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Zhao J, Zhao G, Lang J, Sun B, Feng S, Li D, Sun G. Astragaloside IV ameliorated neuroinflammation and improved neurological functions in mice exposed to traumatic brain injury by modulating the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling pathway. J Investig Med 2024; 72:747-762. [PMID: 38869170 DOI: 10.1177/10815589241261293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and neuroinflammation are involved in the complex pathological process of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the pathological mechanisms of their interactions in TBI remain incompletely elucidated. Therefore, investigating and ameliorating neuroinflammation and ER stress post-TBI may represent effective strategies for treating secondary brain injury. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) has been reported as a potential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent in neurological diseases. This study utilized a mouse TBI model to investigate the pathological mechanisms and crosstalk of ER stress, neuroinflammation, and microglial cell morphology in TBI, as well as the mechanisms and potential of AS-IV in improving TBI. The research revealed that post-TBI, inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α increased, microglial cells were activated, and the specific inhibitor of PERK phosphorylation, GSK2656157, intervened to alleviate neuroinflammation and inhibit microglial cell activation. Post-TBI, levels of ER stress-related proteins (p-PERK, p-eIF2a, ATF4, ATF6, and p-IRE1a) increased. Following AS-IV treatment, neurological dysfunction in TBI mice improved. Levels of p-PERK, p-eIF2a, and ATF4 decreased, along with reductions in inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Changes in microglial/macrophage M1/M2 polarization were observed. Additionally, the PERK activator CCT020312 intervention eliminated the impact of AS-IV on post-TBI inflammation and ER stress-related proteins p-PERK, p-eIF2a, and ATF4. These results indicate that AS-IV alleviates neuroinflammation and brain damage post-TBI through the PERK pathway, offering new directions and theoretical insights for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, The People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Gengshui Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Hengshui City, Hengshui, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadong Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, The People's Republic of China
| | - Boyu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, The People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, The People's Republic of China
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2
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Liu Y, Xu C, Gu R, Han R, Li Z, Xu X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e701. [PMID: 39188936 PMCID: PMC11345536 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key organelle in eukaryotic cells, responsible for a wide range of vital functions, including the modification, folding, and trafficking of proteins, as well as the biosynthesis of lipids and the maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis. A variety of factors can disrupt the function of the ER, leading to the aggregation of unfolded and misfolded proteins within its confines and the induction of ER stress. A conserved cascade of signaling events known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) has evolved to relieve the burden within the ER and restore ER homeostasis. However, these processes can culminate in cell death while ER stress is sustained over an extended period and at elevated levels. This review summarizes the potential role of ER stress and the UPR in determining cell fate and function in various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, fibrotic diseases, viral infections, and cancer. It also puts forward that the manipulation of this intricate signaling pathway may represent a novel target for drug discovery and innovative therapeutic strategies in the context of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Department of Aviation Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical CenterPLABeijingChina
| | - Chunling Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Renjun Gu
- School of Chinese MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyJinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ruiqin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ziyu Li
- School of Acupuncture and TuinaSchool of Regimen and RehabilitationNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Xianrong Xu
- Department of Aviation Clinical Medicine, Air Force Medical CenterPLABeijingChina
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3
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Baron KR, Oviedo S, Krasny S, Zaman M, Aldakhlallah R, Mathur P, Pfeffer G, Bollong MJ, Shutt T, Grotjahn DA, Wiseman RL. Pharmacologic Activation of Integrated Stress Response Kinases Inhibits Pathologic Mitochondrial Fragmentation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598126. [PMID: 38915623 PMCID: PMC11195119 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Excessive mitochondrial fragmentation is associated with the pathologic mitochondrial dysfunction implicated in the pathogenesis of etiologically-diverse diseases, including many neurodegenerative disorders. The integrated stress response (ISR) - comprising the four eIF2α kinases PERK, GCN2, PKR, and HRI - is a prominent stress-responsive signaling pathway that regulates mitochondrial morphology and function in response to diverse types of pathologic insult. This suggests that pharmacologic, stress-independent activation of the ISR represents a potential strategy to mitigate pathologic mitochondrial fragmentation associated with human disease. Here, we show that pharmacologic, stress-independent activation of the ISR kinases HRI or GCN2 promotes adaptive mitochondrial elongation and prevents mitochondrial fragmentation induced by the calcium ionophore ionomycin. Further, we show that stress-independent activation of these ISR kinases reduces mitochondrial fragmentation and restores basal mitochondrial morphology in patient fibroblasts expressing the pathogenic D414V variant of the pro-fusion mitochondrial GTPase MFN2 associated with neurological dysfunctions including ataxia, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss. These results identify pharmacologic, stress-independent activation of ISR kinases as a potential strategy to prevent pathologic mitochondrial fragmentation induced by disease-relevant chemical and genetic insults, further motivating the pursuit of highly selective ISR kinase-activating compounds as a therapeutic strategy to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction implicated in diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R. Baron
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Samantha Oviedo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computation Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sophia Krasny
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mashiat Zaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rama Aldakhlallah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Prakhyat Mathur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Child Health Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary
| | - Michael J. Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Timothy Shutt
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danielle A. Grotjahn
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computation Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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4
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Lu HJ, Koju N, Sheng R. Mammalian integrated stress responses in stressed organelles and their functions. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1095-1114. [PMID: 38267546 PMCID: PMC11130345 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) triggered in response to various cellular stress enables mammalian cells to effectively cope with diverse stressful conditions while maintaining their normal functions. Four kinases (PERK, PKR, GCN2, and HRI) of ISR regulate ISR signaling and intracellular protein translation via mediating the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α) at Ser51. Early ISR creates an opportunity for cells to repair themselves and restore homeostasis. This effect, however, is reversed in the late stages of ISR. Currently, some studies have shown the non-negligible impact of ISR on diseases such as ischemic diseases, cognitive impairment, metabolic syndrome, cancer, vanishing white matter, etc. Hence, artificial regulation of ISR and its signaling with ISR modulators becomes a promising therapeutic strategy for relieving disease symptoms and improving clinical outcomes. Here, we provide an overview of the essential mechanisms of ISR and describe the ISR-related pathways in organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Meanwhile, the regulatory effects of ISR modulators and their potential application in various diseases are also enumerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Nirmala Koju
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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5
