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Tengstedt ANB, Liu S, Jacobsen MW, Gundlund C, Møller PR, Berg S, Bekkevold D, Hansen MM. Genomic insights on conservation priorities for North Sea houting and European lake whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Mol Ecol 2024:e17367. [PMID: 38686435 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Population genomics analysis holds great potential for informing conservation of endangered populations. We focused on a controversial case of European whitefish (Coregonus spp.) populations. The endangered North Sea houting is the only coregonid fish that tolerates oceanic salinities and was previously considered a species (C. oxyrhinchus) distinct from European lake whitefish (C. lavaretus). However, no firm evidence for genetic-based salinity adaptation has been available. Also, studies based on microsatellite and mitogenome data suggested surprisingly recent divergence (c. 2500 years bp) between houting and lake whitefish. These data types furthermore have provided no evidence for possible inbreeding. Finally, a controversial taxonomic revision recently classified all whitefish in the region as C. maraena, calling conservation priorities of houting into question. We used whole-genome and ddRAD sequencing to analyse six lake whitefish populations and the only extant indigenous houting population. Demographic inference indicated post-glacial expansion and divergence between lake whitefish and houting occurring not long after the Last Glaciation, implying deeper population histories than previous analyses. Runs of homozygosity analysis suggested not only high inbreeding (FROH up to 30.6%) in some freshwater populations but also FROH up to 10.6% in the houting prompting conservation concerns. Finally, outlier scans provided evidence for adaptation to high salinities in the houting. Applying a framework for defining conservation units based on current and historical reproductive isolation and adaptive divergence led us to recommend that the houting be treated as a separate conservation unit regardless of species status. In total, the results underscore the potential of genomics to inform conservation practices, in this case clarifying conservation units and highlighting populations of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shenglin Liu
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Magnus W Jacobsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Rask Møller
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Berg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Bekkevold
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
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2
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Zimmerman SJ, Aldridge CL, Schroeder MA, Fike JA, Cornman RS, Oyler-McCance SJ. The potential influence of genome-wide adaptive divergence on conservation translocation outcome in an isolated greater sage-grouse population. Conserv Biol 2024:e14254. [PMID: 38563102 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Conservation translocations are an important conservation tool commonly employed to augment declining or reestablish extirpated populations. One goal of augmentation is to increase genetic diversity and reduce the risk of inbreeding depression (i.e., genetic rescue). However, introducing individuals from significantly diverged populations risks disrupting coadapted traits and reducing local fitness (i.e., outbreeding depression). Genetic data are increasingly more accessible for wildlife species and can provide unique insight regarding the presence and retention of introduced genetic variation from augmentation as an indicator of effectiveness and adaptive similarity as an indicator of source and recipient population suitability. We used 2 genetic data sets to evaluate augmentation of isolated populations of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the northwestern region of the species range (Washington, USA) and to retrospectively evaluate adaptive divergence among source and recipient populations. We developed 2 statistical models for microsatellite data to evaluate augmentation outcomes. We used one model to predict genetic diversity after augmentation and compared these predictions with observations of genetic change. We used the second model to quantify the amount of observed reproduction attributed to transplants (proof of population integration). We also characterized genome-wide adaptive divergence among source and recipient populations. Observed genetic diversity (HO = 0.65) was higher in the recipient population than predicted had no augmentation occurred (HO = 0.58) but less than what was predicted by our model (HO = 0.75). The amount of shared genetic variation between the 2 geographically isolated resident populations increased, which is evidence of periodic gene flow previously assumed to be rare. Among candidate adaptive genes associated with elevated fixation index (FST) (143 genes) or local environmental variables (97 and 157 genes for each genotype-environment association method, respectively), we found clusters of genes with related functions that may influence the ability of transplants to use local resources and navigate unfamiliar environments and their reproductive potential, all possible reasons for low genetic retention from augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna J Zimmerman
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Cameron L Aldridge
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Fike
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert Scott Cornman
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sara J Oyler-McCance
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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3
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Tiddy IC, Schneider K, Elmer KR. Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes. J Fish Biol 2024; 104:517-535. [PMID: 37984834 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Determining how environmental conditions contribute to divergence among populations and drive speciation is fundamental to resolving mechanisms and understanding outcomes in evolutionary biology. Postglacial freshwater fish species in the Northern Hemisphere are ideal biological systems to explore the effects of environment on diversification in morphology, ecology, and genetics (ecomorph divergences) within lakes. To date, various environmental factors have been implicated in the presence of multiple ecomorphs within particular lakes or regions. However, concerted evidence for generalizable patterns in environmental variables associated with speciation across geographical regions and across species and genera has been lacking. Here, we aimed to identify key biotic and abiotic factors associated with ecological divergence of postglacial freshwater fish species into multiple sympatric ecomorphs, focusing on species in the well-studied, widespread, and co-distributed genera Gasterosteus, Salvelinus, and Coregonus (stickleback, charr, and whitefish, respectively). We found that the presence of multiple sympatric ecomorphs tended to be associated with increasing lake surface area, maximum depth, and nutrient availability. In addition, predation, competition, and prey availability were suggested to play a role in divergence into multiple ecomorphs, but the effects of biotic factors require further study. Although we identified several environmental factors correlated with the presence of multiple ecomorphs, there were substantial data gaps across species and regions. An improved understanding of these systems may provide insight into both generalizable environmental factors involved in speciation in other systems, and potential ecological and evolutionary responses of species complexes when these variables are altered by environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Tiddy
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin Schneider
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn R Elmer
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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4
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Smith BA, Costa APB, Kristjánsson BK, Parsons KJ. Experimental evidence for adaptive divergence in response to a warmed habitat reveals roles for morphology, allometry and parasite resistance. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10907. [PMID: 38333102 PMCID: PMC10850817 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectotherms are expected to be particularly vulnerable to climate change-driven increases in temperature. Understanding how populations adapt to novel thermal environments will be key for informing mitigation plans. We took advantage of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations inhabiting adjacent geothermal (warm) and ambient (cold) habitats to test for adaptive evolutionary divergence using a field reciprocal transplant experiment. We found evidence for adaptive morphological divergence, as growth (length change) in non-native habitats related to head, posterior and total body shape. Higher growth in fish transplanted to a non-native habitat was associated with morphological shape closer to native fish. The consequences of transplantation were asymmetric with cold sourced fish transplanted to the warm habitat suffering from lower survival rates and greater parasite prevalence than warm sourced fish transplanted to the cold habitat. We also found divergent shape allometries that related to growth. Our findings suggest that wild populations can adapt quickly to thermal conditions, but immediate transitions to warmer conditions may be particularly difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A. Smith
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Ana P. B. Costa
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth ScienceUniversity of MiamiCoral GablesFloridaUSA
| | | | - Kevin J. Parsons
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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5
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Klein JD, Maduna SN, Dicken ML, da Silva C, Soekoe M, McCord ME, Potts WM, Hagen SB, Bester‐van der Merwe AE. Local adaptation with gene flow in a highly dispersive shark. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13628. [PMID: 38283610 PMCID: PMC10810256 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptive divergence in response to environmental clines are expected to be common in species occupying heterogeneous environments. Despite numerous advances in techniques appropriate for non-model species, gene-environment association studies in elasmobranchs are still scarce. The bronze whaler or copper shark (Carcharhinus brachyurus) is a large coastal shark with a wide distribution and one of the most exploited elasmobranchs in southern Africa. Here, we assessed the distribution of neutral and adaptive genomic diversity in C. brachyurus across a highly heterogeneous environment in southern Africa based on genome-wide SNPs obtained through a restriction site-associated DNA method (3RAD). A combination of differentiation-based genome-scan (outflank) and genotype-environment analyses (redundancy analysis, latent factor mixed models) identified a total of 234 differentiation-based outlier and candidate SNPs associated with bioclimatic variables. Analysis of 26,299 putatively neutral SNPs revealed moderate and evenly distributed levels of genomic diversity across sites from the east coast of South Africa to Angola. Multivariate and clustering analyses demonstrated a high degree of gene flow with no significant population structuring among or within ocean basins. In contrast, the putatively adaptive SNPs demonstrated the presence of two clusters and deep divergence between Angola and all other individuals from Namibia and South Africa. These results provide evidence for adaptive divergence in response to a heterogeneous seascape in a large, mobile shark despite high levels of gene flow. These results are expected to inform management strategies and policy at the national and regional level for conservation of C. brachyurus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana D. Klein
- Molecular Breeding and Biodiversity Research Group, Department of GeneticsStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Simo N. Maduna
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Svanhovd Research StationNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research—NIBIOSvanvikNorway
| | - Matthew L. Dicken
- KwaZulu‐Natal Sharks BoardUmhlanga RocksSouth Africa
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Ocean Sciences CampusNelson Mandela UniversityGqeberhaSouth Africa
| | - Charlene da Silva
- Department of Forestry, Fisheries and EnvironmentRogge BaySouth Africa
| | - Michelle Soekoe
- Division of Marine ScienceReel Science CoalitionCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Meaghen E. McCord
- South African Shark ConservancyHermanusSouth Africa
- Canadian Parks and Wilderness SocietyVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Warren M. Potts
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries ScienceRhodes UniversityMakhandaSouth Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic BiodiversityMakhandaSouth Africa
| | - Snorre B. Hagen
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Svanhovd Research StationNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research—NIBIOSvanvikNorway
| | - Aletta E. Bester‐van der Merwe
- Molecular Breeding and Biodiversity Research Group, Department of GeneticsStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
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Perez LJ, Cloherty GA, Berg MG. Parallel evolution of picobirnaviruses from distinct ancestral origins. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0269323. [PMID: 37888988 PMCID: PMC10714727 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02693-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are highly heterogeneous viruses encoding a capsid and RdRp. Detected in a wide variety of animals with and without disease, their association with gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, and consequently their public health importance, has rightly been questioned. Determining the "true" host of Picobirnavirus lies at the center of this debate, as evidence exists for them having both vertebrate and prokaryotic origins. Using integrated and time-stamped phylogenetic approaches, we show they are contemporaneous viruses descending from two different ancestors: avian Reovirus and fungal Partitivirus. The fungal PBV-R2 species emerged with a single segment (RdRp) until it acquired a capsid from vertebrate PBV-R1 and PBV-R3 species. Protein and RNA folding analyses revealed how the former came to resemble the latter over time. Thus, parallel evolution from disparate hosts has driven the adaptation and genetic diversification of the Picobirnaviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J. Perez
- Infectious Disease Core Research, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
- Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition (APDC), Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gavin A. Cloherty
- Infectious Disease Core Research, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
- Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition (APDC), Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael G. Berg
- Infectious Disease Core Research, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
- Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition (APDC), Chicago, Illinois, USA
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7
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Ye Z, Wei W, Pfrender ME, Lynch M. Evolutionary Insights from a Large-Scale Survey of Population-Genomic Variation. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad233. [PMID: 37863047 PMCID: PMC10630549 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of genomics has ushered in new methods for studying molecular-genetic variation in natural populations. However, most population-genomic studies still rely on small sample sizes (typically, <100 individuals) from single time points, leaving considerable uncertainties with respect to the behavior of relatively young (and rare) alleles and, owing to the large sampling variance of measures of variation, to the specific gene targets of unusually strong selection. Genomic sequences of ∼1,700 haplotypes distributed over a 10-year period from a natural population of the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex reveal evolutionary-genomic features at a refined scale, including previously hidden information on the behavior of rare alleles predicted by recent theory. Background selection, resulting from the recurrent introduction of deleterious alleles, appears to strongly influence the dynamics of neutral alleles, inducing indirect negative selection on rare variants and positive selection on common variants. Temporally fluctuating selection increases the persistence of nonsynonymous alleles with intermediate frequencies, while reducing standing levels of variation at linked silent sites. Combined with the results from an equally large metapopulation survey of the study species, classes of genes that are under strong positive selection can now be confidently identified in this key model organism. Most notable among rapidly evolving Daphnia genes are those associated with ribosomes, mitochondrial functions, sensory systems, and lifespan determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation & Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wen Wei
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michael E Pfrender
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Michael Lynch
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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8
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Shankregowda AM, Siriyappagouder P, Kuizenga M, Bal TMP, Abdelhafiz Y, Eizaguirre C, Fernandes JMO, Kiron V, Raeymaekers JAM. Host habitat rather than evolutionary history explains gut microbiome diversity in sympatric stickleback species. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1232358. [PMID: 37901806 PMCID: PMC10601471 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-associated microbiota can influence host phenotypic variation, fitness and potential to adapt to local environmental conditions. In turn, both host evolutionary history and the abiotic and biotic environment can influence the diversity and composition of microbiota. Yet, to what extent environmental and host-specific factors drive microbial diversity remains largely unknown, limiting our understanding of host-microbiome interactions in natural populations. Here, we compared the intestinal microbiota between two phylogenetically related fishes, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) in a common landscape. Using amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, we characterised the α and β diversity of the microbial communities in these two fish species from both brackish water and freshwater habitats. Across eight locations, α diversity was higher in the nine-spined stickleback, suggesting a broader niche use in this host species. Habitat was a strong determinant of β diversity in both host species, while host species only explained a small fraction of the variation in gut microbial composition. Strong habitat-specific effects overruled effects of geographic distance and historical freshwater colonisation, suggesting that the gut microbiome correlates primarily with local environmental conditions. Interestingly, the effect of habitat divergence on gut microbial communities was stronger in three-spined stickleback than in nine-spined stickleback, possibly mirroring the stronger level of adaptive divergence in this host species. Overall, our results show that microbial communities reflect habitat divergence rather than colonisation history or dispersal limitation of host species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marijn Kuizenga
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Thijs M. P. Bal
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Yousri Abdelhafiz
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Christophe Eizaguirre
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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Euclide PT, Larson WA, Shi Y, Gruenthal K, Christensen KA, Seeb J, Seeb L. Conserved islands of divergence associated with adaptive variation in sockeye salmon are maintained by multiple mechanisms. Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37695544 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Local adaptation is facilitated by loci clustered in relatively few regions of the genome, termed genomic islands of divergence. The mechanisms that create and maintain these islands and how they contribute to adaptive divergence is an active research topic. Here, we use sockeye salmon as a model to investigate both the mechanisms responsible for creating islands of divergence and the patterns of differentiation at these islands. Previous research suggested that multiple islands contributed to adaptive radiation of sockeye salmon. However, the low-density genomic methods used by these studies made it difficult to fully elucidate the mechanisms responsible for islands and connect genotypes to adaptive variation. We used whole genome resequencing to genotype millions of loci to investigate patterns of genetic variation at islands and the mechanisms that potentially created them. We discovered 64 islands, including 16 clustered in four genomic regions shared between two isolated populations. Characterisation of these four regions suggested that three were likely created by structural variation, while one was created by processes not involving structural variation. All four regions were small (< 600 kb), suggesting low recombination regions do not have to span megabases to be important for adaptive divergence. Differentiation at islands was not consistently associated with established population attributes. In sum, the landscape of adaptive divergence and the mechanisms that create it are complex; this complexity likely helps to facilitate fine-scale local adaptation unique to each population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Euclide
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Wesley A Larson
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Auke Bay Laboratories, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - Yue Shi
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - Kristen Gruenthal
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska, USA
- Office of Applied Science, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kris A Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jim Seeb
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa Seeb
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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Turbek SP, Funk WC, Ruegg KC. Where to draw the line? Expanding the delineation of conservation units to highly mobile taxa. J Hered 2023; 114:300-311. [PMID: 36815497 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Conservation units (CUs) are an essential tool for maximizing evolutionary potential and prioritizing areas across a species' range for protection when implementing conservation and management measures. However, current workflows for identifying CUs on the basis of neutral and adaptive genomic variation largely ignore information contained in patterns of isolation by distance (IBD), frequently the primary signal of population structure in highly mobile taxa, such as birds, bats, and marine organisms with pelagic larval stages. While individuals located on either end of a species' distribution may exhibit clear genetic, phenotypic, and ecological differences, IBD produces subtle changes in allele frequencies across space, making it difficult to draw clear boundaries for conservation purposes in the absence of discrete population structure. Here, we highlight potential pitfalls that arise when applying common methods for delineating CUs to continuously distributed organisms and review existing methods for detecting subtle breakpoints in patterns of IBD that can indicate barriers to gene flow in highly mobile taxa. In addition, we propose a new framework for identifying CUs in all organisms, including those characterized by continuous genomic differentiation, and suggest several possible ways to harness the information contained in patterns of IBD to guide conservation and management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela P Turbek
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - W Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kristen C Ruegg
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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11
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Ye Z, Wei W, Pfrender M, Lynch M. Evolutionary Insights from a Large-scale Survey of Population-genomic Variation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.03.539276. [PMID: 37205430 PMCID: PMC10187179 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.03.539276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Results from data on > 1000 haplotypes distributed over a nine-year period from a natural population of the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex reveal evolutionary-genomic features at a refined scale, including key population-genetic properties that are obscured in studies with smaller sample sizes. Background selection, resulting from the recurrent introduction of deleterious alleles, appears to strongly influence the dynamics of neutral alleles, inducing indirect negative selection on rare variants and positive selection on common variants. Fluctuating selection increases the persistence of nonsynonymous alleles with intermediate frequencies, while reducing standing levels of variation at linked silent sites. Combined with the results from an equally large metapopulation survey of the study species, regions of gene structure that are under strong purifying selection and classes of genes that are under strong positive selection in this key species can be confidently identified. Most notable among rapidly evolving Daphnia genes are those associated with ribosomes, mitochondrial functions, sensory systems, and lifespan determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ye
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Wen Wei
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Michael Pfrender
- Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Michael Lynch
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
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12
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Strickland K, Räsänen K, Kristjánsson BK, Phillips JS, Einarsson A, Snorradóttir RG, Bartrons M, Jónsson ZO. Genome-phenotype-environment associations identify signatures of selection in a panmictic population of threespine stickleback. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1708-1725. [PMID: 36627230 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive genetic divergence occurs when selection imposed by the environment causes the genomic component of the phenotype to differentiate. However, genomic signatures of natural selection are usually identified without information on which trait is responding to selection by which selective agent(s). Here, we integrate whole-genome sequencing with phenomics and measures of putative selective agents to assess the extent of adaptive divergence in threespine stickleback occupying the highly heterogeneous lake Mývatn, NE Iceland. We find negligible genome wide divergence, yet multiple traits (body size, gill raker structure and defence traits) were divergent along known ecological gradients (temperature, predatory bird densities and water depth). SNP based heritability of all measured traits was high (h2 = 0.42-0.65), indicating adaptive potential for all traits. Environment-association analyses further identified thousands of loci putatively involved in selection, related to genes linked to, for instance, neuron development and protein phosphorylation. Finally, we found that loci linked to water depth were concurrently associated with pelvic spine length variation - supporting the conclusion that divergence in pelvic spine length occurred in the face of gene flow. Our results suggest that whilst there is substantial genetic variation in the traits measured, phenotypic divergence of Mývatn stickleback is mostly weakly associated with environmental gradients, potentially as a result of substantial gene flow. Our study illustrates the value of integrative studies that combine genomic assays of multivariate trait variation with landscape genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasha Strickland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG and Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Joseph S Phillips
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland.,Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Ragna G Snorradóttir
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - Mireia Bartrons
- Aquatic Ecology Group, University of Vic (UVic-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
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13
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Scotti I, Lalagüe H, Oddou-Muratorio S, Scotti-Saintagne C, Ruiz Daniels R, Grivet D, Lefevre F, Cubry P, Fady B, González-Martínez SC, Roig A, Lesur-Kupin I, Bagnoli F, Guerin V, Plomion C, Rozenberg P, Vendramin GG. Common microgeographical selection patterns revealed in four European conifers. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:393-411. [PMID: 36301304 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microgeographical adaptation occurs when the effects of directional selection persist despite gene flow. Traits and genetic loci under selection can then show adaptive divergence, against the backdrop of little differentiation at other traits or loci. How common such events are and how strong the selection is that underlies them remain open questions. Here, we discovered and analysed microgeographical patterns of genomic divergence in four European and Mediterranean conifers with widely differing life-history traits and ecological requirements (Abies alba MIll., Cedrus atlantica [Endl.] Manetti, Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinaster Aiton) by screening pairs from geographically close forest stands sampled along steep ecological gradients. We inferred patterns of genomic divergence by applying a combination of divergence outlier detection methods, demographic modelling, Approximate Bayesian Computation inferences and genomic annotation to genomic data. Surprisingly for such small geographical scales, we showed that selection is strong in all species but generally affects different loci in each. A clear signature of selection was systematically detected on a fraction of the genome, of the order of 0.1%-1% of the loci depending on the species. The novel modelling method we designed for estimating selection coefficients showed that the microgeographical selection coefficient scaled by population size (Ns) was 2-30. Our results convincingly suggest that selection maintains within-population diversity at microgeographical scales in spatially heterogeneous environments. Such genetic diversity is likely to be a major reservoir of adaptive potential, helping populations to adapt under fluctuating environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadrien Lalagüe
