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Tiddy IC, Schneider K, Elmer KR. Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:517-535. [PMID: 37984834 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Determining how environmental conditions contribute to divergence among populations and drive speciation is fundamental to resolving mechanisms and understanding outcomes in evolutionary biology. Postglacial freshwater fish species in the Northern Hemisphere are ideal biological systems to explore the effects of environment on diversification in morphology, ecology, and genetics (ecomorph divergences) within lakes. To date, various environmental factors have been implicated in the presence of multiple ecomorphs within particular lakes or regions. However, concerted evidence for generalizable patterns in environmental variables associated with speciation across geographical regions and across species and genera has been lacking. Here, we aimed to identify key biotic and abiotic factors associated with ecological divergence of postglacial freshwater fish species into multiple sympatric ecomorphs, focusing on species in the well-studied, widespread, and co-distributed genera Gasterosteus, Salvelinus, and Coregonus (stickleback, charr, and whitefish, respectively). We found that the presence of multiple sympatric ecomorphs tended to be associated with increasing lake surface area, maximum depth, and nutrient availability. In addition, predation, competition, and prey availability were suggested to play a role in divergence into multiple ecomorphs, but the effects of biotic factors require further study. Although we identified several environmental factors correlated with the presence of multiple ecomorphs, there were substantial data gaps across species and regions. An improved understanding of these systems may provide insight into both generalizable environmental factors involved in speciation in other systems, and potential ecological and evolutionary responses of species complexes when these variables are altered by environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Tiddy
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin Schneider
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn R Elmer
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Kotsanopoulos K, Martsikalis PV, Gkafas GA, Exadactylos A. The use of various statistical methods for authenticity and detection of adulteration in fish and seafood. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1553-1571. [PMID: 36052815 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2117786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Various methodologies including genetic analyses, morphometrics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, etc. are now used or being developed to authenticate fish and seafood. Such techniques usually lead to the generation of enormous amounts of data. The analysis and interpretation of this information can be particularly challenging. Statistical techniques are therefore commonly used to assist in analyzing these data, visualizing trends and differences and extracting conclusions. This review article aims at presenting and discussing statistical methods used in studies on fish and seafood authenticity and adulteration, allowing researchers to consider their options based on previous successes/failures but also offering some recommendations about the future of such techniques. Techniques such as PCA, AMOVA and FST statistics, that allow the differentiation of genetic groups, or techniques such as MANOVA that allow large data sets of morphometric characteristics or elemental differences to be analyzed are discussed. Furthermore, methods such as cluster analysis, DFA, CVA, CDA and heatmaps/Circos plots that allow samples to be differentiated based on their geographical origin are also reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages as found in past studies are given. Finally, mathematical simulations and modeling are presented in a detailed review of studies using them, together with their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kotsanopoulos
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Petros V Martsikalis
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - George A Gkafas
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Athanasios Exadactylos
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
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3
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Fang B, Momigliano P, Kahilainen KK, Merilä J. Allopatric origin of sympatric whitefish morphs with insights on the genetic basis of their reproductive isolation. Evolution 2022; 76:1905-1913. [PMID: 35797649 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) species complex is a classic example of recent adaptive radiation. Here, we examine a whitefish population introduced to northern Finnish Lake Tsahkal in the late 1960s, where three divergent morphs (viz. littoral, pelagic, and profundal feeders) were found 10 generations after. Using demographic modeling based on genomic data, we show that whitefish morphs evolved during a phase of strict isolation, refuting a rapid sympatric divergence scenario. The lake is now an artificial hybrid zone between morphs originated in allopatry. Despite their current syntopy, clear genetic differentiation remains between two of the three morphs. Using admixture mapping, we identify five SNPs associated with gonad weight variation, a proxy for sexual maturity and spawning time. We suggest that ecological adaptations in spawning time evolved in allopatry are currently maintaining partial reproductive isolation in the absence of other barriers to gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Fang
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Paolo Momigliano
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Immunology, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | - Kimmo K Kahilainen
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Lammi, 16900, Finland.,Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Kilpisjärvi, 99490, Finland
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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Hayden B, Harrod C, Thomas S, Kahilainen KK. Winter ecology of specialist and generalist morphs of European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, in subarctic northern Europe. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:389-399. [PMID: 35142375 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