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Park J, Hu R, Qian Y, Xiong S, El-Sabbagh AS, Ibrahim M, Wang J, Xu Z, Chen Z, Song Q, Song Z, Yan G, Mahmoud AM, He Y, Layden BT, Chen J, Ong SG, Xu P, Jiang Y. Estrogen counteracts age-related decline in beige adipogenesis through the NAMPT-regulated ER stress response. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:839-853. [PMID: 38858606 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Thermogenic beige adipocytes are recognized as potential therapeutic targets for combating metabolic diseases. However, the metabolic advantages that they offer are compromised with aging. Here we show that treating mice with estrogen (E2), a hormone that decreases with age, can counteract the age-related decline in beige adipogenesis when exposed to cold temperature while concurrently enhancing energy expenditure and improving glucose tolerance in mice. Mechanistically, we found that nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) plays a pivotal role in facilitating the formation of E2-induced beige adipocytes, which subsequently suppresses the onset of age-related endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Furthermore, we found that targeting NAMPT signaling, either genetically or pharmacologically, can restore the formation of beige adipocytes by increasing the number of perivascular adipocyte progenitor cells. Conversely, the absence of NAMPT signaling prevents this process. Together, our findings shed light on the mechanisms regulating the age-dependent impairment of beige adipocyte formation and underscore the E2-NAMPT-controlled ER stress pathway as a key regulator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooman Park
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruoci Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yanyu Qian
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shaolei Xiong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Asma Sana El-Sabbagh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meram Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaden Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ziqiao Xu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhengjia Chen
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Song
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gege Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abeer M Mahmoud
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown Medical VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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6
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Yuan S, She D, Jiang S, Deng N, Peng J, Ma L. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and therapeutic strategies in metabolic, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Mol Med 2024; 30:40. [PMID: 38509524 PMCID: PMC10956371 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), due to genetic determinants and extrinsic environmental factors, leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). As ER stress ensues, the unfolded protein response (UPR), comprising three signaling pathways-inositol-requiring enzyme 1, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, and activating transcription factor 6 promptly activates to enhance the ER's protein-folding capacity and restore ER homeostasis. However, prolonged ER stress levels propels the UPR towards cellular demise and the subsequent inflammatory cascade, contributing to the development of human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and diabetes. Notably, increased expression of all three UPR signaling pathways has been observed in these pathologies, and reduction in signaling molecule expression correlates with decreased proliferation of disease-associated target cells. Consequently, therapeutic strategies targeting ER stress-related interventions have attracted significant research interest. In this review, we elucidate the critical role of ER stress in cancer, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases, offering novel therapeutic approaches for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan She
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangming Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayi Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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7
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Yu X, Dang L, Zhang R, Yang W. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the PERK Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Stroke. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:353. [PMID: 38543139 PMCID: PMC10974972 DOI: 10.3390/ph17030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Many pathologic states can lead to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in cells. This causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which encompasses three main adaptive branches. One of these UPR branches is mediated by protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), an ER stress sensor. The primary consequence of PERK activation is the suppression of global protein synthesis, which reduces ER workload and facilitates the recovery of ER function. Ischemic stroke induces ER stress and activates the UPR. Studies have demonstrated the involvement of the PERK pathway in stroke pathophysiology; however, its role in stroke outcomes requires further clarification. Importantly, considering mounting evidence that supports the therapeutic potential of the PERK pathway in aging-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases, this pathway may represent a promising therapeutic target in stroke. Therefore, in this review, our aim is to discuss the current understanding of PERK in ischemic stroke, and to summarize pharmacologic tools for translational stroke research that targets PERK and its associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Yang
- Multidisciplinary Brain Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, 303 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Shacham T, Offen D, Lederkremer GZ. Efficacy of therapy by MK-28 PERK activation in the Huntington's disease R6/2 mouse model. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00335. [PMID: 38368172 PMCID: PMC10937961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
There is currently no disease-modifying therapy for Huntington's disease (HD). We recently described a small molecule, MK-28, which restored homeostasis in HD models by specifically activating PKR-like ER kinase (PERK). This activation boosts the unfolded protein response (UPR), thereby reducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a central cytotoxic mechanism in HD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we have tested the long-term effects of MK-28 in HD model mice. R6/2 CAG (160) mice were treated by lifetime intraperitoneal injections 3 times a week. CatWalk measurements of motor function showed strong improvement compared to untreated mice after only two weeks of MK-28 treatment and continued with time, most significantly at 1 mg/kg MK-28, approaching WT values. Seven weeks treatment significantly improved paw grip strength. Body weight recovered and glucose levels, which are elevated in HD mice, were significantly reduced. Treatment with another PERK activator, CCT020312 at 1 mg/kg, also caused amelioration, consistent with PERK activation. Lifespan, measured in more resilient R6/2 CAG (120) mice with daily IP injection, was much extended by 16 days (20%) with 0.3 mg/kg MK-28, and by 38 days (46%) with 1 mg/kg MK-28. No toxicity, measured by weight, blood glucose levels and blood liver function markers, was detectable in WT mice treated for 6 weeks with 6 mg/kg MK-28. Boosting of PERK activity by long-term treatment with MK-28 could be a safe and promising therapeutic approach for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Shacham
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Daniel Offen
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gerardo Z Lederkremer
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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9
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Lee SW, Oh YM, Victor MB, Yang Y, Chen S, Strunilin I, Dahiya S, Dolle RE, Pak SC, Silverman GA, Perlmutter DH, Yoo AS. Longitudinal modeling of human neuronal aging reveals the contribution of the RCAN1-TFEB pathway to Huntington's disease neurodegeneration. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:95-109. [PMID: 38066314 PMCID: PMC11456361 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a common risk factor in neurodegenerative disorders. Investigating neuronal aging in an isogenic background stands to facilitate analysis of the interplay between neuronal aging and neurodegeneration. Here we perform direct neuronal reprogramming of longitudinally collected human fibroblasts to reveal genetic pathways altered at different ages. Comparative transcriptome analysis of longitudinally aged striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in Huntington's disease identified pathways involving RCAN1, a negative regulator of calcineurin. Notably, RCAN1 protein increased with age in reprogrammed MSNs as well as in human postmortem striatum and RCAN1 knockdown rescued patient-derived MSNs of Huntington's disease from degeneration. RCAN1 knockdown enhanced chromatin accessibility of genes involved in longevity and autophagy, mediated through enhanced calcineurin activity, leading to TFEB's nuclear localization by dephosphorylation. Furthermore, G2-115, an analog of glibenclamide with autophagy-enhancing activities, reduced the RCAN1-calcineurin interaction, phenocopying the effect of RCAN1 knockdown. Our results demonstrate that targeting RCAN1 genetically or pharmacologically can increase neuronal resilience in Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Won Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, USA