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, France
| | | | | | - Rose Ruiz Daniels
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | - Philippe Cubry
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
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14
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Roesti M, Groh JS, Blain SA, Huss M, Rassias P, Bolnick DI, Stuart YE, Peichel CL, Schluter D. Species divergence under competition and shared predation. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:111-123. [PMID: 36450600 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Species competing for resources also commonly share predators. While competition often drives divergence between species, the effects of shared predation are less understood. Theoretically, competing prey species could either diverge or evolve in the same direction under shared predation depending on the strength and symmetry of their interactions. We took an empirical approach to this question, comparing antipredator and trophic phenotypes between sympatric and allopatric populations of threespine stickleback and prickly sculpin fish that all live in the presence of a trout predator. We found divergence in antipredator traits between the species: in sympatry, antipredator adaptations were relatively increased in stickleback but decreased in sculpin. Shifts in feeding morphology, diet and habitat use were also divergent but driven primarily by stickleback evolution. Our results suggest that asymmetric ecological character displacement indirectly made stickleback more and sculpin less vulnerable to shared predation, driving divergence of antipredator traits between sympatric species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Roesti
- Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Zoology Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Groh
- Zoology Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Center for Population Biology and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephanie A Blain
- Zoology Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Magnus Huss
- Zoology Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Peter Rassias
- Zoology Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yoel E Stuart
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Catherine L Peichel
- Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Zoology Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Carrión PL, Raeymaekers JAM, De León LF, Chaves JA, Sharpe DMT, Huber SK, Herrel A, Vanhooydonck B, Gotanda KM, Koop JAH, Knutie SA, Clayton DH, Podos J, Hendry AP. The terroir of the finch: How spatial and temporal variation shapes phenotypic traits in DARWIN'S finches. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9399. [PMID: 36225827 PMCID: PMC9534727 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The term terroir is used in viticulture to emphasize how the biotic and abiotic characteristics of a local site influence grape physiology and thus the properties of wine. In ecology and evolution, such terroir (i.e., the effect of space or “site”) is expected to play an important role in shaping phenotypic traits. Just how important is the pure spatial effect of terroir (e.g., differences between sites that persist across years) in comparison to temporal variation (e.g., differences between years that persist across sites), and the interaction between space and time (e.g., differences between sites change across years)? We answer this question by analyzing beak and body traits of 4388 medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) collected across 10 years at three locations in Galápagos. Analyses of variance indicated that phenotypic variation was mostly explained by site for beak size (η2 = 0.42) and body size (η2 = 0.43), with a smaller contribution for beak shape (η2 = 0.05) and body shape (η2 = 0.12), but still higher compared to year and site‐by‐year effects. As such, the effect of terroir seems to be very strong in Darwin's finches, notwithstanding the oft‐emphasized interannual variation. However, these results changed dramatically when we excluded data from Daphne Major, indicating that the strong effect of terroir was mostly driven by that particular population. These phenotypic results were largely paralleled in analyses of environmental variables (rainfall and vegetation indices) expected to shape terroir in this system. These findings affirm the evolutionary importance of terroir, while also revealing its dependence on other factors, such as geographical isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola L. Carrión
- Redpath Museum, Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | | | - Luis Fernando De León
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMassachusettsUSA,Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de DrogasInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)PanamáRepública de Panamá,Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamáRepública de Panamá
| | - Jaime A. Chaves
- Department of BiologySan Francisco State UniversitySan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y AmbientalesUniversidad San Francisco de QuitoQuitoEcuador
| | - Diana M. T. Sharpe
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamáRepública de Panamá,Worcester State UniversityWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sarah K. Huber
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceCollege of William & MaryGloucester PointVirginiaUSA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleDépartement Adaptations du VivantBâtiment d'Anatomie ComparéeParisFrance
| | | | - Kiyoko M. Gotanda
- Department of Biological SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada,Departement de BiologieUniversite de SherbrookeQuebecCanada
| | - Jennifer A. H. Koop
- Department of Biological SciencesNorthern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIllinoisUSA
| | - Sarah A. Knutie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA,Institute for Systems GenomicsUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| | - Dale H. Clayton
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Jeffrey Podos
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum, Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
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16
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Axelrod CJ, Robinson BW, Laberge F. Evolutionary divergence in phenotypic plasticity shapes brain size variation between coexisting sunfish ecotypes. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1363-1377. [PMID: 36073994 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms that generate brain size variation and the consequences of such variation on ecological performance are poorly understood in most natural animal populations. We use a reciprocal-transplant common garden experiment and foraging performance trials to test for brain size plasticity and the functional consequences of brain size variation in Pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) ecotypes that have diverged between nearshore littoral and offshore pelagic lake habitats. Different age-classes of wild-caught juveniles from both habitats were exposed for 6 months to treatments that mimicked littoral and pelagic foraging. Plastic responses in oral jaw size suggested that treatments mimicked natural habitat-specific foraging conditions. Plastic brain size responses to foraging manipulations differed between ecotypes, as only pelagic sourced fish showed brain size plasticity. Only pelagic juveniles under 1 year-old expressed this plastic response, suggesting that plastic brain size responses decline with age and so may be irreversible. Finally, larger brain size was associated with enhanced foraging performance on live benthic but not pelagic prey, providing the first experimental evidence of a relationship between brain size and prey-specific foraging performance in fishes. The recent post-glacial origin of these ecotypes suggests that brain size plasticity can rapidly evolve and diverge in fish under contrasting ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Axelrod
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beren W Robinson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frédéric Laberge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Walter GM, Clark J, Cristaudo A, Terranova D, Nevado B, Catara S, Paunov M, Velikova V, Filatov D, Cozzolino S, Hiscock SJ, Bridle JR. Adaptive divergence generates distinct plastic responses in two closely related Senecio species. Evolution 2022; 76:1229-1245. [PMID: 35344205 PMCID: PMC9322604 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of plastic responses to external cues allows species to maintain fitness in response to the environmental variations they regularly experience. However, it remains unclear how plasticity evolves during adaptation. To test whether distinct patterns of plasticity are associated with adaptive divergence, we quantified plasticity for two closely related but ecologically divergent Sicilian daisy species (Senecio, Asteraceae). We sampled 40 representative genotypes of each species from their native range on Mt. Etna and then reciprocally transplanted multiple clones of each genotype into four field sites along an elevational gradient that included the native elevational range of each species, and two intermediate elevations. At each elevation, we quantified survival and measured leaf traits that included investment (specific leaf area), morphology, chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment content, and gene expression. Traits and differentially expressed genes that changed with elevation in one species often showed little changes in the other species, or changed in the opposite direction. As evidence of adaptive divergence, both species performed better at their native site and better than the species from the other habitat. Adaptive divergence is, therefore, associated with the evolution of distinct plastic responses to environmental variation, despite these two species sharing a recent common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M. Walter
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolUK,School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - James Clark
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolUK,Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Antonia Cristaudo
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Delia Terranova
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Bruno Nevado
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Center of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental ChangesUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Stefania Catara
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Momchil Paunov
- Faculty of BiologySofia University St. Kliment OhridskiSofiaBulgaria
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and GeneticsSofiaBulgaria
| | - Dmitry Filatov
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | | | - Jon R. Bridle
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolUK,Department of Genetics, Evolution, and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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18
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Zhang Z, Li A, She Z, Wang X, Jia Z, Wang W, Zhang G, Li L. Adaptive divergence and underlying mechanisms in response to salinity gradients between two Crassostrea oysters revealed by phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses. Evol Appl 2022; 16:234-249. [PMID: 36793677 PMCID: PMC9923467 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparing the responses of closely related species to environmental changes is an efficient method to explore adaptive divergence, for a better understanding of the adaptive evolution of marine species under rapidly changing climates. Oysters are keystone species thrive in intertidal and estuarine areas where frequent environmental disturbance occurs including fluctuant salinity. The evolutionary divergence of two sister species of sympatric estuarine oysters, Crassostrea hongkongensis and Crassostrea ariakensis, in response to euryhaline habitats on phenotypes and gene expression, and the relative contribution of species effect, environment effect, and their interaction to the divergence were explored. After a 2-month outplanting at high- and low-salinity locations in the same estuary, the high growth rate, percent survival, and high tolerance indicated by physiological parameters suggested that the fitness of C. ariakensis was higher under high-salinity conditions and that of C. hongkongensis was higher under low-salinity conditions. Moreover, a transcriptomic analysis showed the two species exhibited differentiated transcriptional expression in high- and low-salinity habitats, largely caused by the species effect. Several of the important pathways enriched in divergent genes between species were also salinity-responsive pathways. Specifically, the pyruvate and taurine metabolism pathway and several solute carriers may contribute to the hyperosmotic adaptation of C. ariakensis, and some solute carriers may contribute to the hypoosmotic adaptation of C. hongkongensis. Our findings provide insights into the phenotypic and molecular mechanisms underlying salinity adaptation in marine mollusks, which will facilitate the assessment of the adaptive capacity of marine species in the context of climate change and will also provide practical information for marine resource conservation and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega‐Science, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
| | - Ao Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega‐Science, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina,National and Local Joint Engineering Key Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Zhicai She
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, College of Marine SciencesBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
| | - Xuegang Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega‐Science, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina,National and Local Joint Engineering Key Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Zhen Jia
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, College of Marine SciencesBeibu Gulf UniversityQinzhouChina
