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Bozigar M, Laden F, Hart JE, Redline S, Huang T, Whitsel EA, Nelson EJ, Grady ST, Levy JI, Peters JL. Aircraft noise exposure and body mass index among female participants in two Nurses' Health Study prospective cohorts living around 90 airports in the United States. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108660. [PMID: 38677085 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aircraft noise exposure is linked to cardiovascular disease risk. One understudied candidate pathway is obesity. This study investigates the association between aircraft noise and obesity among female participants in two prospective Nurses' Health Study (NHS and NHSII) cohorts. METHODS Aircraft day-night average sound levels (DNL) were estimated at participant residential addresses from modeled 1 dB (dB) noise contours above 44 dB for 90 United States (U.S.) airports in 5-year intervals 1995-2010. Biennial surveys (1994-2017) provided information on body mass index (BMI; dichotomized, categorical) and other individual characteristics. Change in BMI from age 18 (BMI18; tertiles) was also calculated. Aircraft noise exposures were dichotomized (45, 55 dB), categorized (<45, 45-54, ≥55 dB) or continuous for exposure ≥45 dB. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression using generalized estimating equations were adjusted for individual characteristics and neighborhood socioeconomic status, greenness, population density, and environmental noise. Effect modification was assessed by U.S. Census region, climate boundary, airline hub type, hearing loss, and smoking status. RESULTS At baseline, the 74,848 female participants averaged 50.1 years old, with 83.0%, 14.8%, and 2.2% exposed to <45, 45-54, and ≥55 dB of aircraft noise, respectively. In fully adjusted models, exposure ≥55 dB was associated with 11% higher odds (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: -1%, 24%) of BMIs ≥30.0, and 15% higher odds (95%CI: 3%, 29%) of membership in the highest tertile of BMI18 (ΔBMI 6.7 to 71.6). Less-pronounced associations were observed for the 2nd tertile of BMI18 (ΔBMI 2.9 to 6.6) and BMI 25.0-29.9 as well as exposures ≥45 versus <45 dB. There was evidence of DNL-BMI trends (ptrends ≤ 0.02). Stronger associations were observed among participants living in the West, arid climate areas, and among former smokers. DISCUSSION In two nationwide cohorts of female nurses, higher aircraft noise exposure was associated with higher BMI, adding evidence to an aircraft noise-obesity-disease pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bozigar
- School of Nutrition and Public Health, College of Health, Oregon State University, 160 SW 26th Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Francine Laden
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jaime E Hart
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tianyi Huang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Nelson
- College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephanie T Grady
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jonathan I Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Junenette L Peters
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Kirchengast S, Waldhör T, Juan A, Yang L. Secular trends and regional pattern in body height of Austrian conscripts born between 1961 and 2002. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 53:101371. [PMID: 38428380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The human growth process is influenced not only by genetic factors but also by environmental factors. Therefore, regional differences in mean body heights may exist within a population or a state. In the present study, we described and evaluated the regional trends in mean body heights in the nine Austrian provinces over a period spanning more than four decades. Body height data of 1734569 male conscripts born in Austria with Austrian citizenship between 1961 and 2002 were anonymized and analyzed. From 1961 to 2002 birth cohorts, an overall increase in the mean body height of Austrian recruits was observed, although regional differences were evident. Regions with shorter body heights in the 1961-1963 birth cohorts showed a particularly pronounced increase in mean body heights. Meanwhile, the course of body height growth in the capital city, Vienna, was striking, where the highest body heights were documented for the 1961-1963 birth cohorts. In Vienna, mean body heights continued to decline until the 1984 birth cohort and increased again from the 1988 birth cohorts. In addition to economic factors, increased stress factors in an urban environment and a form of urban penalty are discussed as causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kirchengast
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Waldhör