| | - Young Mi Oh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, USA
| | - Matheus B Victor
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shawei Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ilya Strunilin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sonika Dahiya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roland E Dolle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen C Pak
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gary A Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David H Perlmutter
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew S Yoo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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10
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Perea V, Baron KR, Dolina V, Aviles G, Kim G, Rosarda JD, Guo X, Kampmann M, Wiseman RL. Pharmacologic activation of a compensatory integrated stress response kinase promotes mitochondrial remodeling in PERK-deficient cells. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1571-1584.e5. [PMID: 37922906 PMCID: PMC10842031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) comprises the eIF2α kinases PERK, GCN2, HRI, and PKR, which induce translational and transcriptional signaling in response to diverse insults. Deficiencies in PERK signaling lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. We define the potential for pharmacologic activation of compensatory eIF2α kinases to rescue ISR signaling and promote mitochondrial adaptation in PERK-deficient cells. We show that the HRI activator BtdCPU and GCN2 activator halofuginone promote ISR signaling and rescue ER stress sensitivity in PERK-deficient cells. However, BtdCPU induces mitochondrial depolarization, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation and activation of the OMA1-DELE1-HRI signaling axis. In contrast, halofuginone promotes mitochondrial elongation and adaptive mitochondrial respiration, mimicking regulation induced by PERK. This shows halofuginone can compensate for deficiencies in PERK signaling and promote adaptive mitochondrial remodeling, highlighting the potential for pharmacologic ISR activation to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction and motivating the pursuit of highly selective ISR activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Perea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kelsey R Baron
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vivian Dolina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giovanni Aviles
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Grace Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica D Rosarda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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11
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Ingle J, Tirkey A, Pandey S, Basu S. Small-Molecule Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inducer Triggers Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300433. [PMID: 37964696 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is highly critical for the sub-cellular protein synthesis, post-translational modifications and myriads of signalling pathways to maintain cellular homeostasis. Consequently, dysregulation in the ER functions leads to the ER stress in different pathological situations including cancer. Hence, exploring small molecules to induce ER stress emerged as one of the unorthodox strategies for future cancer therapeutics. However, development of ER targeted novel small molecules remains elusive due to the dearth of ER targeting moieties. Herein we have synthesized a small library of 3-methoxy-pyrrole-enamine through a concise strategy. Screening of this library in cervical (HeLa), colon (HCT-116), breast (MCF7) and lung cancer (A549) cells identified a novel small molecule which localized into the ER of the HeLa cervical cancer cells within 3 h, induced ER stress through the increased expression of ER stress markers (CHOP, IRE1α, PERK, BiP and Cas-12) and triggered the programmed cell death (apoptosis) leading to remarkable HeLa cell killing. This novel small molecule can be explored further as a tool to understand the chemical biology of ER towards the development of ER targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaypalsing Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anjana Tirkey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shalini Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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12
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Almeida LM, Oliveira Â, Oliveira JMA, Pinho BR. Stress response mechanisms in protein misfolding diseases: Profiling a cellular model of Huntington's disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 745:109711. [PMID: 37541563 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress response pathways like the integrated stress response (ISR), the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and the heat shock response (HSR) have emerged as part of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD) - a currently incurable disease caused by the production of mutant huntingtin (mut-Htt). Previous data from HD patients suggest that ISR is activated while UPRmt and HSR are impaired in HD. The study of these stress response pathways as potential therapeutic targets in HD requires cellular models that mimic the activation status found in HD patients of such pathways. PC12 cells with inducible expression of the N-terminal fragment of mut-Htt are among the most used cell lines to model HD, however the activation of stress responses remains unclear in this model. The goal of this study is to characterize the activation of ISR, UPRmt and HSR in this HD cell model and evaluate if it mimics the activation status found in HD patients. We show that PC12 HD cell model presents reduced levels of Hsp90 and mitochondrial chaperones, suggesting an impaired activation or function of HSR and UPRmt. This HD model also presents increased levels of phosphorylated eIF2α, the master regulator of the ISR, but overall similar levels of ATF4 and decreased levels of CHOP - transcription factors downstream to eIF2α - in comparison to control, suggesting an initial activation of ISR. These results show that this model mimics the ISR activation and the impaired UPRmt and HSR found in HD patients. This work suggests that the PC12 N-terminal HD model is suitable for studying the role of stress response pathways in the pathophysiology of HD and for exploratory studies investigating the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana M Almeida
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Mitochondria and Neurobiology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Oliveira
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Mitochondria and Neurobiology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge M A Oliveira
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Mitochondria and Neurobiology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Brígida R Pinho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Mitochondria and Neurobiology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Park J, Hu R, Xiong S, Qian Y, El-Sabbagh AS, Ibrahim M, Song Q, Yan G, Song Z, Mahmoud AM, He Y, Layden BT, Chen J, Ong SG, Xu P, Jiang Y. Estrogen prevents age-dependent beige adipogenesis failure through NAMPT-controlled ER stress pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.31.555821. [PMID: 37693431 PMCID: PMC10491185 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.31.555821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermogenic beige adipocytes are recognized as potential therapeutic targets for combating metabolic diseases. However, the metabolic advantages they offer are compromised with aging. Here, we show that treating mice with estrogen (E2), a hormone that decreases with age, to mice can counteract the aging- related decline in beige adipocyte formation when subjected to cold, while concurrently enhancing energy expenditure and improving glucose tolerance. Mechanistically, we find that nicotinamide phosphoribosyltranferase (NAMPT) plays a pivotal role in facilitating the formation of E2-induced beige adipocytes, which subsequently suppresses the onset of age-related ER stress. Furthermore, we found that targeting NAMPT signaling, either genetically or pharmacologically, can restore the formation of beige adipocytes by increasing the number of perivascular adipocyte progenitor cells. Conversely, the absence of NAMPT signaling prevents this process. In conclusion, our findings shed light on the mechanisms governing the age-dependent impairment of beige adipocyte formation and underscore the E2-NAMPT controlled ER stress as a key regulator of this process. Highlights Estrogen restores beige adipocyte failure along with improved energy metabolism in old mice.Estrogen enhances the thermogenic gene program by mitigating age-induced ER stress.Estrogen enhances the beige adipogenesis derived from SMA+ APCs.Inhibiting the NAMPT signaling pathway abolishes estrogen-promoted beige adipogenesis.