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega‐Science, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina,National and Local Joint Engineering Key Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Guofan Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega‐Science, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina,Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina,National and Local Joint Engineering Key Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Li Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega‐Science, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina,National and Local Joint Engineering Key Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
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19
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Jacobs A, Elmer KR. Alternative splicing and gene expression play contrasting roles in the parallel phenotypic evolution of a salmonid fish. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4955-4969. [PMID: 33502030 PMCID: PMC8653899 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of different molecular processes to evolution and development is crucial for identifying the mechanisms of adaptation. Here, we used RNA-sequencing data to test the importance of alternative splicing and differential gene expression in a case of parallel adaptive evolution, the replicated postglacial divergence of the salmonid fish Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) into sympatric benthic and pelagic ecotypes across multiple independent lakes. We found that genes differentially spliced between ecotypes were mostly not differentially expressed (<6% overlap) and were involved in different biological processes. Differentially spliced genes were primarily enriched for muscle development and functioning, while differentially expressed genes were involved in metabolism, immunity and growth. Furthermore, alternative splicing and gene expression were mostly controlled by independent cis-regulatory quantitative trait loci (<3.4% overlap). Cis-regulatory regions were associated with the parallel divergence in splicing (16.5% of intron clusters) and expression (6.7%-10.1% of differentially expressed genes), indicating shared regulatory variation across ecotype pairs. Contrary to theoretical expectation, we found that differentially spliced genes tended to be highly central in regulatory networks ("hub genes") and were annotated to significantly more gene ontology terms compared to nondifferentially spliced genes, consistent with a higher level of pleiotropy. Together, our results suggest that the concerted regulation of alternative splicing and differential gene expression through different regulatory regions leads to the divergence of complementary processes important for local adaptation. This provides novel insights into the importance of contrasting but putatively complementary molecular processes in rapid parallel adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Jacobs
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Kathryn R. Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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20
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Garita-Alvarado CA, Garduño-Sánchez MA, Barluenga M, Ornelas-García CP. Genetic and ecomorphological divergence between sympatric Astyanax morphs from Central America. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1752-1766. [PMID: 34545659 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific ecological and morphological polymorphism can promote ecological speciation and the build-up of reproductive isolation. Here, we evaluate correlations among morphology, trophic ecology and genetic differentiation between two divergent morphs (elongate and deep-body) of the fish genus Astyanax in the San Juan River basin in Central America, to infer the putative evolutionary mechanism shaping this system. We collected the two morphs from three water bodies and analysed: (1) the correlation between body shape and the shape of the premaxilla, a relevant trophic morphological structure, (2) the trophic level and niche width of each morph, (3) the correspondence between trophic level and body and premaxillary shape, and (4) the genetic differentiation between morphs using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We found a strong correlation between the body and premaxillary shape of the morphs. The elongate-body morph had a streamlined body, a premaxilla with acuter angles and a narrower ascending process, and a higher trophic level, characteristic of species with predatorial habits. By contrast, the deep-body morph had a higher body depth, a premaxilla with less acute angles and a broader trophic niche, suggesting generalist habits. Despite the strong correlation between morphological and ecological divergence, the morphs showed limited genetic differentiation, supporting the idea that morphs may be undergoing incipient ecological speciation, although alternative scenarios such as stable polymorphism or plasticity should also be considered. This study provides support for the role of ecological factors promoting diversification in both lake and stream-dwelling freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Garita-Alvarado
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Marco Antonio Garduño-Sánchez
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Marta Barluenga
- Departament of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Brachmann MK, Parsons K, Skúlason S, Ferguson MM. The interaction of resource use and gene flow on the phenotypic divergence of benthic and pelagic morphs of Icelandic Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7315-7334. [PMID: 34188815 PMCID: PMC8216915 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conceptual models of adaptive divergence and ecological speciation in sympatry predict differential resource use, phenotype-environment correlations, and reduced gene flow among diverging phenotypes. While these predictions have been assessed in past studies, connections among them have rarely been assessed collectively. We examined relationships among phenotypic, ecological, and genetic variation in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) from six Icelandic localities that have undergone varying degrees of divergence into sympatric benthic and pelagic morphs. We characterized morphological variation with geometric morphometrics, tested for differential resource use between morphs using stable isotopes, and inferred the amount of gene flow from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Analysis of stable isotopic signatures indicated that sympatric morphs showed similar difference in resource use across populations, likely arising from the common utilization of niche space within each population. Carbon isotopic signature was also a significant predictor of individual variation in body shape and size, suggesting that variation in benthic and pelagic resource use is associated with phenotypic variation. The estimated percentage of hybrids between sympatric morphs varied across populations (from 0% to 15.6%) but the majority of fish had genotypes (ancestry coefficients) characteristic of pure morphs. Despite evidence of reduced gene flow between sympatric morphs, we did not detect the expected negative relationship between divergence in resource use and gene flow. Three lakes showed the expected pattern, but morphs in the fourth showed no detectable hybridization and had relatively low differences in resource use between them. This coupled with the finding that resource use and genetic differentiation had differential effects on body shape variation across populations suggests that reproductive isolation maintains phenotypic divergence between benthic and pelagic morphs when the effects of resource use are relatively low. Our ability to assess relationships between phenotype, ecology, and genetics deepens our understanding of the processes underlying adaptive divergence in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineSchool of Life ScienceUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySaudárkrókurIceland
- Icelandic Museum of Natural HistoryReykjavíkIceland
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22
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Ho PT, Nguyen HQ, Kern EM, Won YJ. Experimental data supporting adaptive locomotor responses to salt stress in the mud-tidal gastropod populations ( Batillaria). Data Brief 2021; 36:107113. [PMID: 34036131 PMCID: PMC8138717 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the experimental locomotor data used to study the general and adaptive responses to salt stress of the northern Pacific intertidal gastropod Batillaria attramentaria. The data were obtained from a series of 30-day experiments on snails acclimated to different salinity regimes. Snails were collected from coastal areas on the eastern and western sides of the North Pacific Ocean. The data consist of three parts: 1) raw videos recording the locomotion of the snails when exposed to novel artificial salinity regimes in laboratory settings, 2) Spectral Time-Lapse results of movement distance of the snails extracted from the recorded videos, and 3) CO1-gene sequences isolated from individuals collected from four sampling sites. A Linear Mixed-effect Model inference procedure was applied in an attempt to assess the impacts of geographic distribution and genetic composition on the locomotor response to salt stress in the snail B. attramentaria. The locomotor dataset we present are the first reports of locomotor response to salt stress of the snail B. attramentaria, that is valuable for further exploration and understanding of the impacts of environmental changes on the physiology and adaptive capacity of living marine molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Thao Ho
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Danang City 550000, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Quynh Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Elizabeth M.A. Kern
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Won
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
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23
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Abstract
Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection predicts no additive variance of fitness in a natural population. Consistently, studies in a variety of wild populations show virtually no narrow-sense heritability (h2) for traits important to fitness. However, counterexamples are occasionally reported, calling for a deeper understanding on the evolution of additive variance. In this study, we propose adaptive divergence followed by population admixture as a source of the additive genetic variance of evolutionarily important traits. We experimentally tested the hypothesis by examining a panel of ∼1,000 yeast segregants produced by a hybrid of two yeast strains that experienced adaptive divergence. We measured >400 yeast cell morphological traits and found a strong positive correlation between h2 and evolutionary importance. Because adaptive divergence followed by population admixture could happen constantly, particularly in species with wide geographic distribution and strong migratory capacity (e.g., humans), the finding reconciles the observation of abundant additive variances in evolutionarily important traits with Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. Importantly, the revealed role of positive selection in promoting rather than depleting additive variance suggests a simple explanation for why additive genetic variance can be dominant in a population despite the ubiquitous between-gene epistasis observed in functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshu Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xionglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Axelrod CJ, Laberge F, Robinson BW. Interspecific and intraspecific comparisons reveal the importance of evolutionary context in sunfish brain form divergence. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:639-652. [PMID: 33484022 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Habitats can select for specialized phenotypic characteristics in animals. However, the consistency of evolutionary responses to particular environmental conditions remains difficult to predict. One trait of great ecological importance is brain form, which is expected to vary between habitats that differ in their cognitive requirements. Here, we compared divergence in brain form and oral jaw size across a common littoral-pelagic ecological axis in two sunfishes at both the intraspecific and interspecific levels. Brain form differed between habitats at every level of comparison; however, divergence was inconsistent, despite consistent differences in oral jaw size. Pumpkinseed and bluegill species differed in cerebellum, optic tectum and olfactory bulb size. These differences are consistent with a historical ecological divergence because they did not manifest between littoral and pelagic ecotypes within either species, suggesting constraints on changes to these regions over short evolutionary time scales. There were also differences in brain form between conspecific ecotypes, but they were inconsistent between species. Littoral pumpkinseed had larger brains than their pelagic counterpart, and littoral bluegill had smaller telencephalons than their pelagic counterpart. Inconsistent brain form divergence between conspecific ecotypes of pumpkinseed and bluegill sharing a common littoral-pelagic habitat axis suggests that contemporary ecological conditions and historic evolutionary context interact to influence evolutionary changes in brain form in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Axelrod
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Frédéric Laberge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Beren W Robinson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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25
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Ho P, Nguyen HQ, Kern EMA, Won Y. Locomotor responses to salt stress in native and invasive mud-tidal gastropod populations ( Batillaria). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:458-470. [PMID: 33437442 PMCID: PMC7790626 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in salt tolerance can be crucial for successful biological invasions of novel habitats by marine gastropods. The intertidal snail Batillaria attramentaria, which is native to East Asia but invaded the western shores of North America from Japan 80 years ago, provides an opportunity to examine how environmental salinity may shape behavioral and morphological traits. In this study, we compared the movement distance of four B. attramentaria populations from native (Korea and Japan) and introduced (United States) habitats under various salinity levels (13, 23, 33, and 43 PSU) during 30 days of exposure in the lab. We sequenced a partial mitochondrial CO1 gene to infer phylogenetic relationships among populations and confirmed two divergent mitochondrial lineages constituting our sample sets. Using a statistical model-selection approach, we investigated the effects of geographic distribution and genetic composition on locomotor performance in response to salt stress. Snails exposed to acute low salinity (13 PSU) reduced their locomotion and were unable to perform at their normal level (the moving pace of snails exposed to 33 PSU). We did not detect any meaningful differences in locomotor response to salt stress between the two genetic lineages or between the native snails (Japan vs. Korea populations), but we found significant locomotor differences between the native and introduced groups (Japan or Korea vs. the United States). We suggest that the greater magnitude of tidal salinity fluctuation at the US location may have influenced locomotor responses to salt stress in introduced snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong‐Thao Ho