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre, 2210-2nd Street SW. Box ACB, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada; Departments of Oncology & Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ahlberg R, Garcia-Argibay M, Rietz ED, Butwicka A, Cortese S, D'Onofrio BM, Ludvigsson JF, Larsson H. Associations Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), ADHD Medication, and Shorter Height: A Quasi-Experimental and Family-Based Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:1316-1325. [PMID: 37084883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and shorter height is unclear. This study examined the risk of shorter height in individuals with ADHD, and the influence of prenatal factors, ADHD medication, psychiatric comorbidity, socioeconomic factors, and familial liability. METHOD We drew on Swedish National Registers for 2 different study designs. First, height data for 14,268 individuals with ADHD and 71,339 controls were stratified into 2 groups: (1) before stimulant treatment was introduced in Sweden, and (2) after stimulant treatment was introduced in Sweden. Second, we used a family-based design including 833,172 relatives without ADHD with different levels of relatedness to the individuals with ADHD and matched controls. RESULTS ADHD was associated with shorter height both before (below-average height: OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.22-1.41) and after (below-average height: OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.13-1.31) stimulants for ADHD were introduced in Sweden, and was of similar magnitude in both cohorts. The association between ADHD and shorter height attenuated after adjustment for prenatal factors, psychiatric disorders, and socioeconomic status. Relatives of individuals with ADHD had an increased risk of shorter height (below-average height in full siblings: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.09-1.19; maternal half siblings: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01-1.20; paternal half siblings: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07-1.24, first full cousins: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.08-1.12). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ADHD is associated with shorter height. On a population level, this association was present both before and after ADHD medications were available in Sweden. The association between ADHD and height was partly explained by prenatal factors, psychiatric comorbidity, low socioeconomic status, and a shared familial liability for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard Ahlberg
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Miguel Garcia-Argibay
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Agnieszka Butwicka
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Stockholm, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brian M D'Onofrio
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Womack SR, Beam CR, Giangrande EJ, Scharf RJ, Tong X, Ponnapalli M, Davis DW, Turkheimer E. Nonlinear Catch-Up Growth in Height, Weight, and Head Circumference from Birth to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Twin Study. Behav Genet 2023; 53:385-403. [PMID: 37634182 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Owing to high rates of prenatal complications, twins are, on average, substantially smaller than population norms on physical measurements including height, weight, and head circumference at birth. By early childhood, twins are physically average. This study is the first to explore the process of catch-up growth by fitting asymptotic growth models to age-standardized height, weight, and head circumference measurements in a community sample of twins (n = 1281, 52.3% female) followed at up to 17 time points from birth to 15 years. Catch-up growth was rapid over the first year and plateaued around the population mean by early childhood. Shared environmental factors accounted for the majority of individual differences in initial physical size (57.7-65.5%), whereas additive genetic factors accounted for the majority of individual differences in the upper asymptotes of height, weight, and head circumference (73.4-92.6%). Both additive genetic and shared environmental factors were associated with variance in how quickly twins caught up. Gestational age and family SES emerged as important environmental correlates of physical catch-up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Womack
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Christopher R Beam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evan J Giangrande
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Rebecca J Scharf
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Medha Ponnapalli
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Deborah W Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Norton Children's Research Institute Affiliated with the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Eric Turkheimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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Karlsson O, Kim R, Moloney GM, Hasman A, Subramanian SV. Patterns in child stunting by age: A cross-sectional study of 94 low- and middle-income countries. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2023; 19:e13537. [PMID: 37276243 PMCID: PMC10483943 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Child stunting prevalence is primarily used as an indicator of impeded physical growth due to undernutrition and infections, which also increases the risk of mortality, morbidity and cognitive problems, particularly when occurring during the 1000 days from conception to age 2 years. This paper estimated the relationship between stunting prevalence and age for children 0-59 months old in 94 low- and middle-income countries. The overall stunting prevalence was 32%. We found higher stunting prevalence among older children until around 28 months of age-presumably from longer exposure times and accumulation of adverse exposures to undernutrition and infections. In most countries, the stunting prevalence was lower for older children after around 28 months-presumably mostly due to further adverse