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14
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Talukdar G, Orr HT, Lei Z. The PERK pathway: beneficial or detrimental for neurodegenerative diseases and tumor growth and cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2545-2557. [PMID: 37384418 PMCID: PMC10407711 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK) is one of the three major sensors in the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is involved in the modulation of protein synthesis as an adaptive response. Prolonged PERK activity correlates with the development of diseases and the attenuation of disease severity. Thus, the current debate focuses on the role of the PERK signaling pathway either in accelerating or preventing diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, myelin disorders, and tumor growth and cancer. In this review, we examine the current findings on the PERK signaling pathway and whether it is beneficial or detrimental for the above-mentioned disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourango Talukdar
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harry T Orr
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhixin Lei
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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15
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Perea V, Baron KR, Dolina V, Aviles G, Rosarda JD, Guo X, Kampmann M, Wiseman RL. Pharmacologic Activation of a Compensatory Integrated Stress Response Kinase Promotes Mitochondrial Remodeling in PERK-deficient Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.11.532186. [PMID: 36945406 PMCID: PMC10029010 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.11.532186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) comprises the eIF2α kinases PERK, GCN2, HRI, and PKR, which induce translational and transcriptional signaling in response to diverse insults. Deficiencies in PERK signaling lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. We define the potential for pharmacologic activation of compensatory eIF2α kinases to rescue ISR signaling and promote mitochondrial adaptation in PERK-deficient cells. We show that the HRI activator BtdCPU and GCN2 activator halofuginone promote ISR signaling and rescue ER stress sensitivity in PERK-deficient cells. However, BtdCPU induces mitochondrial depolarization, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation and activation of the OMA1-DELE1-HRI signaling axis. In contrast, halofuginone promotes mitochondrial elongation and adaptive mitochondrial respiration, mimicking regulation induced by PERK. This shows halofuginone can compensate for deficiencies in PERK signaling and promote adaptive mitochondrial remodeling, highlighting the potential for pharmacologic ISR activation to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction and motivating the pursuit of highly-selective ISR activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Perea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Kelsey R. Baron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Vivian Dolina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Giovanni Aviles
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jessica D. Rosarda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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16
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Park J, Gong JH, Chen Y, Nghiem THT, Chandrawanshi S, Hwang E, Yang CH, Kim BS, Park JW, Ryter SW, Ahn B, Joe Y, Chung HT, Yu R. Activation of ROS-PERK-TFEB by Filbertone Ameliorates Neurodegenerative Diseases via Enhancing the Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 118:109325. [PMID: 36958418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease remain enigmatic, resulting in an unmet need for therapeutics development. Here, we suggest that filbertone, a key flavor compound found in the fruits of hazel trees of the genus Corylus, can ameliorate PD via lowering the abundance of aggregated α-synuclein. We previously reported that inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation by filbertone is mediated by suppression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Here, we report that filbertone activates PERK through mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, resulting in the increased nuclear translocation of transcription factor-EB (TFEB) in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. TFEB activation by filbertone promotes the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP), which in turn alleviates the accumulation of α-synuclein. We also demonstrate that filbertone prevented the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum of mice on high-fat diet (HFD). Filbertone treatment also reduced HFD-induced α-synuclein accumulation through upregulation of the ALP pathway. In addition, filbertone improved behavioral abnormalities (i.e., latency time to fall and decrease of running distance) in the MPTP-induced PD murine model. In conclusion, filbertone may show promise as a potential therapeutic for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Heon Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Thu-Hang Thi Nghiem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonam Chandrawanshi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyeong Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea
| | - Chae Ha Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea
| | - Byung-Sam Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Byungyong Ahn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Costa MFD, Höglinger GU, Rösler TW. Development of a cell-free screening assay for the identification of direct PERK activators. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283943. [PMID: 37200357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the unfolded protein response, particularly via the PERK pathway, has been suggested as a promising therapeutic approach in tauopathies, a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the abnormal phosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein. So far, a shortage of available direct PERK activators has been limiting the progresses in this field. Our study aimed at the development of a cell-free screening assay enabling the detection of novel direct PERK activators. By applying the catalytic domain of recombinant human PERK, we initially determined ideal conditions of the kinase assay reaction, including parameters such as optimal kinase concentration, temperature, and reaction time. Instead of using PERK's natural substrate proteins, eIF2α and NRF2, we applied SMAD3 as phosphorylation-accepting protein and successfully detected cell-free PERK activation and inhibition by selected modulators (e.g., calcineurin-B, GSK2606414). The developed assay revealed to be sufficiently stable and robust to assess an activating EC50-value. Additionally, our results suggested that PERK activation may take place independent of the active site which can be blocked by a kinase inhibitor. Finally, we confirmed the applicability of the assay by measuring PERK activation by MK-28, a recently described PERK activator. Overall, our data show that a cell-free luciferase-based assay with the recombinant human PERK kinase domain and SMAD3 as substrate protein is capable of detecting PERK activation, which enables to screen large compound libraries for direct PERK activators, in a high-throughput-based approach. These activators will be useful for deepening our understanding of the PERK signaling pathway, and may also lead to the identification of new therapeutic drug candidates for neurodegenerative tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia F D Costa
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas W Rösler
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Tseng CS, Chao YW, Liu YH, Huang YS, Chao HW. Dysregulated proteostasis network in neuronal diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1075215. [PMID: 36910151 PMCID: PMC9998692 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1075215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term maintenance of synaptic connections is important for brain function, which depends on varying proteostatic regulations to govern the functional integrity of neuronal proteomes. Proteostasis supports an interconnection of pathways that regulates the fate of proteins from synthesis to degradation. Defects in proteostatic signaling are associated with age-related functional decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have advanced our knowledge of how cells have evolved distinct mechanisms to safely control protein homeostasis during synthesis, folding and degradation, and in different subcellular organelles and compartments. Neurodegeneration occurs when these protein quality controls are compromised by accumulated pathogenic proteins or aging to an irreversible state. Consequently, several therapeutic strategies, such as targeting the unfolded protein response and autophagy pathways, have been developed to reduce the burden of misfolded proteins and proved useful in animal models. Here, we present a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining proteostatic networks, along with some examples linking dysregulated proteostasis to neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-San Tseng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wen Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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19
