT. In each imaging modality, high-resolution 3D data sets which enabled multiplanar reformatting were created. In the second step, anatomical whole-mount sections of the specimen were cut and stained. This process enabled a direct comparison of imaging with anatomical conditions. RESULTS Clinical MRI was able to depict the inner ear with remarkable anatomical precision. Strongly T2-weighted imaging protocols are exquisitely capable of showing the fluid-filled components of the inner ear. The macular organs, ampullar crests and cochlear aqueduct were clearly visible. Truncation artifacts are prone to be confused with the delicate membrane separating the endolymphatic from the perilymphatic compartment. However, it was not possible to directly depict this borderline. CONCLUSIONS With the maximum resolution of magnetic resonance tomography, commonly used in everyday clinical practice, even the smallest details of the inner ear structures can be reliably displayed. However, it is important to distinguish between truncation artifacts and true anatomical structures. Therefore, this study can be useful as a reference for image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Santek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum Fulda gAG, 36043 Fulda, Germany;
| | - Erich Hofmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Fulda gAG, 36043 Fulda, Germany;
| | - Christian Milewski
- HNO-Privatpraxis an der Börse Frankfurt, 60313 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Konrad Schwager
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum Fulda gAG, 36043 Fulda, Germany;
| | - Andreas Prescher
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy-Prosektur, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
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Micuda A, Li H, Rask-Andersen H, Ladak HM, Agrawal SK. Morphologic Analysis of the Scala Tympani Using Synchrotron: Implications for Cochlear Implantation. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:2889-2897. [PMID: 38189807 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To use synchrotron radiation phase-contrast imaging (SR-PCI) to visualize and measure the morphology of the entire cochlear scala tympani (ST) and assess cochlear implant (CI) electrode trajectories. METHODS SR-PCI images were used to obtain geometric measurements of the cochlear scalar diameter and area at 5-degree increments in 35 unimplanted and three implanted fixed human cadaveric cochleae. RESULTS The cross-sectional diameter and area of the cochlea were found to decrease from the base to the apex. This study represents a wide variability in cochlear morphology and suggests that even in the smallest cochlea, the ST can accommodate a 0.4 mm diameter electrode up to 720°. Additionally, all lateral wall array trajectories were within the anatomically accommodating insertion zone. CONCLUSION This is the first study to use SR-PCI to visualize and quantify the entire ST morphology, from the round window to the apical tip, and assess the post-operative trajectory of electrodes. These high-resolution anatomical measurements can be used to inform the angular insertion depth that can be accommodated in CI patients, accounting for anatomical variability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A. Laryngoscope, 134:2889-2897, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Micuda
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helge Rask-Andersen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanif M Ladak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumit K Agrawal
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Salg GA, Steinle V, Labode J, Wagner W, Studier-Fischer A, Reiser J, Farjallah E, Guettlein M, Albers J, Hilgenfeld T, Giese NA, Stiller W, Nickel F, Loos M, Michalski CW, Kauczor HU, Hackert T, Dullin C, Mayer P, Kenngott HG. Multiscale and multimodal imaging for three-dimensional vascular and histomorphological organ structure analysis of the pancreas. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10136. [PMID: 38698049 PMCID: PMC11065985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exocrine and endocrine pancreas are interconnected anatomically and functionally, with vasculature facilitating bidirectional communication. Our understanding of this network remains limited, largely due to two-dimensional histology and missing combination with three-dimensional imaging. In this study, a multiscale 3D-imaging process was used to analyze a porcine pancreas. Clinical computed tomography, digital volume tomography, micro-computed tomography and Synchrotron-based propagation-based imaging were applied consecutively. Fields of view correlated inversely with attainable resolution from a whole organism level down to capillary structures with a voxel edge length of 2.0 µm. Segmented vascular networks from 3D-imaging data were correlated with tissue sections stained by immunohistochemistry and revealed highly vascularized regions to be intra-islet capillaries of islets of Langerhans. Generated 3D-datasets allowed for three-dimensional qualitative and quantitative organ and vessel structure analysis. Beyond this study, the method shows potential for application across a wide range of patho-morphology analyses and might possibly provide microstructural blueprints for biotissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alexander Salg