European whitefish is a model species for adaptive radiation of fishes in temperate and subarctic lakes. In northern Europe the most commonly observed morphotypes are a generalist (LSR) morph and a pelagic specialist (DR) morph. The evolution of a pelagic specialist morph is something of an enigma, however, as this region is characterized by long, dark winters with pelagic primary production limited to a brief window in late summer. We conducted the first winter-based study of polymorphic whitefish populations to determine the winter ecology of both morphs, and we combined seasonal diet and stable isotope analysis with several proxies of condition in three polymorphic whitefish populations. The generalist LSR morph fed on benthic and pelagic prey in summer but was solely reliant on benthic prey in winter. This was associated with a noticeable but moderate reduction in condition, lipid content and stomach fullness in winter relative to summer. In contrast, the DR whitefish occupied a strict pelagic niche in both seasons. A significant reduction in pelagic prey during winter resulted in severe decrease in condition, lipid content and stomach fullness in DR whitefish in winter relative to summer, with the pelagic morph apparently approaching starvation in winter. We suggest that this divergent approach to seasonal foraging is associated with the divergent life-history traits of both morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hayden
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
- Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chris Harrod
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Austral Invasive Salmonids, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Kimmo K Kahilainen
- Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Bochkarev NA, Zuykova EI, Pestryakova LA, Ushnitskaya LA, Zakharov ES, Politov DV, Andree KB, Solovyev MM. Intraspecific structure of the Coregonus lavaretus complex in water bodies of Siberia: a case of postglacial allopatric origin of Yukagirian whitefish. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The results of morphological and genetic analyses of forms/species of the Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (Gmelin, 1789) complex from the Indigirka and Kolyma river basins are presented in the context of there being recent postglacial speciation events. It has been found that the studied whitefishes belong to the sparsely rakered and low lateral-line forms and have previously been described as Coregonus lavaretus pidschian n. jucagiricus Drjagin (Berg), 1932. Based on these characters, this whitefish does not differ from most Arctic whitefish populations (in particular from Coregonus lavaretus glacialis Kirillov, 1972). Analysis of variability of the ND1 gene (mtDNA) showed that whitefishes from the Indigirka and Kolyma basins belong to a distant phylogenetic lineage, which is significantly different from all previously studied whitefish lineages from the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Anadyr, and Amur river basins. Analysis of variability of the ITS1 fragment (nDNA) showed that all studied forms/species (from Ob River to Amur River basins), including C. l. pidschian n. jucagiricus, have a tandem arrangement of two identical nucleotide fragments and very similar nucleotide composition of the ITS1 region. Based on contemporary data, this phylogenetic lineage of the C. pidschian complex could be considered a young postglacial allopatric species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena I. Zuykova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Evgeny S. Zakharov
- Institute of Biological Problems in the Cryolithozone SB RAS, Yakutsk, Russia
- M.K. Amosov FGAOU VPO North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
| | | | - Karl B. Andree
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentarias, San Carlos de la Rapita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mikhail M. Solovyev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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Østbye K, Hagen Hassve M, Peris Tamayo AM, Hagenlund M, Vogler T, Præbel K. " And if you gaze long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into thee": four morphs of Arctic charr adapting to a depth gradient in Lake Tinnsjøen. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1240-1261. [PMID: 32684957 PMCID: PMC7359846 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of species is a central topic in biology. Ecological speciation might be a driver in adaptive radiation, providing a framework for understanding mechanisms, level, and rate of diversification. The Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus L. is a polymorphic species with huge morphological and life‐history diversity in Holarctic water systems. We studied adaptive radiation of Arctic charr in the 460‐m‐deep Lake Tinnsjøen to (a) document eco‐morphology and life‐history traits of morphs, (b) estimate reproductive isolation of morphs, and (c) illuminate Holarctic phylogeography and lineages colonizing Lake Tinnsjøen. We compared Lake Tinnsjøen with four Norwegian outgroup populations. Four field‐assigned morphs were identified in Lake Tinnsjøen: the planktivore morph in all habitats except deep profundal, the dwarf morph in shallow‐moderate profundal, the piscivore morph mainly in shallow‐moderate profundal, and a new undescribed abyssal morph in the deep profundal. Morphs displayed extensive life‐history variation in age and size. A moderate‐to‐high concordance was observed among morphs and four genetic clusters from microsatellites. mtDNA suggested two minor endemic clades in Lake Tinnsjøen originating from one widespread colonizing clade in the Holarctic. All morphs were genetically differentiated at microsatellites (FST: 0.12–0.20), associated with different mtDNA clade frequencies. Analyses of outgroup lakes implied colonization from a river below Lake Tinnsjøen. Our findings suggest postglacial adaptive radiation of one colonizing mtDNA lineage with niche specialization along a depth–temperature–productivity–pressure gradient. Concordance between reproductive isolation and habitats of morphs implies ecological speciation as a mechanism. Particularly novel is the extensive morph diversification with depth into the often unexplored deepwater profundal habitat, suggesting we may have systematically underestimated biodiversity in lakes. In a biological conservation framework, it is imperative to protect endemic below‐species‐level biodiversity, particularly so since within‐species variation comprises an extremely important component of the generally low total biodiversity observed in the northern freshwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjartan Østbye
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Evenstad Norway.,Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Marius Hagen Hassve
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Evenstad Norway
| | - Ana-Maria Peris Tamayo
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Evenstad Norway
| | - Mari Hagenlund
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Evenstad Norway
| | - Thomas Vogler
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Campus Evenstad Norway
| | - Kim Præbel
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics Norwegian College of Fishery Science UiT Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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