exposures being less detrimental for older children, and catch-up growth. The age for which stunting prevalence was the highest was fairly consistent across countries. Stunting prevalence and gradient of the rise in stunting prevalence by age varied across world regions, countries, living standards and sex. Poorer countries and households had a higher prevalence at all ages and a sharper positive age gradient before age 2. Boys had higher stunting prevalence but had peak stunting prevalence at lower ages than girls. Stunting prevalence was similar for boys and girls after around age 45 months. These results suggest that programmes to prevent undernutrition and infections should focus on younger children to optimise impact in reducing stunting prevalence. Importantly, however, since some catch-up growth may be achieved after age 2, screening around this time can be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Karlsson
- Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Economic History, School of Economics and ManagementLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Rockli Kim
- Division of Health Policy & Management, College of Health ScienceKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
- Harvard Center for Population and Development StudiesCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Grainne M. Moloney
- Nutrition Section, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Kenya Country OfficeUN Complex GigiriNairobiKenya
| | | | - S. V. Subramanian
- Harvard Center for Population and Development StudiesCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Sharma K, Sharma V, Kumar V, Bhat N, Chacham S, Rathaur VK, Verma PK. Short Stature for Age in Children of 5 to 16 Years: The First Research from the Northern Himalayan Region of India. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:692-695. [PMID: 37970157 PMCID: PMC10637605 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_748_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anthropometric parameters play vital role in monitoring growth in pediatrics. Many etiological factors lead to short stature. So, before assessing the etiological factors short stature needs to be addressed. This study aimed to screen short stature for age in school-going children aged 5 to 16 years in Uttarakhand. Material and Methods In this cross-sectional observational study, the height (through stadiometer) and weight (through weight machine) of 4189 students of government and private school in Rishikesh (Uttarakhand) aged 5-16 years were measured after the verbal assent of the students and individual's height is in the 3rd percentile for the mean height of a given age, sex, and population group and was considered short stature. The data collection was performed from October 2019 to July 2021. The data were categorized according to different age groups to 5-8 years, 9-12 years, and 13-16 years. The data were recorded in Microsoft (MS) Excel spreadsheet program. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v23 (IBM Corp.) was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were elaborated in the form of means or standard deviations and medians or Interquartile range IQRs for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. The Chi-square test was used for group comparisons for categorical data. Results 7.1% of children were short stature (height 143.16 ± 15.09 cm) in the Himalayan belt, and males were more prone to short stature at age of 9-12 years. Conclusion In the growing phase of children, the etiology of short stature has to be rectified, so the children can achieve such proper growth. Parents and physicians have to assess and monitor the growth of children timely. This study can be a stepping stone for further epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Srinagar, Srikot, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vishakha Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Srinagar, Srikot, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Srinagar, Srikot, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nowneet Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Srinagar, Srikot, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Swathi Chacham
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Srinagar, Srikot, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vyas K. Rathaur
- Department of Pediatrics, VCSGGIMS&R, Srinagar, Srikot, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prashant K. Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Srinagar, Srikot, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Biagetti B, Valenzuela I, Campos-Martorell A, Campos B, Hernandez S, Giralt M, Díaz-Troyano N, Iniesta-Serrano E, Yeste D, Simó R. Contribution of Dynamic and Genetic Tests for Short Stature Diagnosing: A Case Report. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2259. [PMID: 37443653 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic tests have led to the discovery of many novel genetic variants related to growth failure, but the clinical significance of some results is not always easy to establish. The aim of this report is to describe both clinical phenotype and genetic characteristics in an adult patient with short stature associated with a homozygous variant in disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs type 17 gene (ADAMTS17) combined with a homozygous variant in the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). The index case had severe short stature (SS) (-3.0 SD), small hands and feet, associated with eye disturbances. Genetic tests revealed homozygous compounds for ADAMTS17 responsible for Weill-Marchesani-like syndrome but a homozygous variant in GHS-R was also detected. Dynamic stimulation with an insulin tolerance test showed a normal elevation of GH, while the GH response to macimorelin stimulus was totally flattened. We show the implication of the GHS-R variant and review the molecular mechanisms of both entities. These results allowed us to better interpret the phenotypic spectrum, associated co-morbidities, its implications in dynamic tests, genetic counselling and treatment options not only to the index case but also for her relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Biagetti