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Verena Steinle
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Labode
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Willi Wagner
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Studier-Fischer
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Reiser
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elyes Farjallah
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michelle Guettlein
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Albers
- Hamburg Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Hamburg, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Hilgenfeld
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalia A Giese
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Stiller
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Nickel
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Loos
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph W Michalski
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Dullin
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen, Germany
- Translational Molecular Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannes Goetz Kenngott
- Clinic for General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sriperumbudur KK, Appali R, Gummer AW, van Rienen U. Understanding the impact of modiolus porosity on stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons by cochlear implants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9593. [PMID: 38671022 PMCID: PMC11053021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss in humans is treatable by electrically stimulating the auditory nerve (AN) with a cochlear implant (CI). In the cochlea, the modiolus presents a porous bony interface between the CI electrode and the AN. New bone growth caused by the presence of the CI electrode or neural degeneration inflicted by ageing or otological diseases might change the effective porosity of the modiolus and, thereby, alter its electrical material properties. Using a volume conductor description of the cochlea, with the aid of a 'mapped conductivity' method and an ad-hoc 'regionally kinetic' equation system, we show that even a slight variation in modiolus porosity or pore distribution can disproportionately affect AN stimulation. Hence, because of porosity changes, an inconsistent CI performance might occur if neural degeneration or new bone growth progress after implantation. Appropriate electrical material properties in accordance with modiolar morphology and pathology should be considered in patient-specific studies. The present first-of-its-kind in-silico study advocates for contextual experimental studies to further explore the utility of modiolus porous morphology in optimising the CI outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Sriperumbudur
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
- Research and Development, MED-EL Medical Electronics GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Revathi Appali
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Ageing of Individuals and Society, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anthony W Gummer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ursula van Rienen
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Ageing of Individuals and Society, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Life, Light and Matter, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Thiselton J, Hanekom T. Parameterisation and Prediction of Intra-canal Cochlear Structures. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:695-706. [PMID: 38165632 PMCID: PMC10859348 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Accurate 3D models of the cochlea are useful tools for research in the relationship between the electrode array and nerve fibres. The internal geometry of the cochlear canal plays an important role in understanding and quantifying that relationship. Predicting the location and shapes of the geometry is done by measuring histologic sections and fitting equations that can be used to predict parameters that fully define the geometry. A parameter sensitivity analysis is employed to prove that the size and location of the spiral lamina are the characteristics that most influence current distribution along target nerve fibres. The proposed landmark prediction method more accurately predicts the location of the points defining the spiral lamina in the apical region of the cochlea than methods used in previous modelling attempts. Thus, this technique can be used to generate 2D geometries that can be expanded to 3D models when high-resolution imaging is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Thiselton
- Bioengineering, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Tania Hanekom
- Bioengineering, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa.