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied SciencesDuy Tan UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Faculty of Natural SciencesDuy Tan UniversityDanang CityVietnam
| | - Hoa Quynh Nguyen
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreativeEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- Division of EcoScienceEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- Institute of ChemistryVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoiVietnam
| | | | - Yong‐Jin Won
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreativeEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- Division of EcoScienceEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
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26
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Csilléry K, Buchmann N, Fady B. Adaptation to drought is coupled with slow growth, but independent from phenology in marginal silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.) populations. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2357-2376. [PMID: 33042220 PMCID: PMC7539328 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the most important selection pressures for forest trees in the context of climate change. Yet, the different evolutionary mechanisms, and their environmental drivers, by which certain populations become more drought tolerant than others is still little understood. We studied adaptation to drought in 16 silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations from the French Mediterranean Alps by combining observations on seedlings from a greenhouse experiment (N = 8,199) and on adult tress in situ (N = 315). In the greenhouse, we followed half-sib families for four growing seasons for growth and phenology traits, and tested their water stress response in a "drought until death" experiment. Adult trees in the field were assessed for δ 13C, a proxy for water use efficiency, and genotyped at 357 SNP loci. SNP data was used to generate a null expectation for seedling trait divergence between populations in order to detect the signature of selection, and 31 environmental variables were used to identify the selective environment. We found that seedlings originating from populations with low soil water capacity grew more slowly, attained a smaller stature, and resisted water stress for a longer period of time in the greenhouse. Additionally, adult trees of these populations exhibited a higher water use efficiency as evidenced by their δ 13C. These results suggest a correlated evolution of the growth-drought tolerance trait complex. Population divergence in bud break phenology was adaptive only in the second growing season, and evolved independently from the growth-drought tolerance trait complex. Adaptive divergence in bud break phenology was principally driven by the inter- and intra-annual variation in temperature at the geographic origin of the population. Our results illustrate the different evolutionary strategies used by populations to cope with drought stress at the range limits across a highly heterogeneous landscape, and can be used to inform assisted migration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Csilléry
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Biodiversity & Conservation BiologySwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Bruno Fady
- INRAEcology of Mediterranean Forests (URFM)UR629AvignonFrance
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27
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Gauzere J, Klein EK, Brendel O, Davi H, Oddou-Muratorio S. Microgeographic adaptation and the effect of pollen flow on the adaptive potential of a temperate tree species. New Phytol 2020; 227:641-653. [PMID: 32167572 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In species with long-distance dispersal capacities and inhabiting a large ecological niche, local selection and gene flow are expected to be major evolutionary forces affecting the genetic adaptation of natural populations. Yet, in species such as trees, evidence of microgeographic adaptation and the quantitative assessment of the impact of gene flow on adaptive genetic variation are still limited. Here, we used extensive genetic and phenotypic data from European beech seedlings collected along an elevation gradient, and grown in a common garden, to study the signature of selection on the divergence of eleven potentially adaptive traits, and to assess the role of gene flow in resupplying adaptive genetic variation. We found a significant signal of adaptive differentiation among plots separated by < 1 km, with selection acting on growth and phenological traits. Consistent with theoretical expectations, our results suggest that pollen dispersal contributes to increase genetic diversity for these locally differentiated traits. Our results thus highlight that local selection is an important evolutionary force in natural tree populations and suggest that management interventions to facilitate movement of gametes along short ecological gradients would boost genetic diversity of individual tree populations, and enhance their adaptive potential to rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gauzere
- INRAE, URFM, Avignon, 84000, France
- INRAE, BioSP, Avignon, 84000, France
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | | | - Oliver Brendel
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, 54000, France
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28
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Li B, Yaegashi S, Carvajal TM, Gamboa M, Chiu M, Ren Z, Watanabe K. Machine-learning-based detection of adaptive divergence of the stream mayfly Ephemera strigata populations. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6677-6687. [PMID: 32724541 PMCID: PMC7381564 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive divergence is a key mechanism shaping the genetic variation of natural populations. A central question linking ecology with evolutionary biology is how spatial environmental heterogeneity can lead to adaptive divergence among local populations within a species. In this study, using a genome scan approach to detect candidate loci under selection, we examined adaptive divergence of the stream mayfly Ephemera strigata in the Natori River Basin in northeastern Japan. We applied a new machine-learning method (i.e., random forest) besides traditional distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) to examine relationships between environmental factors and adaptive divergence at non-neutral loci. Spatial autocorrelation analysis based on neutral loci was employed to examine the dispersal ability of this species. We conclude the following: (a) E. strigata show altitudinal adaptive divergence among the populations in the Natori River Basin; (b) random forest showed higher resolution for detecting adaptive divergence than traditional statistical analysis; and (c) separating all markers into neutral and non-neutral loci could provide full insight into parameters such as genetic diversity, local adaptation, and dispersal ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Insititute of Environmental and EcologyShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringEhime UniversityMatsuyamaJapan
| | - Sakiko Yaegashi
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringEhime UniversityMatsuyamaJapan
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | | | - Maribet Gamboa
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringEhime UniversityMatsuyamaJapan
| | - Ming‐Chih Chiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringEhime UniversityMatsuyamaJapan
| | - Zongming Ren
- Insititute of Environmental and EcologyShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringEhime UniversityMatsuyamaJapan
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29
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Ackiss AS, Larson WA, Stott W. Genotyping-by-sequencing illuminates high levels of divergence among sympatric forms of coregonines in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1037-1054. [PMID: 32431751 PMCID: PMC7232772 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective resource management depends on our ability to partition diversity into biologically meaningful units. Recent evolutionary divergence, however, can often lead to ambiguity in morphological and genetic differentiation, complicating the delineation of valid conservation units. Such is the case with the "coregonine problem," where recent postglacial radiations of coregonines into lacustrine habitats resulted in the evolution of numerous species flocks, often with ambiguous taxonomy. The application of genomics methods is beginning to shed light on this problem and the evolutionary mechanisms underlying divergence in these ecologically and economically important fishes. Here, we used restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to examine genetic diversity and differentiation among sympatric forms in the Coregonus artedi complex in the Apostle Islands of Lake Superior, the largest lake in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Using 29,068 SNPs, we were able to clearly distinguish among the three most common forms for the first time, as well as identify putative hybrids and potentially misidentified specimens. Population assignment rates for these forms using our RAD data were 93%-100% with the only mis-assignments arising from putative hybrids, an improvement from 62% to 77% using microsatellites. Estimates of pairwise differentiation (F ST: 0.045-0.056) were large given the detection of hybrids, suggesting that reduced fitness of hybrid individuals may be a potential mechanism for the maintenance of differentiation. We also used a newly built C. artedi linkage map to look for islands of genetic divergence among forms and found widespread differentiation across the genome, a pattern indicative of long-term drift, suggesting that these forms have been reproductively isolated for a substantial amount of time. The results of this study provide valuable information that can be applied to develop well-informed management strategies and stress the importance of re-evaluating conservation units with genomic tools to ensure they accurately reflect species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Ackiss
- Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research UnitCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Stevens PointStevens PointWisconsin
| | - Wesley A. Larson
- U.S. Geological SurveyWisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research UnitCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Stevens PointStevens PointWisconsin
| | - Wendylee Stott
- U.S. Geological SurveyGreat Lakes Science CenterAnn ArborMichigan
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30
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Zimmerman SJ, Aldridge CL, Oh KP, Cornman RS, Oyler‐McCance SJ. Signatures of adaptive divergence among populations of an avian species of conservation concern. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1661-1677. [PMID: 31462921 PMCID: PMC6708427 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic underpinning of adaptive divergence among populations is a key goal of evolutionary biology and conservation. Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) is a sagebrush obligate species with a constricted range consisting of seven discrete populations, each with distinctly different habitat and climatic conditions. Though geographically close, populations have low levels of natural gene flow resulting in relatively high levels of differentiation. Here, we use 15,033 SNP loci in genomic outlier analyses, genotype-environment association analyses, and gene ontology enrichment tests to examine patterns of putatively adaptive genetic differentiation in an avian species of conservation concern. We found 411 loci within 5 kbp of 289 putative genes associated with biological functions or pathways that were overrepresented in the assemblage of outlier SNPs. The identified gene set was enriched for cytochrome P450 gene family members (CYP4V2, CYP2R1, CYP2C23B, CYP4B1) and could impact metabolism of plant secondary metabolites, a critical challenge for sagebrush obligates. Additionally, the gene set was also enriched with members potentially involved in antiviral response (DEAD box helicase gene family and SETX). Our results provide a first look at local adaption for isolated populations of a single species and suggest adaptive divergence in multiple metabolic and biochemical pathways may be occurring. This information can be useful in managing this species of conservation concern, for example, to identify unique populations to conserve, avoid translocation or release of individuals that may swamp locally adapted genetic diversity, or guide habitat restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna J. Zimmerman
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University in Cooperation with U.S. Geological SurveyFort Collins Science CenterFort CollinsColorado
| | - Cameron L. Aldridge
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University in Cooperation with U.S. Geological SurveyFort Collins Science CenterFort CollinsColorado
| | - Kevin P. Oh
- U.S. Geological SurveyFort Collins Science CenterFort CollinsColorado
| | - Robert S. Cornman
- U.S. Geological SurveyFort Collins Science CenterFort CollinsColorado
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31
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De León LF, Sharpe DMT, Gotanda KM, Raeymaekers JAM, Chaves JA, Hendry AP, Podos J. Urbanization erodes niche segregation in Darwin's finches. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1329-1343. [PMID: 31417618 PMCID: PMC6691225 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is influencing patterns of biological evolution in ways that are only beginning to be explored. One potential effect of urbanization is in modifying ecological resource distributions that underlie niche differences and that thus promote and maintain species diversification. Few studies have assessed such modifications, or their potential evolutionary consequences, in the context of ongoing adaptive radiation. We study this effect in Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands, by quantifying feeding preferences and diet niche partitioning across sites with different degrees of urbanization. We found higher finch density in urban sites and that feeding preferences and diets at urban sites skew heavily toward human food items. Furthermore, we show that finches at urban sites appear to be accustomed to the presence of people, compared with birds at sites with few people. In addition, we found that human behavior via the tendency to feed birds at non-urban but tourist sites is likely an important driver of finch preferences for human foods. Site differences in diet and feeding behavior have resulted in larger niche breadth within finch species and wider niche overlap between species at the urban sites. Both factors effectively minimize niche differences that would otherwise facilitate interspecies coexistence. These findings suggest that both human behavior and ongoing urbanization in Galápagos are starting to erode ecological differences that promote and maintain adaptive radiation in Darwin's finches. Smoothing of adaptive landscapes underlying diversification represents a potentially important yet underappreciated consequence of urbanization. Overall, our findings accentuate the fragility of the initial stages of adaptive radiation in Darwin's finches and raise concerns about the fate of the Galápagos ecosystems in the face of increasing urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. De León