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Oh YM, Lee SW, Kim WK, Chen S, Church VA, Cates K, Li T, Zhang B, Dolle RE, Dahiya S, Pak SC, Silverman GA, Perlmutter DH, Yoo AS. Age-related Huntington's disease progression modeled in directly reprogrammed patient-derived striatal neurons highlights impaired autophagy. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1420-1433. [PMID: 36303071 PMCID: PMC10162007 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder with adult-onset clinical symptoms, but the mechanism by which aging drives the onset of neurodegeneration in patients with HD remains unclear. In this study we examined striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) directly reprogrammed from fibroblasts of patients with HD to model the age-dependent onset of pathology. We found that pronounced neuronal death occurred selectively in reprogrammed MSNs from symptomatic patients with HD (HD-MSNs) compared to MSNs derived from younger, pre-symptomatic patients (pre-HD-MSNs) and control MSNs from age-matched healthy individuals. We observed age-associated alterations in chromatin accessibility between HD-MSNs and pre-HD-MSNs and identified miR-29b-3p, whose age-associated upregulation promotes HD-MSN degeneration by impairing autophagic function through human-specific targeting of the STAT3 3' untranslated region. Reducing miR-29b-3p or chemically promoting autophagy increased the resilience of HD-MSNs against neurodegeneration. Our results demonstrate miRNA upregulation with aging in HD as a detrimental process driving MSN degeneration and potential approaches for enhancing autophagy and resilience of HD-MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Oh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seong Won Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Woo Kyung Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shawei Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Victoria A Church
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kitra Cates
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tiandao Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roland E Dolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sonika Dahiya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen C Pak
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gary A Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David H Perlmutter
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew S Yoo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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20
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The role of eIF2 phosphorylation in cell and organismal physiology: new roles for well-known actors. Biochem J 2022; 479:1059-1082. [PMID: 35604373 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Control of protein synthesis (mRNA translation) plays key roles in shaping the proteome and in many physiological, including homeostatic, responses. One long-known translational control mechanism involves phosphorylation of initiation factor, eIF2, which is catalysed by any one of four protein kinases, which are generally activated in response to stresses. They form a key arm of the integrated stress response (ISR). Phosphorylated eIF2 inhibits eIF2B (the protein that promotes exchange of eIF2-bound GDP for GTP) and thus impairs general protein synthesis. However, this mechanism actually promotes translation of certain mRNAs by virtue of specific features they possess. Recent work has uncovered many previously unknown features of this regulatory system. Several studies have yielded crucial insights into the structure and control of eIF2, including that eIF2B is regulated by several metabolites. Recent studies also reveal that control of eIF2 and the ISR helps determine organismal lifespan and surprising roles in sensing mitochondrial stresses and in controlling the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The latter effect involves an unexpected role for one of the eIF2 kinases, HRI. Phosphoproteomic analysis identified new substrates for another eIF2 kinase, Gcn2, which senses the availability of amino acids. Several genetic disorders arise from mutations in genes for eIF2α kinases or eIF2B (i.e. vanishing white matter disease, VWM and microcephaly, epileptic seizures, microcephaly, hypogenitalism, diabetes and obesity, MEHMO). Furthermore, the eIF2-mediated ISR plays roles in cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease. New findings suggest potential therapeutic value in interfering with the ISR in certain settings, including VWM, for example by using compounds that promote eIF2B activity.
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21
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Kim S, Kim DK, Jeong S, Lee J. The Common Cellular Events in the Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Associated Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5894. [PMID: 35682574 PMCID: PMC9180188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are inseparably linked with aging and increase as life expectancy extends. There are common dysfunctions in various cellular events shared among neurogenerative diseases, such as calcium dyshomeostasis, neuroinflammation, and age-associated decline in the autophagy-lysosome system. However, most of all, the prominent pathological feature of neurodegenerative diseases is the toxic buildup of misfolded protein aggregates and inclusion bodies accompanied by an impairment in proteostasis. Recent studies have suggested a close association between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and neurodegenerative pathology in cellular and animal models as well as in human patients. The contribution of mutant or misfolded protein-triggered ER stress and its associated signaling events, such as unfolded protein response (UPR), to the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion disease, is described here. Impaired UPR action is commonly attributed to exacerbated ER stress, pathogenic protein aggregate accumulation, and deteriorating neurodegenerative pathologies. Thus, activating certain UPR components has been shown to alleviate ER stress and its associated neurodegeneration. However, uncontrolled activation of some UPR factors has also been demonstrated to worsen neurodegenerative phenotypes, suggesting that detailed molecular mechanisms around ER stress and its related neurodegenerations should be understood to develop effective therapeutics against aging-associated neurological syndromes. We also discuss current therapeutic endeavors, such as the development of small molecules that selectively target individual UPR components and address ER stress in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojeong Kim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea; (S.K.); (D.K.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Doo Kyung Kim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea; (S.K.); (D.K.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Seho Jeong
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea; (S.K.); (D.K.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea; (S.K.); (D.K.K.); (S.J.)
- New Biology Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Well Aging Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
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22
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Almeida LM, Pinho BR, Duchen MR, Oliveira JMA. The PERKs of mitochondria protection during stress: insights for PERK modulation in neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1737-1748. [PMID: 35475315 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor that responds to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Once activated, PERK initiates signalling pathways that halt general protein production, increase the efficiency of ER quality control, and maintain redox homeostasis. PERK activation also protects mitochondrial homeostasis during stress. The location of PERK at the contact sites between the ER and the mitochondria creates a PERK-mitochondria axis that allows PERK to detect stress in both organelles, adapt their functions and prevent apoptosis. During ER stress, PERK activation triggers mitochondrial hyperfusion, preventing premature apoptotic fragmentation of the mitochondria. PERK activation also increases the formation of mitochondrial cristae and the assembly of respiratory supercomplexes, enhancing cellular ATP-generating capacity. PERK strengthens mitochondrial quality control during stress by promoting the expression of mitochondrial chaperones and proteases and by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, resulting in renewal of the mitochondrial network. But how does PERK mediate all these changes in mitochondrial homeostasis? In addition to the classic PERK-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) pathway, PERK can activate other protective pathways - PERK-O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine transferase (OGT), PERK-transcription factor EB (TFEB), and PERK-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) - contributing to broader regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, metabolism, and quality control. The pharmacological activation of PERK is protective in models of neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases, such as Huntington's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and obesity, while the inhibition of PERK was protective in models of Parkinson's and prion diseases and diabetes. In this review, we address the molecular mechanisms by which PERK regulates mitochondrial dynamics, metabolism and quality control, and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting PERK in neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana M Almeida
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Brígida R Pinho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.,Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Jorge M A Oliveira
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
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23