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8
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Zhang Y, Neng L, Sharma K, Hou Z, Johnson A, Song J, Dabdoub A, Shi X. Pericytes control vascular stability and auditory spiral ganglion neuron survival. eLife 2023; 12:e83486. [PMID: 36719173 PMCID: PMC9940910 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner ear has a rich population of pericytes, a multi-functional mural cell essential for sensory hair cell heath and normal hearing. However, the mechanics of how pericytes contribute to the homeostasis of the auditory vascular-neuronal complex in the spiral ganglion are not yet known. In this study, using an inducible and conditional pericyte depletion mouse (PDGFRB-CreERT2; ROSA26iDTR) model, we demonstrate, for the first time, that pericyte depletion causes loss of vascular volume and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and adversely affects hearing sensitivity. Using an in vitro trans-well co-culture system, we show pericytes markedly promote neurite and vascular branch growth in neonatal SGN explants and adult SGNs. The pericyte-controlled neural growth is strongly mediated by pericyte-released exosomes containing vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Treatment of neonatal SGN explants or adult SGNs with pericyte-derived exosomes significantly enhances angiogenesis, SGN survival, and neurite growth, all of which were inhibited by a selective blocker of VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1). Our study demonstrates that pericytes in the adult ear are critical for vascular stability and SGN health. Cross-talk between pericytes and SGNs via exosomes is essential for neuronal and vascular health and normal hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpei Zhang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Lingling Neng
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Kushal Sharma
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Zhiqiang Hou
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Anatasiya Johnson
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Junha Song
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Alain Dabdoub
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
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9
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Closing the Gap between the Auditory Nerve and Cochlear Implant Electrodes: Which Neurotrophin Cocktail Performs Best for Axonal Outgrowth and Is Electrical Stimulation Beneficial? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032013. [PMID: 36768339 PMCID: PMC9916558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins promote neurite outgrowth of auditory neurons and may help closing the gap to cochlear implant (CI) electrodes to enhance electrical hearing. The best concentrations and mix of neurotrophins for this nerve regrowth are unknown. Whether electrical stimulation (ES) during outgrowth is beneficial or may direct axons is another open question. Auditory neuron explant cultures of distinct cochlear turns of 6-7 days old mice were cultured for four days. We tested different concentrations and combinations of BDNF and NT-3 and quantified the numbers and lengths of neurites with an advanced automated analysis. A custom-made 24-well electrical stimulator based on two bulk CIs served to test different ES strategies. Quantification of receptors trkB, trkC, p75NTR, and histological analysis helped to analyze effects. We found 25 ng/mL BDNF to perform best, especially in basal neurons, a negative influence of NT-3 in combined BDNF/NT-3 scenarios, and tonotopic changes in trk and p75NTR receptor stainings. ES largely impeded neurite outgrowth and glia ensheathment in an amplitude-dependent way. Apical neurons showed slight benefits in neurite numbers and length with ES at 10 and 500 µA. We recommend BDNF as a potent drug to enhance the man-machine interface, but CIs should be better activated after nerve regrowth.
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10
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Lim S, Kim SW, Kim IK, Song BW, Lee S. Organ-on-a-chip: Its use in cardiovascular research. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2022; 83:315-339. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-221428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) has attracted great attention during the last decade as a revolutionary alternative to conventional animal models. This cutting-edge technology has also brought constructive changes to the field of cardiovascular research. The cardiovascular system, especially the heart as a well-protected vital organ, is virtually impossible to replicate in vitro with conventional approaches. This made scientists assume that they needed to use animal models for cardiovascular research. However, the frequent failure of animal models to correctly reflect the native cardiovascular system necessitated a search for alternative platforms for preclinical studies. Hence, as a promising alternative to conventional animal models, OOAC technology is being actively developed and tested in a wide range of biomedical fields, including cardiovascular research. Therefore, in this review, the current literature on the use of OOACs for cardiovascular research is presented with a focus on the basis for using OOACs, and what has been specifically achieved by using OOACs is also discussed. By providing an overview of the current status of OOACs in cardiovascular research and its future perspectives, we hope that this review can help to develop better and optimized research strategies for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as well as identify novel applications of OOACs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seahyoung Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Unlocking the human inner ear for therapeutic intervention. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18508. [PMID: 36347918 PMCID: PMC9643346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human inner ear contains minute three-dimensional neurosensory structures that are deeply embedded within the skull base, rendering them relatively inaccessible to regenerative therapies for hearing loss. Here we provide a detailed characterisation of the functional architecture of the space that hosts the cell bodies of the auditory nerve to make them safely accessible for the first time for therapeutic intervention. We used synchrotron phase-contrast imaging which offers the required microscopic soft-tissue contrast definition while simultaneously displaying precise bony anatomic detail. Using volume-rendering software we constructed highly accurate 3-dimensional representations of the inner ear. The cell bodies are arranged in a bony helical canal that spirals from the base of the cochlea to its apex; the canal volume is 1.6 μL but with a diffusion potential of 15 μL. Modelling data from 10 temporal bones enabled definition of a safe trajectory for therapeutic access while preserving the cochlea's internal architecture. We validated the approach through surgical simulation, anatomical dissection and micro-radiographic analysis. These findings will facilitate future clinical trials of novel therapeutic interventions to restore hearing.