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMassachusetts
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de DrogasInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)Panamá CityPanamá
| | - Diana M. T. Sharpe
- Redpath Museum, Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Kiyoko M. Gotanda
- Redpath Museum, Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQuebecCanada
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joost A. M. Raeymaekers
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary GenomicsUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Jaime A. Chaves
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y AmbientalesUniversidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y PampiteQuitoEcuador
- Galápagos Science CenterPuerto Baquerizo MorenoGalápagosEcuador
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum, Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Jeffrey Podos
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMassachusetts
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32
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Seymour M, Räsänen K, Kristjánsson BK. Drift versus selection as drivers of phenotypic divergence at small spatial scales: The case of Belgjarskógur threespine stickleback. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8133-8145. [PMID: 31380077 PMCID: PMC6662300 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergence in phenotypic traits is facilitated by a combination of natural selection, phenotypic plasticity, gene flow, and genetic drift, whereby the role of drift is expected to be particularly important in small and isolated populations. Separating the components of phenotypic divergence is notoriously difficult, particularly for multivariate phenotypes. Here, we assessed phenotypic divergence of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) across 19 semi-interconnected ponds within a small geographic region (~7.5 km2) using comparisons of multivariate phenotypic divergence (PST), neutral genetic (FST), and environmental (EST) variation. We found phenotypic divergence across the ponds in a suite of functionally relevant phenotypic traits, including feeding, defense, and swimming traits, and body shape (geometric morphometric). Comparisons of PSTs with FSTs suggest that phenotypic divergence is predominantly driven by neutral processes or stabilizing selection, whereas phenotypic divergence in defensive traits is in accordance with divergent selection. Comparisons of population pairwise PSTs with ESTs suggest that phenotypic divergence in swimming traits is correlated with prey availability, whereas there were no clear associations between phenotypic divergence and environmental difference in the other phenotypic groups. Overall, our results suggest that phenotypic divergence of these small populations at small geographic scales is largely driven by neutral processes (gene flow, drift), although environmental determinants (natural selection or phenotypic plasticity) may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Seymour
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySkagafjörðurIceland
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEAWAG and Institute of Integrative BiologyETH‐ZurichDübendorfSwitzerland
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics LaboratorySchool of Biological SciencesBangor UniversityBangorUK
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEAWAG and Institute of Integrative BiologyETH‐ZurichDübendorfSwitzerland
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33
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Kerr Q, Fuentes‐Pardo AP, Kho J, McDermid JL, Ruzzante DE. Temporal stability and assignment power of adaptively divergent genomic regions between herring ( Clupea harengus) seasonal spawning aggregations. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:500-510. [PMID: 30680131 PMCID: PMC6342187 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), a vital ecosystem component and target of the largest Northwest Atlantic pelagic fishery, undergo seasonal spawning migrations that result in elusive sympatric population structure. Herring spawn mostly in fall or spring, and genomic differentiation was recently detected between these groups. Here we used a subset of this differentiation, 66 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to analyze the temporal dynamics of this local adaptation and the applicability of SNP subsets in stock assessment. We showed remarkable temporal stability of genomic differentiation corresponding to spawning season, between samples taken a decade apart (2005 N = 90 vs. 2014 N = 71) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and new evidence of limited interbreeding between spawning components. We also examined an understudied and overexploited herring population in Bras d'Or lake (N = 97); using highly reduced SNP panels (N SNPs > 6), we verified little-known sympatric spawning populations within this unique inland sea. These results describe consistent local adaptation, arising from asynchronous reproduction in a migratory and dynamic marine species. Our research demonstrates the efficiency and precision of SNP-based assessments of sympatric subpopulations; and indeed, this temporally stable local adaptation underlines the importance of such fine-scale management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Kerr
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | | | - James Kho
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Jenni L. McDermid
- Marine Fish and Mammals Section, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaGulf Fisheries CentreMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
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34
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Axelrod CJ, Laberge F, Robinson BW. Intraspecific brain size variation between coexisting sunfish ecotypes. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1971. [PMID: 30404883 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in spatial complexity and foraging requirements between habitats can impose different cognitive demands on animals that may influence brain size. However, the relationship between ecologically related cognitive performance and brain size is not well established. We test whether variation in relative brain size and brain region size is associated with habitat use within a population of pumpkinseed sunfish composed of different ecotypes that inhabit either the structurally complex shoreline littoral habitat or simpler open-water pelagic habitat. Sunfish using the littoral habitat have on average 8.3% larger brains than those using the pelagic habitat. We found little difference in the proportional sizes of five brain regions between ecotypes. The results suggest that cognitive demands on sunfish may be reduced in the pelagic habitat given no habitat-specific differences in body condition. They also suggest that either a short divergence time or physiological processes may constrain changes to concerted, global modifications of brain size between sunfish ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Axelrod
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Frédéric Laberge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Beren W Robinson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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35
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Li A, Li L, Wang W, Song K, Zhang G. Transcriptomics and Fitness Data Reveal Adaptive Plasticity of Thermal Tolerance in Oysters Inhabiting Different Tidal Zones. Front Physiol 2018; 9:825. [PMID: 30210351 PMCID: PMC6120431 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-scale adaptive evolution is always constrained by strong gene flow at vertical level in marine organisms. Rapid environmental fluctuations and phenotypic plasticity through optimization of fitness-related traits in organisms play important roles in shaping intraspecific divergence. The coastal systems experience strong variations in multiple abiotic environmental factors, especially the temperature. We used a typical intertidal species, Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), to investigate the interaction between plasticity and adaptive evolution. We collected intertidal and subtidal oysters from two ecological niches and carried out common garden experiments for one generation. We identified fine-scale vertical adaptive divergence between intertidal and subtidal F1 progeny at both sites, based on different hierarchical phenotypes, including morphological, physiological, and molecular traits. We further quantified the global plasticity to thermal stress through transcriptomic analysis. The intertidal oysters exhibited slow growth rate. However, they showed high survival and metabolic rates under heat stress, indicating vertically fine-scale phenotypic adaptive mechanisms and evolutionary trade-offs between growth and thermal tolerance. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed that the intertidal oysters have evolved high plasticity. The genes were classified into three types: evolutionarily divergent, concordantly plastic, and adaptive plastic genes. The evolved divergence between intertidal and subtidal oysters for these gene sets showed a significant positive correlation with plastic changes of subtidal populations in response to high temperature. Furthermore, the intertidal oysters exhibited delayed large-scale increase in expressional plasticity than that in subtidal counterparts. The same direction between plasticity and selection suggests that the oysters have evolved adaptive plasticity. This implies that adaptive plasticity facilitates the oyster to adapt to severe intertidal zones. The oysters exposed to strong environmental variability are thermal tolerant and have high adaptive potential to face the current global warming. Our findings will not only provide new insights into the significant role of plasticity in adaptive evolution that can be extended to other marine invertebrates, but also provide basic information for oyster resources conservation and reef reestablishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Key Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Key Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Key Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Key Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Li YS, Chang CT, Wang CN, Thomas P, Chung JD, Hwang SY. The Contribution of Neutral and Environmentally Dependent Processes in Driving Population and Lineage Divergence in Taiwania ( Taiwania cryptomerioides). Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1148. [PMID: 30135693 PMCID: PMC6092574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The question of what determines divergence both between and within species has been the central topic in evolutionary biology. Neutral drift and environmentally dependent divergence are predicted to play roles in driving population and lineage divergence. However, neutral drift may preclude adaptation if the rate of gene flow between populations is high. Here, we sampled populations of three Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides) lineages occurring in Taiwan, the mainland of China (Yunnan-Myanmar border), and northern Vietnam, and tested the relative strength of neutral drift and divergent selection in shaping divergence of those populations and lineages. We quantified genetic and epigenetic variation, respectively, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP). Analysis of 1413 AFLP and 462 MSAP loci using frequency-based genome scan methods and generalized linear models (GLMs) found no potential selective outliers when only Taiwanese populations were examined, suggesting that neutral drift was the predominant evolutionary process driving differentiation between those populations. However, environmentally associated divergence was found when lineages were compared. Thirty-two potential selective outliers were identified based on genome scans and their associations with environmental variables were tested with GLMs, generalized linear mixed effect models (GLMMs), and model selection with a model averaging approach. Ten loci (six AFLP and four MSAP) were found to be strongly associated with environmental variables, particularly monthly temperature variation and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using model selection and a model averaging approach. Because only a small portion of genetic and epigenetic loci were found to be potential selective outliers, neutral evolutionary process might also have played crucial roles in driving lineage divergence, particularly between geographically and genetically isolated island and mainland Asia lineages. Nevertheless, the vast amount of neutral drift causing genetic and epigenetic variations might have the potential for adaptation to future climate changes. These could be important for the survival of Taiwania in different geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shao Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Te Chang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip Thomas
- International Conifer Conservation Programme of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeng-Der Chung
- Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Hwang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kronenberger JA, Gerberich JC, Fitzpatrick SW, Broder ED, Angeloni LM, Funk WC. An experimental test of alternative population augmentation scenarios. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:838-848. [PMID: 29349820 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human land use is fragmenting habitats worldwide and inhibiting dispersal among previously connected populations of organisms, often leading to inbreeding depression and reduced evolutionary potential in the face of rapid environmental change. To combat this augmentation of isolated populations with immigrants is sometimes used to facilitate demographic and genetic rescue. Augmentation with immigrants that are genetically and adaptively similar to the target population effectively increases population fitness, but if immigrants are very genetically or adaptively divergent, augmentation can lead to outbreeding depression. Despite well-cited guidelines for the best practice selection of immigrant sources, often only highly divergent populations remain, and experimental tests of these riskier augmentation scenarios are essentially nonexistent. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to test the multigenerational demographic and genetic effects of augmenting 2 target populations with 3 types of divergent immigrants. We found no evidence of demographic rescue, but we did observe genetic rescue in one population. Divergent immigrant treatments tended to maintain greater genetic diversity, abundance, and hybrid fitness than controls that received immigrants from the source used to seed the mesocosms. In the second population, divergent immigrants had a slightly negative effect in one treatment, and the benefits of augmentation were less apparent overall, likely because this population started with higher genetic diversity and a lower reproductive rate that limited genetic admixture. Our results add to a growing consensus that gene flow can increase population fitness even when immigrants are more highly divergent and may help reduce uncertainty about the use of augmentation in conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kronenberger