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Carmody C, Duesing CG, Kane AE, Mitchell SJ. Is Sex as a Biological Variable Still Being Ignored in Preclinical Aging Research? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:2177-2180. [PMID: 35172335 PMCID: PMC9678191 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Five years ago, the National Institute of Health (NIH) introduced a mandate to revolutionize the way sex as a biological variable (SABV) is considered in NIH-funded preclinical research. Given the known effects of sex on aging physiology, pathology, treatment response, and the effectiveness of interventions it is particularly important that SABV be considered in basic biology of aging research. Five years after this mandate, a significant amount of published work funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) is still not including mice of both sexes and/or not considering sex differences or comparisons in preclinical studies. Here we review a cross-section of recently published NIA-funded research to determine adherence to this mandate. We discuss the state of the preclinical aging field in terms of SABV and suggest strategies for improving adherence to the NIH mandate. It is imperative that we consider SABV and include males and females in all aspects of aging biology research to improve health outcomes for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Carmody
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charlotte G Duesing
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alice E Kane
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah J Mitchell
- Address correspondence to: Sarah J. Mitchell, PhD, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, SLA A-46, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Zürich, Switzerland. E-mail:
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24
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Do M, Park J, Chen Y, Rah SY, Nghiem THT, Gong JH, Ju SA, Kim BS, Yu R, Park JW, Ryter SW, Surh YJ, Kim UH, Joe Y, Chung HT. PERK activation by SB202190 ameliorates amyloidogenesis via the TFEB-induced autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1233-1252. [PMID: 35166693 PMCID: PMC8876914 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihyang Do
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Rah
- National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Thu-Hang Thi Nghiem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Heon Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-A Ju
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Sam Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefan W. Ryter
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Uh-Hyun Kim
- National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
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25
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Guo Y, Shen D, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Liang J, Zhou Y, Li N, Liu Y, Yang G, Li W. Deep Learning-Based Morphological Classification of Endoplasmic Reticulum Under Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:767866. [PMID: 35223863 PMCID: PMC8865080 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.767866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is a condition that is defined by abnormal accumulation of unfolded proteins. It plays an important role in maintaining cellular protein, lipid, and ion homeostasis. By triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) under ER stress, cells restore homeostasis or undergo apoptosis. Chronic ER stress is implicated in many human diseases. Despite extensive studies on related signaling mechanisms, reliable image biomarkers for ER stress remain lacking. To address this deficiency, we have validated a morphological image biomarker for ER stress and have developed a deep learning-based assay to enable automated detection and analysis of this marker for screening studies. Specifically, ER under stress exhibits abnormal morphological patterns that feature ring-shaped structures called whorls (WHs). Using a highly specific chemical probe for unfolded and aggregated proteins, we find that formation of ER whorls is specifically associated with the accumulation of the unfolded and aggregated proteins. This confirms that ER whorls can be used as an image biomarker for ER stress. To this end, we have developed ER-WHs-Analyzer, a deep learning-based image analysis assay that automatically recognizes and localizes ER whorls similarly as human experts. It does not require laborious manual annotation of ER whorls for training of deep learning models. Importantly, it reliably classifies different patterns of ER whorls induced by different ER stress drugs. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into morphological patterns of ER under stress as well as an image biomarker assay for screening studies to dissect related disease mechanisms and to accelerate related drug discoveries. It demonstrates the effectiveness of deep learning in recognizing and understanding complex morphological phenotypes of ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Guo
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhou
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhao Liang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yating Zhou
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindahl Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ge Yang, ; Wenjing Li,
| | - Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ge Yang, ; Wenjing Li,
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26
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Maity S, Komal P, Kumar V, Saxena A, Tungekar A, Chandrasekar V. Impact of ER Stress and ER-Mitochondrial Crosstalk in Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:780. [PMID: 35054963 PMCID: PMC8775980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins is a common phenomenon of several neurodegenerative diseases. The misfolding of proteins due to abnormal polyglutamine (PolyQ) expansions are linked to the development of PolyQ diseases including Huntington's disease (HD). Though the genetic basis of PolyQ repeats in HD remains prominent, the primary molecular basis mediated by PolyQ toxicity remains elusive. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER or disruption of ER homeostasis causes ER stress and activates an evolutionarily conserved pathway called Unfolded protein response (UPR). Protein homeostasis disruption at organelle level involving UPR or ER stress response pathways are found to be linked to HD. Due to dynamic intricate connections between ER and mitochondria, proteins at ER-mitochondria contact sites (mitochondria associated ER membranes or MAMs) play a significant role in HD development. The current review aims at highlighting the most updated information about different UPR pathways and their involvement in HD disease progression. Moreover, the role of MAMs in HD progression has also been discussed. In the end, the review has focused on the therapeutic interventions responsible for ameliorating diseased states via modulating either ER stress response proteins or modulating the expression of ER-mitochondrial contact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvadeep Maity
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani (Hyderabad Campus), Shameerpet-Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India; (P.K.); (V.K.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (V.C.)
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27
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Huelsmeier J, Walker E, Bakthavachalu B, Ramaswami M. A C-terminal ataxin-2 disordered region promotes Huntingtin protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in Drosophila models of Huntington’s disease. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2021; 11:6385240. [PMID: 34718534 PMCID: PMC8664476 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Ataxin-2 (Atx2) protein contributes to the progression of neurodegenerative phenotypes in animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), type 2 spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA-2), Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease (HD). However, because the Atx2 protein contains multiple separable activities, deeper understanding requires experiments to address the exact mechanisms by which Atx2 modulates neurodegeneration (ND) progression. Recent work on two ALS models, C9ORF72 and FUS, in Drosophila has shown that a C-terminal intrinsically disordered region (cIDR) of Atx2 protein, required for assembly of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules, is essential for the progression of neurodegenerative phenotypes as well as for accumulation of protein inclusions associated with these ALS models. Here, we show that the Atx2-cIDR also similarly contributes to the progression of degenerative phenotypes and accumulation of Huntingtin protein aggregates in Drosophila models of HD. Because Huntingtin is not an established component of RNP granules, these observations support a recently hypothesized, unexpected protein-handling function for RNP granules, which could contribute to the progression of Huntington’s disease and, potentially, other proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joern Huelsmeier
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emily Walker
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Baskar Bakthavachalu
- School of Basic Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Suran 175075, India
| | - Mani Ramaswami
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India
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28
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Pharmacological targeting of endoplasmic reticulum stress in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:115-140. [PMID: 34702991 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress, resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore protein homeostasis. However, the UPR also plays an important pathological role in many diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer and neurological disorders. Over the last decade, significant effort has been invested in targeting signalling proteins involved in the UPR and an array of drug-like molecules is now available. However, these molecules have limitations, the understanding of which is crucial for their development into therapies. Here, we critically review the existing ER stress and UPR-directed drug-like molecules, highlighting both their value and their limitations.