- Endocrinology Department, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Reference Networks (ERN), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Valenzuela
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Rare Disease Unit and Medicine Genetics Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Campos-Martorell
- Pediatric Endocrinology Section, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Campos
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Rare Disease Unit and Medicine Genetics Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Hernandez
- Pediatric Endocrinology Section, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Díaz-Troyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Diego Yeste
- Pediatric Endocrinology Section, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Raras, Instituto Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Simó
- Endocrinology Department, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Reference Networks (ERN), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Womack SR, Beam CR, Giangrande EJ, Scharf RJ, Tong X, Ponnapalli M, Davis DW, Turkheimer E. Nonlinear Catch-Up Growth in Height, Weight, and Head Circumference from Birth to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Twin Study. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2005347. [PMID: 36798196 PMCID: PMC9934774 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2005347/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to high rates of prenatal complications, twins are, on average, substantially smaller than population norms on physical measurements including height, weight, and head circumference at birth. By early childhood, twins are physically average. This study is the first to explore the process of catch-up growth by fitting asymptotic growth models to age-standardized height, weight, and head circumference measurements in a community sample of twins ( n = 1,281, 52.3% female) followed at up to 17 time points from birth to 15 years. Catch-up growth was rapid over the first year and plateaued around the population mean by early childhood. Shared environmental factors accounted for the majority of individual differences in initial physical size (57.7%-65.5%), whereas additive genetic factors accounted for the majority of individual differences in the upper asymptotes of height, weight, and head circumference (73.4%-92.6%). Both additive genetic and shared environmental factors were associated with variance in how quickly twins caught up. Gestational age and family SES emerged as important environmental correlates of physical catch-up growth.
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Social stratification reflected in bone mineral density and stature: Spectral imaging and osteoarchaeological findings from medieval Norway. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275448. [PMID: 36260599 PMCID: PMC9581373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents skeletal material from five medieval burial sites in Eastern Norway, confined to one royal burial church, one Dominican monastery, and three burial sites representing parish populations. We combine osteological analysis and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, studying the remains of 227 individuals (102 females and 125 males) employing young, middle, and old adult age categories. The aim is to assess bone mineral density as a skeletal indicator of socioeconomic status including stature as a variable. We detected that socioeconomic status significantly affected bone mineral density and stature. Individuals of high status had higher bone mineral density (0.07 g/cm2, p = 0.003) and taller stature (1.85 cm, p = 0.017) than individuals from the parish population. We detected no significant relationship between young adult bone mineral density and socioeconomic status (p = 0.127 and 0.059 for females and males, respectively). For males, high young adult bone mineral density and stature varied concordantly in both status groups. In contrast, females of high status were significantly taller than females in the parish population (p = 0.011). Our findings indicate quite different conditions during growth and puberty for the two groups of females. The age-related pattern of bone variation also portrayed quite different trajectories for the two socioeconomic status groups of both sexes. We discuss sociocultural practices (living conditions during childhood and puberty, as well as nutritional and lifestyle factors in adult life), possibly explaining the differences in bone mineral density between the high-status and parish population groups. The observation of greater differences in bone mineral density and stature for females than males in the medieval society of Norway is also further discussed.