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Bains NK, Early E, French BR, Siddiq F, Gomez CR, Qureshi AI. Effect of angioplasty and stent placement on sensorineural hearing loss and pulsatile tinnitus in a patient with severe internal carotid artery stenosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106718. [PMID: 36116219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulsatile tinnitus occurs due to turbulent blood flow through a stenotic vessel including the internal carotid artery. The presence of sensorineural hearing loss suggests involvement of the posterior circulation vasculature. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 58-year-old woman presented to the ear, nose and throat clinic with acute onset of right ear pulsations and high-pitched tinnitus. An audiogram demonstrated mild sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear. Her computed tomography angiogram revealed moderate stenosis of the right internal carotid artery and she underwent revascularization with angioplasty and stent placement. A repeat audiogram demonstrated improvement in sensorineural hearing loss in the right. CONCLUSION Pulsatile tinnitus and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss maybe a reversible manifestation of a stenotic internal carotid artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet K Bains
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212.
| | - Elizabeth Early
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 1 University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212
| | - Brandi R French
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212
| | - Farhan Siddiq
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, MO, 65212
| | - Camilo R Gomez
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212
| | - Adnan I Qureshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212; Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, St. Cloud, Minnesota
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Kim CY, Park JS, Chung BS. Identification of cranial nerve ganglia using sectioned images and three-dimensional models of a cadaver. Korean J Pain 2022; 35:250-260. [PMID: 35768980 PMCID: PMC9251397 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2022.35.3.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cranial nerve ganglia, which are prone to viral infections and tumors, are located deep in the head, so their detailed anatomy is difficult to understand using conventional cadaver dissection. For locating the small ganglia in medical images, their sectional anatomy should be learned by medical students and doctors. The purpose of this study is to elucidate cranial ganglia anatomy using sectioned images and three-dimensional (3D) models of a cadaver. Methods One thousand two hundred and forty-six sectioned images of a male cadaver were examined to identify the cranial nerve ganglia. Using the real color sectioned images, real color volume model having a voxel size of 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.4 mm was produced. Results The sectioned images and 3D models can be downloaded for free from a webpage, anatomy.dongguk.ac.kr/ganglia. On the images and model, all the cranial nerve ganglia and their whole course were identified. In case of the facial nerve, the geniculate, pterygopalatine, and submandibular ganglia were clearly identified. In case of the glossopharyngeal nerve, the superior, inferior, and otic ganglia were found. Thanks to the high resolution and real color of the sectioned images and volume models, detailed observation of the ganglia was possible. Since the volume models can be cut both in orthogonal planes and oblique planes, advanced sectional anatomy of the ganglia can be explained concretely. Conclusions The sectioned images and 3D models will be helpful resources for understanding cranial nerve ganglia anatomy, for performing related surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Yoh Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Beom Sun Chung
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Nelson L, Lovett B, Johns JD, Gu S, Choi D, Trune D, Hoa M. In silico Single-Cell Analysis of Steroid-Responsive Gene Targets in the Mammalian Cochlea. Front Neurol 2022; 12:818157. [PMID: 35145472 PMCID: PMC8821961 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.818157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTreatment of many types of hearing instability in humans, including sudden sensorineural hearing loss, Meniere's disease, and autoimmune inner ear disease, rely heavily on the utilization of corticosteroids delivered both by oral and transtympanic routes. Despite this use, there is heterogeneity in the response to treatment with corticosteroids in humans with these diseases. The mechanisms by which corticosteroids exert their effect and the cell types in which they exert their effects in the inner ear remain poorly characterized. In this study, we localize steroid-responsive genes to cochlear cell types using previously published transcriptome datasets from the mammalian cochlea.MethodsSteroid-responsive genes were localized to specific cochlear cell types using existing transcriptome datasets from wild-type mammalian cochlea exposed to systemic and transtympanic steroids, as well as previously published single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing datasets from the mammalian cochlea. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed using PANTHER to investigate cellular processes implicated in transtympanic vs. systemic steroid action in the cochlea.ResultsSteroid-responsive genes were localized to specific cell types and regions in the cochlea including the stria vascularis, organ of Corti, and spiral ganglion neurons (SGN). Analyses demonstrate differential prevalence of steroid-responsive genes. GO analysis demonstrated steroid-responsive DEGs in the SGN to be associated with angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cytokine-mediated anti-inflammatory pathways.ConclusionsSingle-cell and single-nucleus transcriptome datasets localize steroid-responsive genes to specific regions in the cochlea. Further study of these regionally-specific steroid-responsive genes may provide insight into the mechanisms of and clinical response to corticosteroids in diseases of hearing instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Nelson
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Braeden Lovett
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - J. Dixon Johns
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Shoujun Gu
- Auditory Development and Restoration Program, NIDCD Otolaryngology Surgeon-Scientist Program, Division of Intramural Research, NIDCD/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dongseok Choi
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Dennis Trune
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael Hoa
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
- Auditory Development and Restoration Program, NIDCD Otolaryngology Surgeon-Scientist Program, Division of Intramural Research, NIDCD/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael Hoa
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Warnecke A, Giesemann A. Embryology, Malformations, and Rare Diseases of the Cochlea. Laryngorhinootologie 2021; 100:S1-S43. [PMID: 34352899 PMCID: PMC8354575 DOI: 10.1055/a-1349-3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the low overall prevalence of individual rare diseases, cochlear
dysfunction leading to hearing loss represents a symptom in a large
proportion. The aim of this work was to provide a clear overview of rare
cochlear diseases, taking into account the embryonic development of the
cochlea and the systematic presentation of the different disorders. Although
rapid biotechnological and bioinformatic advances may facilitate the
diagnosis of a rare disease, an interdisciplinary exchange is often required
to raise the suspicion of a rare disease. It is important to recognize that
the phenotype of rare inner ear diseases can vary greatly not only in
non-syndromic but also in syndromic hearing disorders. Finally, it becomes
clear that the phenotype of the individual rare diseases cannot be
determined exclusively by classical genetics even in monogenetic
disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Warnecke
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover.,Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Exzellenzcluster"Hearing4all" - EXC 2177/1 - Project ID 390895286
| | - Anja Giesemann
- Institut für Neuroradiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover
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Abstract
The cochlea of our auditory system is an intricate structure deeply embedded in the temporal bone. Compared with other sensory organs such as the eye, the cochlea has remained poorly accessible for investigation, for example, by imaging. This limitation also concerns the further development of technology for restoring hearing in the case of cochlear dysfunction, which requires quantitative information on spatial dimensions and the sensorineural status of the cochlea. Here, we employed X-ray phase-contrast tomography and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and their combination for multiscale and multimodal imaging of cochlear morphology in species that serve as established animal models for auditory research. We provide a systematic reference for morphological parameters relevant for cochlear implant development for rodent and nonhuman primate models. We simulate the spread of light from the emitters of the optical implants within the reconstructed nonhuman primate cochlea, which indicates a spatially narrow optogenetic excitation of spiral ganglion neurons.