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29
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Jiang Y, Tao Z, Chen H, Xia S. Endoplasmic Reticulum Quality Control in Immune Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:740653. [PMID: 34660599 PMCID: PMC8511527 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) system, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), the unfolded protein response (UPR), and autophagy, presides over cellular protein secretion and maintains proteostasis in mammalian cells. As part of the immune system, a variety of proteins are synthesized and assembled correctly for the development, activation, and differentiation of immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, myeloid-derived-suppressor cells (MDSCs), B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. In this review, we emphasize the role of the ERQC in these immune cells, and also discuss how the imbalance of ER homeostasis affects the immune response, thereby suggesting new therapeutic targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zehua Tao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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30
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Pandey S, Sharma VK, Biswas A, Lahiri M, Basu S. Small molecule-mediated induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in cancer cells. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1604-1611. [PMID: 34671742 PMCID: PMC8459384 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00095k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is one of the crucial sub-cellular organelles controlling myriads of functions including protein biosynthesis, folding, misfolding and unfolding. As a result, dysregulation of these pathways in the ER is implicated in cancer development and progression. Subsequently, targeting the ER in cancer cells emerged as an interesting unorthodox strategy in next-generation anticancer therapy. However, development of small molecules to selectively target the ER for cancer therapy remained elusive and unexplored. To address this, herein, we have developed a novel small molecule library of sulfonylhydrazide-hydrazones through a short and concise chemical synthetic strategy. We identified a fluorescent small molecule that localized into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of HeLa cells, induced ER stress followed by triggering autophagy which was subsequently inhibited by chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor) to initiate apoptosis. This small molecule showed remarkable cancer cell killing efficacy in different cancer cells as mono and combination therapy with chloroquine, thus opening a new direction to illuminate ER-biology towards the development of novel anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Virender Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Ankur Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Mayurika Lahiri
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
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31
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Liang D, Khoonkari M, Avril T, Chevet E, Kruyt FAE. The unfolded protein response as regulator of cancer stemness and differentiation: Mechanisms and implications for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114737. [PMID: 34411568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive mechanism that regulates protein and cellular homeostasis. Three endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane localized stress sensors, IRE1, PERK and ATF6, coordinate the UPR in order to maintain ER proteostasis and cell survival, or induce cell death when homeostasis cannot be restored. However, recent studies have identified alternative functions for the UPR in developmental biology processes and cell fate decisions under both normal and cancerous conditions. In cancer, increasing evidence points towards the involvement of the three UPR sensors in oncogenic reprogramming and the regulation of tumor cells endowed with stem cell properties, named cancer stem cells (CSCs), that are considered to be the most malignant cells in tumors. Here we review the reported roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of the three UPR sensors in regulating stemness and differentiation, particularly in solid tumor cells, processes that have a major impact on tumor aggressiveness. Mainly PERK and IRE1 branches of the UPR were found to regulate CSCs and tumor development and examples are provided for breast cancer, colon cancer and aggressive brain tumors, glioblastoma. Although the underlying mechanisms and interactions between the different UPR branches in regulating stemness in cancer need to be further elucidated, we propose that PERK and IRE1 targeted therapy could inhibit self-renewal of CSCs or induce differentiation that is predicted to have therapeutic benefit. For this, more specific UPR modulators need to be developed with favorable pharmacological properties that together with patient stratification will allow optimal evaluation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Khoonkari
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Avril
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Frank A E Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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32
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Dmitriev SE, Vladimirov DO, Lashkevich KA. A Quick Guide to Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1389-1421. [PMID: 33280581 PMCID: PMC7689648 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic ribosome and cap-dependent translation are attractive targets in the antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic therapies. Currently, a broad array of small-molecule drugs is known that specifically inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Many of them are well-studied ribosome-targeting antibiotics that block translocation, the peptidyl transferase center or the polypeptide exit tunnel, modulate the binding of translation machinery components to the ribosome, and induce miscoding, premature termination or stop codon readthrough. Such inhibitors are widely used as anticancer, anthelmintic and antifungal agents in medicine, as well as fungicides in agriculture. Chemicals that affect the accuracy of stop codon recognition are promising drugs for the nonsense suppression therapy of hereditary diseases and restoration of tumor suppressor function in cancer cells. Other compounds inhibit aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, translation factors, and components of translation-associated signaling pathways, including mTOR kinase. Some of them have antidepressant, immunosuppressive and geroprotective properties. Translation inhibitors are also used in research for gene expression analysis by ribosome profiling, as well as in cell culture techniques. In this article, we review well-studied and less known inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis (with the exception of mitochondrial and plastid translation) classified by their targets and briefly describe the action mechanisms of these compounds. We also present a continuously updated database (http://eupsic.belozersky.msu.ru/) that currently contains information on 370 inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dmitriev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia. .,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D O Vladimirov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - K A Lashkevich
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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33
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Shenkman M, Geva M, Gershoni-Emek N, Hayden MR, Lederkremer GZ. Pridopidine reduces mutant huntingtin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by modulation of the Sigma-1 receptor. J Neurochem 2021; 158:467-481. [PMID: 33871049 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is neuroprotective in models of neurodegenerative diseases, among them Huntington disease (HD). Recent clinical trials in HD patients and preclinical studies in cellular and mouse HD models suggest a therapeutic potential for the high-affinity S1R agonist pridopidine. However, the molecular mechanisms of the cytoprotective effect are unclear. We have previously reported strong induction of ER stress by toxic mutant huntingtin (mHtt) oligomers, which is reduced upon sequestration of these mHtt oligomers into large aggregates. Here, we show that pridopidine significantly ameliorates mHtt-induced ER stress in cellular HD models, starting at low nanomolar concentrations. Pridopidine reduced the levels of markers of the three branches of the unfolded protein response (UPR), showing the strongest effects on the PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) branch. The effect is S1R-dependent, as it is abolished in cells expressing mHtt in which the S1R was deleted using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. mHtt increased the level of the detergent-insoluble fraction of S1R, suggesting a compensatory cellular mechanism that responds to increased ER stress. Pridopidine further enhanced the levels of insoluble S1R, suggesting the stabilization of activated S1R oligomers. These S1R oligomeric species appeared in ER-localized patches, and not in the mitochondria-associated membranes nor the ER-derived quality control compartment. The colocalization of S1R with the chaperone BiP was significantly reduced by mHtt, and pridopidine restored this colocalization to normal, unstressed levels. Pridopidine increased toxic oligomeric mHtt recruitment into less toxic large sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble aggregates, suggesting that this in turn reduces ER stress and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Shenkman
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Geva
- Prilenia Therapeutics Development LTD, Herzliya, Israel
| | | | | | - Gerardo Z Lederkremer
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved pathway triggered during perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in response to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins under various stress conditions like viral infection, diseased states etc. It is an adaptive signalling cascade with the main purpose of relieving the stress from the ER, which may otherwise lead to the initiation of cell death via apoptosis. ER stress if prolonged, contribute to the aetiology of various diseases like cancer, type II diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections etc. Understanding the role of UPR in disease progression will help design pharmacological drugs targeting the sensors of signalling cascade acting as potential therapeutic agents against various diseases. The current review aims at highlighting the relevance of different pathways of UPR in disease progression and control, including the available pharmaceutical interventions responsible for ameliorating diseased state via modulating UPR pathways.