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, 1401 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
| | - Jill C Gerberich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, NMS 3.316, STOP A5000, 2506 Speedway Austin, TX, 78712, U.S.A
| | - Sarah W Fitzpatrick
- Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 3700 Gull Lake Drive E, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, U.S.A
- Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, 293 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| | - E Dale Broder
- Interdisciplinary Research Incubator for the Study of (in)Equality, University of Denver, 2199 S University Boulevard, Denver, CO, 80208, U.S.A
| | - Lisa M Angeloni
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, 1401 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
| | - W Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, 1401 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
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Czypionka T, Goedbloed DJ, Steinfartz S, Nolte AW. Plasticity and evolutionary divergence in gene expression associated with alternative habitat use in larvae of the European Fire Salamander. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2698-2713. [PMID: 29742304 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomes of organisms reveal differentiation associated with the use of different habitats. However, this leaves open how much of the observed differentiation can be attributed to genetic differences or to transcriptional plasticity. In this study, we disentangle causes of differential gene expression in larvae of the European fire salamander from the Kottenforst forest in Germany. Larvae inhabit permanent streams and ephemeral ponds and represent an example of a young evolutionary split associated with contrasting ecological conditions. We hypothesized that adaptation towards differences in water temperature plays a role because the thermal regime between stream and pond habitats differs notably. Tissue samples from tail fins of larvae were collected to study gene expression using microarrays. We found ample evidence for differentiation among larvae occupying different habitats in nature with 2,800 of 11,797 genes being differentially expressed. We then quantified transcriptional plasticity towards temperature and genetic differentiation based on controlled temperature laboratory experiments. Gene-by-environment interactions modelling revealed that 28% of the gene expression divergence observed among samples in nature could be attributed to plasticity related to water temperature. Expression patterns of only a small number of 101 genes were affected by the genotype. Our analysis demonstrates that effects of environmental factors must be taken into account to explain variation of gene expression in salamanders in nature. Notwithstanding, it provides first evidence that genetic factors determined gene expression divergence between pond and stream ecotypes and could be involved in adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Czypionka
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Daniel J Goedbloed
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit Molecular Ecology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steinfartz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit Molecular Ecology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arne W Nolte
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Department of Ecological Genomics, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Shih KM, Chang CT, Chung JD, Chiang YC, Hwang SY. Adaptive Genetic Divergence Despite Significant Isolation-by-Distance in Populations of Taiwan Cow-Tail Fir ( Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana). Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:92. [PMID: 29449860 PMCID: PMC5799944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) is a tool for delivering genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for non-model organisms useful in resolving fine-scale population structure and detecting signatures of selection. This study performs population genetic analysis, based on ddRADseq data, of a coniferous species, Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana, disjunctly distributed in northern and southern Taiwan, for investigation of population adaptive divergence in response to environmental heterogeneity. A total of 13,914 SNPs were detected and used to assess genetic diversity, FST outlier detection, population genetic structure, and individual assignments of five populations (62 individuals) of K. davidiana var. formosana. Principal component analysis (PCA), individual assignments, and the neighbor-joining tree were successful in differentiating individuals between northern and southern populations of K. davidiana var. formosana, but apparent gene flow between the southern DW30 population and northern populations was also revealed. Fifteen of 23 highly differentiated SNPs identified were found to be strongly associated with environmental variables, suggesting isolation-by-environment (IBE). However, multiple matrix regression with randomization analysis revealed strong IBE as well as significant isolation-by-distance. Environmental impacts on divergence were found between populations of the North and South regions and also between the two southern neighboring populations. BLASTN annotation of the sequences flanking outlier SNPs gave significant hits for three of 23 markers that might have biological relevance to mitochondrial homeostasis involved in the survival of locally adapted lineages. Species delimitation between K. davidiana var. formosana and its ancestor, K. davidiana, was also examined (72 individuals). This study has produced highly informative population genomic data for the understanding of population attributes, such as diversity, connectivity, and adaptive divergence associated with large- and small-scale environmental heterogeneity in K. davidiana var. formosana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ming Shih
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Te Chang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Der Chung
- Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Hwang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Ren J, Chen L, Jin X, Yin X, Fu C, Nevo E, Peng J. Adaptive Genetic Differentiation and Solar Radiation in Wild Emmer Wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2018; 18:1017-1024. [PMID: 29366412 DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180124234242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microgeographic studies of molecular markers could reveal the nature and dynamics of genetic diversity and the evolutionary driving forces shaping evolution. METHODS The microclimatic genetic divergence of wild emmer wheat associated with solar radiation was investigated, in the present study, using multiple types of molecular markers including allozyme, amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeat (SSR), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The studies included two climatic microniches: (1) sunny between oak trees; and (2) shady under the canopies of oak trees. RESULTS All four types of markers showed a similar microniche tendency of genetic variance, i.e., lower in the shady than in the sunny niche. Significant genetic divergence at some loci including allozyme, RAPD, SSR, and SNP was detected between the two climatic microniches, and also, the observed genetic differentiation is mainly due to natural selection. Based on different FST outlier detection algorithms, there were 21 candidate loci subjected to positive selection. Importantly, most of the identified candidate loci were mapped in the selection "hot spots" of wheat genome. CONCLUSION The present work implies that microclimatic selection appears to play an important role either in the protein-coding region or in the non-coding region of wheat genomes, and hence, highlights the evolutionary theory of natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiaoli Jin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuegui Yin
- College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Chunjie Fu
- The State Key Lab of Crop Breeding Technology Innovation & Integration, China National Seed Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430206, China
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Junhua Peng
- College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China.,The State Key Lab of Crop Breeding Technology Innovation & Integration, China National Seed Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430206, China
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Reeve J, Ortiz-Barrientos D, Engelstädter J. The evolution of recombination rates in finite populations during ecological speciation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1243. [PMID: 27798297 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination can impede ecological speciation with gene flow by mixing locally adapted genotypes with maladapted migrant genotypes from a divergent population. In such a scenario, suppression of recombination can be selectively favoured. However, in finite populations evolving under the influence of random genetic drift, recombination can also facilitate adaptation by reducing Hill-Robertson interference between loci under selection. In this case, increased recombination rates can be favoured. Although these two major effects on recombination have been studied individually, their joint effect on ecological speciation with gene flow remains unexplored. Using a mathematical model, we investigated the evolution of recombination rates in two finite populations that exchange migrants while adapting to contrasting environments. Our results indicate a two-step dynamic where increased recombination is first favoured (in response to the Hill-Robertson effect), and then disfavoured, as the cost of recombining locally with maladapted migrant genotypes increases over time (the maladaptive gene flow effect). In larger populations, a stronger initial benefit for recombination was observed, whereas high migration rates intensify the long-term cost of recombination. These dynamics may have important implications for our understanding of the conditions that facilitate incipient speciation with gene flow and the evolution of recombination in finite populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Reeve
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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42
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Niu Y, Chen Z, Stevens M, Sun H. Divergence in cryptic leaf colour provides local camouflage in an alpine plant. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20171654. [PMID: 28978734 PMCID: PMC5647307 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of camouflage through background matching is highly environment-dependent, often resulting in intraspecific colour divergence in animals to optimize crypsis in different visual environments. This phenomenon is largely unexplored in plants, although several lines of evidence suggest they do use crypsis to avoid damage by herbivores. Using Corydalis hemidicentra, an alpine plant with cryptic leaf colour, we quantified background matching between leaves and surrounding rocks in five populations based on an approximate model of their butterfly enemy's colour perception. We also investigated the pigment basis of leaf colour variation and the association between feeding risk and camouflage efficacy. We show that plants exhibit remarkable colour divergence between populations, consistent with differences in rock appearances. Leaf colour varies because of a different quantitative combination of two basic pigments-chlorophyll and anthocyanin-plus different air spaces. As expected, leaf colours are better matched against their native backgrounds than against foreign ones in the eyes of the butterfly. Furthermore, improved crypsis tends to be associated with a higher level of feeding risk. These results suggest that divergent cryptic leaf colour may have evolved to optimize local camouflage in various visual environments, extending our understanding of colour evolution and intraspecific phenotype diversity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Martin Stevens
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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Jarvis WMC, Comeau SM, Colborne SF, Robinson BW. Flexible mate choice may contribute to ecotype assortative mating in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1810-1820. [PMID: 28590579 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene flow is expected to limit adaptive divergence, but the ecological and behavioural factors that govern gene flow are still poorly understood, particularly at the earliest stages of population divergence. Reduced gene flow through mate choice (sexual isolation) can evolve even under conditions of subtle population divergence if intermediate phenotypes have reduced fitness. We indirectly tested the hypothesis that mate choice has evolved between coexisting littoral and pelagic ecotypes of polyphenic pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) that have diverged in morphology and resource use and where intermediate phenotypes have reduced performance. We assessed the ecotype of nesting males and females using stable isotope estimates of diet and a divergent male morphological trait, oral jaw width. We found positive assortative mating between ecotypes in a common spawning habitat along exposed lake shorelines, but contrary to expectations, assortative mating was variably expressed between two sampling years. Although the factors that influence variable assortative mating remain unclear, our results are consistent with mate choice being expressed by ecotypes. Despite being variably expressed, mate choice will reduce gene flow between ecotypes and could contribute to further adaptive divergence depending on its frequency and strength in the population. Our findings add to a growing body of evidence indicating mate choice behaviour can be a plastic trait, an idea that should be more explicitly considered in empirical studies of mate choice as well as conceptual frameworks of mate choice evolution and adaptive divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M C Jarvis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S M Comeau