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Luo D, Song Y. Socio-economic inequalities in child growth: Identifying orientation and forward-looking layout. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 21:100412. [PMID: 35243460 PMCID: PMC8885566 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Karlsson O, Domingue BW, Kim R, Subramanian S. Estimating heritability in heights without zygosity information for under-five children in low- and middle-income countries: An application of normal finite mixture distribution model. SSM Popul Health 2022; 17:101043. [PMID: 35242993 PMCID: PMC8861393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin studies are widely used to estimate heritability of traits and typically rely on knowing the zygosity of twin pairs in order to determine variation attributable to genetics. Most twin studies are conducted in high resource settings. Large scale household survey data, such as the Demographic and Health Surveys, collect various biomarkers for children under five years old in low- and middle-income countries. These data include twins but no information on zygosity. We applied mixture models to obtain heritability estimates without knowing zygosity of twins, using 249 Demographic and Health Surveys from 79 low- and middle-income countries (14,524 twin pairs). We focused on height of children, adjusted for age and sex, but also provided estimates for other biomarkers available in the data. We estimated that the heritability of height in our sample was 46%. Mixture model was used to obtain heritability estimates for biomarkers for children under five without zygosity information. 46% of height was determined by heritability. Heritability estimate was 0.54 for weight-for-age z-score and 0.51 for residualized weight. An implausible heritability estimate of 0.93 was found for weight-for-height z-score. Birthweight had a heritability estimate of 0.71 and hemoglobin level had a heritability estimate of 0.61.
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Liau ZQG, Wang Y, Lin HY, Cheong CK, Gupta S, Hui JHP. Orthopedic concerns of a child with short stature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2022; 34:82-91. [PMID: 34840250 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pediatric short stature poses severe concerns to the patient, parents, and physicians. Management for pediatric short stature is still widely debated due to heterogenous etiological factors and treatment options. This review will address the approach to pediatric short stature, commonly within the subset of skeletal dysplasia resulting in disproportionate short stature. The following will be discussed: the etiology, clinical, and radiological evaluations, and management for pediatric short stature. RECENT FINDINGS Early recognition of short stature and appropriate referrals is shown to benefit the patient and reduce parental concern. A multidisciplinary team, comprising an orthopedic surgeon, is fundamental to provide holistic care and ensure overall good quality of life. Advancements in clinical diagnostic tools and diversified treatment modalities today provides optimism in managing pediatric short stature. SUMMARY Skeletal dysplasia can be treated with good prognosis if diagnosed and managed early. Thorough clinical, radiological, laboratory, and even genetic investigations are important to differentiate and manage various types of skeletal dysplasia. Our review will provide a comprehensive and up-to-date approach to skeletal dysplasia for pediatric orthopedic surgeons, and indications for physicians to refer patients with suspected short stature to pediatric orthopedic surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Qiang Glen Liau
- University Orthopaedic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System
| | - Yuhang Wang
- National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Hong-Yi Lin
- National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Chin Kai Cheong
- National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Shobhit Gupta
- University Orthopaedic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- University Orthopaedic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System
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Differences in Physical Fitness and Body Composition Between Active and Sedentary Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:177-192. [PMID: 35031910 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous research analyzing the differences in physical fitness and body composition between active and sedentary adolescents aged 12-16 has not provided conclusive results. For this reason, a systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to provide an overview of the results obtained to date. The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to investigate the differences in the physical fitness and body composition of adolescents who engaged in daily physical activity and those who were inactive. A search in PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Sciences databases was performed. A total of 13,884 articles were reviewed and 11 were included in the meta-analysis. In the physical fitness performance, significantly higher values in cardiorespiratory fitness, hamstring and lower back flexibility, sit-ups and upper limb resistance were found in active compared to the inactive participants. In body composition, the inactive group showed significantly higher values in variables related to body fat, mainly in body fat percentage, fat mass and fat mass index compared to the active group. The results revealed that maintaining an active lifestyle through physical activity is a determining factor in improving the physical fitness and body composition of adolescents aged 12-16 years. The study design of the systematic review was previously registered in PROSPERO with code CRD42021241975. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=241975 .