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Abdulhussein D, Kanda M, Aamir A, Manzar H, Yap TE, Cordeiro MF. Apoptosis in health and diseases of the eye and brain. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 126:279-306. [PMID: 34090617 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD) and enables the immunologically silent disposal of senescent or unwanted cells, causing minimal damage to the surrounding environment. Apoptosis can occur via intrinsic or extrinsic pathways that initiate a series of intracellular and extracellular signaling events. This ultimately leads to the clearance of the cell by phagocytes. This normal physiological mechanism may be accelerated in several diseases including those involving the eyes and brain, leading to loss of structure and function. This review presents the role of PCD in the health of the eyes and brain, and the evidence presented for its aberrant role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Abdulhussein
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mumta Kanda
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Aamir
- Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haider Manzar
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy E Yap
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, United Kingdom; The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, United Kingdom; The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
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Shacham T, Patel C, Lederkremer GZ. PERK Pathway and Neurodegenerative Disease: To Inhibit or to Activate? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030354. [PMID: 33652720 PMCID: PMC7996871 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the extension of life span in recent decades, there is an increasing burden of late-onset neurodegenerative diseases, for which effective treatments are lacking. Neurodegenerative diseases include the widespread Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), the less frequent Huntington’s disease (HD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and also rare early-onset diseases linked to mutations that cause protein aggregation or loss of function in genes that maintain protein homeostasis. The difficulties in applying gene therapy approaches to tackle these diseases is drawing increasing attention to strategies that aim to inhibit cellular toxicity and restore homeostasis by intervening in cellular pathways. These include the unfolded protein response (UPR), activated in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a cellular affliction that is shared by these diseases. Special focus is turned to the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway of the UPR as a target for intervention. However, the complexity of the pathway and its ability to promote cell survival or death, depending on ER stress resolution, has led to some confusion in conflicting studies. Both inhibition and activation of the PERK pathway have been reported to be beneficial in disease models, although there are also some reports where they are counterproductive. Although with the current knowledge a definitive answer cannot be given on whether it is better to activate or to inhibit the pathway, the most encouraging strategies appear to rely on boosting some steps without compromising downstream recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Shacham
- Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (T.S.); (C.P.)
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chaitanya Patel
- Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (T.S.); (C.P.)
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gerardo Z. Lederkremer
- Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (T.S.); (C.P.)
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-640-9239
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Kumar V, Maity S. ER Stress-Sensor Proteins and ER-Mitochondrial Crosstalk-Signaling Beyond (ER) Stress Response. Biomolecules 2021; 11:173. [PMID: 33525374 PMCID: PMC7911976 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies undoubtedly show the importance of inter organellar connections to maintain cellular homeostasis. In normal physiological conditions or in the presence of cellular and environmental stress, each organelle responds alone or in coordination to maintain cellular function. The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are two important organelles with very specialized structural and functional properties. These two organelles are physically connected through very specialized proteins in the region called the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM). The molecular foundation of this relationship is complex and involves not only ion homeostasis through the shuttling of calcium but also many structural and apoptotic proteins. IRE1alpha and PERK are known for their canonical function as an ER stress sensor controlling unfolded protein response during ER stress. The presence of these transmembrane proteins at the MAM indicates its potential involvement in other biological functions beyond ER stress signaling. Many recent studies have now focused on the non-canonical function of these sensors. In this review, we will focus on ER mitochondrial interdependence with special emphasis on the non-canonical role of ER stress sensors beyond ER stress.
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Arioka Y, Shishido E, Kushima I, Suzuki T, Saito R, Aiba A, Mori D, Ozaki N. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion causes PERK-dependent vulnerability in dopaminergic neurons. EBioMedicine 2020; 63:103138. [PMID: 33341442 PMCID: PMC7753137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chromosome 22q11.2 deletion is an extremely high risk genetic factor for various neuropsychiatric disorders; however, the 22q11.2 deletion-related brain pathology in humans at the cellular and molecular levels remains unclear. Methods We generated iPS cells from healthy controls (control group) and patients with 22q11.2 deletion (22DS group), and differentiated them into dopaminergic neurons. Semiquantitative proteomic analysis was performed to compare the two groups. Next, we conducted molecular, cell biological and pharmacological assays. Findings Semiquantitative proteomic analysis identified ‘protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)’ as the most altered pathway in the 22DS group. In particular, we found a severe defect in protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) expression and its activity in the 22DS group. The decreased PERK expression was also shown in the midbrain of a 22q11.2 deletion mouse model. The 22DS group showed characteristic phenotypes, including poor tolerance to ER stress, abnormal F-actin dynamics, and decrease in protein synthesis. Some of phenotypes were rescued by the pharmacological manipulation of PERK activity and phenocopied in PERK-deficient dopaminergic neurons. We lastly showed that DGCR14 was associated with reduction in PERK expression. Interpretation Our findings led us to conclude that the 22q11.2 deletion causes various vulnerabilities in dopaminergic neurons, dependent on PERK dysfunction. Funding This study was supported by the 10.13039/100010463AMED under grant nos JP20dm0107087, JP20dm0207075, JP20ak0101113, JP20dk0307081, and JP18dm0207004h0005; the MEXT KAKENHI under grant nos. 16K19760, 19K08015, 18H04040, and 18K19511; the 10.13039/100008732Uehara Memorial Foundation under grant no. 201810122; and 2019 iPS Academia Japan Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Arioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Emiko Shishido
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Saito
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan; Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Grandjean JMD, Wiseman RL. Small molecule strategies to harness the unfolded protein response: where do we go from here? J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15692-15711. [PMID: 32887796 PMCID: PMC7667976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a central role in regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and global cellular physiology in response to pathologic ER stress. The UPR is comprised of three signaling pathways activated downstream of the ER membrane proteins IRE1, ATF6, and PERK. Once activated, these proteins initiate transcriptional and translational signaling that functions to alleviate ER stress, adapt cellular physiology, and dictate cell fate. Imbalances in UPR signaling are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous, etiologically-diverse diseases, including many neurodegenerative diseases, protein misfolding diseases, diabetes, ischemic disorders, and cancer. This has led to significant interest in establishing pharmacologic strategies to selectively modulate IRE1, ATF6, or PERK signaling to both ameliorate pathologic imbalances in UPR signaling implicated in these different diseases and define the importance of the UPR in diverse cellular and organismal contexts. Recently, there has been significant progress in the identification and characterization of UPR modulating compounds, providing new opportunities to probe the pathologic and potentially therapeutic implications of UPR signaling in human disease. Here, we describe currently available UPR modulating compounds, specifically highlighting the strategies used for their discovery and specific advantages and disadvantages in their application for probing UPR function. Furthermore, we discuss lessons learned from the application of these compounds in cellular and in vivo models to identify favorable compound properties that can help drive the further translational development of selective UPR modulators for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M D Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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