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S F Colborne
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - B W Robinson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Watanabe K, Monaghan MT. Comparative tests of the species-genetic diversity correlation at neutral and nonneutral loci in four species of stream insect. Evolution 2017; 71:1755-1764. [PMID: 28485820 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question linking population genetics and community ecology is how adaptive processes (e.g., natural selection) and neutral processes (e.g., drift-migration equilibrium) underpin the species-genetic diversity correlation (SGDC). Here, we combine genome scans and outlier loci detection with community analysis to separately test for neutral and nonneutral SGDCs in four species of stream insect. We sampled 60 localities in Japan and examined the relationships among population AFLP band richness (Br), taxon richness of the total community (S) and of the trophic guild (Str ), and 15 habitat parameters that could potentially drive adaptation and influence richness. Neutral Br was positively correlated with S only in the dominant species of these communities, suggesting Br may be constrained when intraspecific competition is pronounced. Nonneutral Br was correlated with Str in a species restricted to high elevations where habitat heterogeneity was highest. Community distance and genetic distance (β-SGDC) was correlated in two of the four species at both neutral and nonneutral loci. Distance-based redundancy analysis found geographic isolation and elevation to drive divergence of both communities and populations. This suggests that both neutral and adaptive divergence occurred through the shared influences of geographic isolation and local adaptation at the two levels of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Watanabe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Michael T Monaghan
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Michalski SG, Malyshev AV, Kreyling J. Trait variation in response to varying winter temperatures, diversity patterns and signatures of selection along the latitudinal distribution of the widespread grassland plant Arrhenatherum elatius. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3268-3280. [PMID: 28480024 PMCID: PMC5415536 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Across Europe, genetic diversity can be expected to decline toward the North because of stochastic and selective effects which may imply diminished phenotypic variation and less potential for future genetic adaptations to environmental change. Understanding such latitudinal patterns can aid provenance selection for breeding or assisted migration approaches. In an experiment simulating different winter temperatures, we assessed quantitative trait variation, genetic diversity, and differentiation for natural populations of the grass Arrhenatherum elatius originating from a large latitudinal gradient. In general, populations from the North grew smaller and had a lower flowering probability. Toward the North, the absolute plastic response to the different winter conditions as well as heritability for biomass production significantly declined. Genetic differentiation in plant height and probability of flowering were very strong and significantly higher than under neutral expectations derived from SNP data, suggesting adaptive differentiation. Differentiation in biomass production did not exceed but mirrored patterns for neutral genetic differentiation, suggesting that migration‐related processes caused the observed clinal trait variation. Our results demonstrate that genetic diversity and trait differentiation patterns for A. elatius along a latitudinal gradient are likely shaped by both local selection and genetic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology (BZF) Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Halle Germany
| | - Andrey V Malyshev
- Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald Greifswald Germany
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Abstract
The Anopheles gambiae complex contains a number of highly anthropophilic mosquito species that have acquired exceptional ability to thrive in complex human habitats. Thus, examining the evolutionary history of this Afrotropical mosquito may yield vital information on the selective processes that occurred during the adaptation to human-dominated environments. We performed reduced representation sequencing on 941 mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex collected across four ecogeographic zones in Cameroon. We find evidence for genetic and geographic subdivision within An. coluzzii and An. gambiae sensu stricto-the two most significant malaria vectors in the region. Importantly, in both species, rural and urban populations are genetically differentiated. Genome scans reveal pervasive signatures of selection centered on genes involved in xenobiotic resistance. Notably, a selective sweep containing detoxification enzymes is prominent in urban mosquitoes that exploit polluted breeding sites. Overall, our study suggests that recent anthropogenic environmental modifications and widespread use of insecticides are driving population differentiation and local adaptation in vectors with potentially significant consequences for malaria epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colince Kamdem
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Caroline Fouet
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Stephanie Gamez
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Bradley J. White
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
- Center for Disease Vector Research, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA
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47
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Jiang Y, Peichel CL, Torrance L, Rizvi Z, Thompson S, Palivela VV, Pham H, Ling F, Bolnick DI. Sensory trait variation contributes to biased dispersal of threespine stickleback in flowing water. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:681-695. [PMID: 28029723 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene flow is widely thought to homogenize spatially separate populations, eroding effects of divergent selection. The resulting theory of 'migration-selection balance' is predicated on a common assumption that all genotypes are equally prone to dispersal. If instead certain genotypes are disproportionately likely to disperse, then migration can actually promote population divergence. For example, previous work has shown that threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) differ in their propensity to move up- or downstream ('rheotactic response'), which may facilitate genetic divergence between adjoining lake and stream populations of stickleback. Here, we demonstrate that intraspecific variation in a sensory system (superficial neuromast lines) contributes to this variation in swimming behaviour in stickleback. First, we show that intact neuromasts are necessary for a typical rheotactic response. Next, we showed that there is heritable variation in the number of neuromasts and that stickleback with more neuromasts are more likely to move downstream. Variation in pectoral fin shape contributes to additional variation in rheotactic response. These results illustrate how within-population quantitative variation in sensory and locomotor traits can influence dispersal behaviour, thereby biasing dispersal between habitats and favouring population divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jiang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - C L Peichel
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L Torrance
- Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Z Rizvi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - S Thompson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - V V Palivela
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - H Pham
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - F Ling
- Department of Fisheries Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - D I Bolnick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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48
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Westram AM, Panova M, Galindo J, Butlin RK. Targeted resequencing reveals geographical patterns of differentiation for loci implicated in parallel evolution. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3169-86. [PMID: 27061172 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Parallel divergence and speciation provide evidence for the role of divergent selection in generating biological diversity. Recent studies indicate that parallel phenotypic divergence may not have the same genetic basis in different geographical locations - 'outlier loci' (loci potentially affected by divergent selection) are often not shared among parallel instances of phenotypic divergence. However, limited sharing may be due, in part, to technical issues if false-positive outliers occur. Here, we test this idea in the marine snail Littorina saxatilis, which has evolved two partly isolated ecotypes (adapted to crab predation vs. wave action) in multiple locations independently. We argue that if the low extent of sharing observed in earlier studies in this system is due to sampling effects, we expect outliers not to show elevated FST when sequenced in new samples from the original locations and also not to follow predictable geographical patterns of elevated FST . Following a hierarchical sampling design (within vs. between country), we applied capture sequencing, targeting outliers from earlier studies and control loci. We found that outliers again showed elevated levels of FST in their original location, suggesting they were not generated by sampling effects. Outliers were also likely to show increased FST in geographically close locations, which may be explained by higher levels of gene flow or shared ancestral genetic variation compared with more distant locations. However, in contrast to earlier findings, we also found some outlier types to show elevated FST in geographically distant locations. We discuss possible explanations for this unexpected result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja M Westram
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Marina Panova
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, SE-452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Juan Galindo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,ECIMAT, Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de Toralla, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331, Vigo, Spain
| | - Roger K Butlin
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.,Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, SE-452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
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49
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Bergey CM, Phillips-Conroy JE, Disotell TR, Jolly CJ. Dopamine pathway is highly diverged in primate species that differ markedly in social behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6178-81. [PMID: 27140612 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525530113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the endeavor to associate genetic variation with complex traits, closely related taxa are particularly fruitful for understanding the neurophysiological and genetic underpinnings of species-specific attributes. Similarity to humans has motivated research into nonhuman primate models, yet few studies of wild primates have investigated immediate causal factors of evolutionarily diverged social behaviors. Neurotransmitter differences have been invoked to explain the distinct behavioral suites of two baboon species in Awash, Ethiopia, which differ markedly in social behavior despite evolutionary propinquity. With this natural experiment, we test the hypothesis that genomic regions associated with monoamine neurotransmitters would be highly differentiated, and we identify a dopamine pathway as an outlier, highlighting the system as a potential cause of species-specific social behaviors. Dopamine levels and resultant variation in impulsivity were likely under differential selection in the species due to social system structure differences, with either brash or circumspect social behavior advantageous to secure mating opportunities depending on the social backdrop. Such comparative studies into the causes of the behavioral agendas that create and interact with social systems are of particular interest, and differences in temperament related to boldness and associated with dopamine variation likely played important roles in the evolution of all social, behaviorally complex animals, including baboons and humans.
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50
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Jones AW, Post DM. Does intraspecific competition promote variation? A test via synthesis. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1646-55. [PMID: 27087931 PMCID: PMC4801976 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive diversification, that is, when increasing intraspecific competition promotes population niche expansion, is commonly invoked in evolutionary studies and currently plays a central role in how we conceptualize the process of adaptive diversification. Despite the frequency with which this idea is cited, the empirical evidence for the process is somewhat limited, and the findings of these studies have yet to be weighed objectively through synthesis. Here, we sought to fill this gap by reviewing the existing literature and collecting the data necessary to assess the evidence for competition as a diversifying force. Additionally, we sought to test a more recent hypothesis, which suggests that competition can act to both promote and inhibit dietary diversification depending on the degree to which a consumer depletes its resources. The surprising result of this synthesis was that increasing competition did not have a mean positive effect on population‐level diet breadth or the degree of individual specialization. Instead, we found that increasing intraspecific competition had a restricting effect on population‐level diet breadth in as many cases as it had a diversifying effect. This wide disparity in the effect of competition on consumer diet variation was negatively related to a metric for consumer resource depletion. Altogether, these findings call into question a long‐standing assumption of basic evolutionary models and lend some support to recent theoretical predictions. Specifically, these findings support the idea that competition is primarily diversifying for species with a small effect (per unit biomass) on their resources and that resource depletion limits the diversifying effect of competition for consumers with larger ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Jones
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University 165 Prospect Street New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA
| | - David M Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University 165 Prospect Street New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA
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