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Yang M, Deng X, Wang S, Zhou B, Niu W, Zhang Z. Identification and characterization of factors associated with short stature and pre-shortness in Chinese preschool-aged children. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:607-619. [PMID: 34010149 PMCID: PMC8240712 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify and characterize potential factors, both individually and jointly as a nomogram, associated with short stature and pre-shortness in Chinese preschool-aged children. METHODS Total of 9501 children aged 3-6 years were recruited from 30 kindergartens in Beijing and Tangshan from September to December 2020 using a stratified random sampling method. Effect-size estimates are expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. RESULTS The prevalence of short stature and pre-shortness in preschool-aged children was 3.9% (n = 375) and 13.1% (n = 1616), respectively. Factors simultaneously associated with the significant risk for short stature, pre-shortness and both included BMI, paternal height, maternal height, birth weight, birth height, latter birth order (≥2) and less parental patience to children. Besides, breastfeeding duration (≥12 months) was exclusively associated with pre-shortness (OR, 95% CI, P: 1.16, 1.01 to 1.33, 0.037), and childhood obesity with both short stature (3.45, 2.62 to 4.54, <0.001) and short stature/pre-shortness (1.37, 1.15 to 1.64, <0.001). Modeling of significant factors in nomograms had descent prediction accuracies, with the C-index being 77.0, 70.1 and 71.2% for short stature, pre-shortness and both, respectively (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the joint contribution of inherited characteristics, nutrition status from the uterus to childhood, and family psychological environment to short stature and pre-shortness in Chinese preschool-aged children. Further validation in other independent groups is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangling Deng
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shunan Wang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenquan Niu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to W Niu or Z Zhang: or
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- International Medical Services, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to W Niu or Z Zhang: or
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15
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Yuan Y, Zhou B, Wang K, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Niu W. Identification of contributing predictors for short stature and pre-shortness among 7310 Chinese preschool-aged children. Endocrine 2021; 71:443-452. [PMID: 33111222 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES We aimed to identify the contributing predictors for short stature and pre-shortness in Chinese preschool-aged children, and further to construct nomogram prediction models. METHODS A large cross-sectional, kindergarten-based study was conducted during September-November, 2019 in Beijing. Utilizing a stratified random sampling method, total 20 kindergartens with 7310 children with complete data were eligible for analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of short stature and pre-shortness was 3.0% (n = 222) and 11.6% (n = 848), respectively. Six contributing predictors were significantly associated with short stature, including parental height (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, P: 0.773, 0.69-0.86, <0.001), maternal height (0.723, 0.64-0.82, <0.001), birthweight (0.826, 0.74-0.92, 0.001), birth height (0.831, 0.69-1.00, 0.046), children body mass index (1.204, 1.43-1.82, <0.001), and maternal age at menarche (1.614, 1.43-1.82, <0.001). Seven significant contributing predictors were found for pre-shortness, including parental height (0.805, 0.76-0.85, <0.001), maternal height (0.821, 0.77-0.87, <0.001), birthweight (0.881, 0.83-0.93, <0.001), birth height (0.86, 0.78-0.95, 0.003), gestational weight gain (0.851, 0.77-0.94, 0.002), children body mass index (1.142, 1.05-1.24, 0.002), and chronic disease (4.016, 1.66-9.70, 0.002). The nomogram models for short stature and pre-shortness had descent prediction accuracies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that short stature is predominantly determined by inherited and natal factors, and pre-shortness is additionally by modifiable factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- International Medical Services, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- International Medical Services, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kundi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- International Medical Services, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenquan Niu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Vassallo S, Davies C, Biehler-Gomez L. Sex estimation using scapular measurements: discriminant function analysis in a modern Italian population. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2020.1868575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Vassallo
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Catriona Davies
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lucie Biehler-Gomez
- LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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