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Liu W, Luque M, Li H, Schrott-Fischer A, Glueckert R, Tylstedt S, Rajan G, Ladak H, Agrawal S, Rask-Andersen H. Spike Generators and Cell Signaling in the Human Auditory Nerve: An Ultrastructural, Super-Resolution, and Gene Hybridization Study. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:642211. [PMID: 33796009 PMCID: PMC8008129 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.642211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The human auditory nerve contains 30,000 nerve fibers (NFs) that relay complex speech information to the brain with spectacular acuity. How speech is coded and influenced by various conditions is not known. It is also uncertain whether human nerve signaling involves exclusive proteins and gene manifestations compared with that of other species. Such information is difficult to determine due to the vulnerable, "esoteric," and encapsulated human ear surrounded by the hardest bone in the body. We collected human inner ear material for nanoscale visualization combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM), super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM), and RNA-scope analysis for the first time. Our aim was to gain information about the molecular instruments in human auditory nerve processing and deviations, and ways to perform electric modeling of prosthetic devices. Material and Methods: Human tissue was collected during trans-cochlear procedures to remove petro-clival meningioma after ethical permission. Cochlear neurons were processed for electron microscopy, confocal microscopy (CM), SR-SIM, and high-sensitive in situ hybridization for labeling single mRNA transcripts to detect ion channel and transporter proteins associated with nerve signal initiation and conductance. Results: Transport proteins and RNA transcripts were localized at the subcellular level. Hemi-nodal proteins were identified beneath the inner hair cells (IHCs). Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) were expressed in the spiral ganglion (SG) and axonal initial segments (AISs). Nodes of Ranvier (NR) expressed Nav1.6 proteins, and encoding genes critical for inter-cellular coupling were disclosed. Discussion: Our results suggest that initial spike generators are located beneath the IHCs in humans. The first NRs appear at different places. Additional spike generators and transcellular communication may boost, sharpen, and synchronize afferent signals by cell clusters at different frequency bands. These instruments may be essential for the filtering of complex sounds and may be challenged by various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Luque
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hao Li
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Rudolf Glueckert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sven Tylstedt
- Department of Olaryngology, Västerviks Hospital, Västervik, Sweden
| | - Gunesh Rajan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hanif Ladak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical Biophysics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sumit Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Helge Rask-Andersen
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Frohn J, Pinkert-Leetsch D, Missbach-Güntner J, Reichardt M, Osterhoff M, Alves F, Salditt T. 3D virtual histology of human pancreatic tissue by multiscale phase-contrast X-ray tomography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1707-1719. [PMID: 33147198 PMCID: PMC7642968 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520011327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A multiscale three-dimensional (3D) virtual histology approach is presented, based on two configurations of propagation phase-contrast X-ray tomography, which have been implemented in close proximity at the GINIX endstation at the beamline P10/PETRA III (DESY, Hamburg, Germany). This enables the 3D reconstruction of characteristic morphological features of human pancreatic normal and tumor tissue, as obtained from cancer surgery, first in the form of a large-scale overview by parallel-beam illumination, followed by a zoom into a region-of-interest based on zoom tomography using a Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror with additional waveguide optics. To this end 1 mm punch biopsies of the tissue were taken. In the parallel tomography, a volumetric throughput on the order of 0.01 mm3 s-1 was achieved, while maintaining the ability to segment isolated cells. With a continuous rotation during the scan, a total acquisition time of less than 2 min was required for a full tomographic scan. Using the combination of both setups, islets of Langerhans, a three-dimensional cluster of cells in the endocrine part of the pancreas, could be located. Cells in such an islet were segmented and visualized in 3D. Further, morphological alterations of tumorous tissue of the pancreas were characterized. To this end, the anisotropy parameter Ω, based on intensity gradients, was used in order to quantify the presence of collagen fibers within the entire biopsy specimen. This proof-of-concept experiment of the multiscale approach on human pancreatic tissue paves the way for future 3D virtual pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Frohn
- Institute for X-ray Physics, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diana Pinkert-Leetsch
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Group of Translational Molecular Imaging, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeannine Missbach-Güntner
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marius Reichardt
- Institute for X-ray Physics, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Osterhoff
- Institute for X-ray Physics, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Group of Translational Molecular Imaging, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Strase 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute for X-ray Physics, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells (MBExC), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Strase 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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