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Sawai K, Arakawa A, Taniguchi M, Xiao B, Sawai M, Osaki M, Yamaguchi E, Hayama Y, Murato Y, Shimizu Y, Kondo S, Yamamoto T. Assessing population structure and migration patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Japan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21186. [PMID: 38040788 PMCID: PMC10692317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographical wildlife patterns reflect historical range expansion and connectivity and provide insights into wildlife population management. In our large-scale phylogeographic population analysis of wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) in Japan, we identified 15 clusters using 29 microsatellite markers, each structured within a range of approximately 200 km. This suggests that evolution was essentially driven by isolation by distance, and that the range of gene flow was limited. One cluster contained subpopulations located approximately 900 km apart, indicating the occurrence of past anthropogenic introductions. Moreover, we estimated effective migration to visualize the geographic genetic population diversity. This analysis identified six potential barriers, one of which involved large plains and mountainous areas in the Kanto region of eastern Japan. This barrier likely persisted in the two eastern clusters for an extended period, restricting migration to the neighboring areas. Overall, our study sheds light on the demographic history of wild boar in Japan, provides evidence of past anthropogenic introductions from distant areas, and highlights the importance of geographic barriers in shaping genetic diversity and population dynamics. This knowledge will be beneficial for forming informed wildlife management strategies toward the conservation of genetic integrity and ecological balance of wild boar populations in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sawai
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Aisaku Arakawa
- Meat Animal Biosystems Group, Division of Meat Animal and Poultry Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Masaaki Taniguchi
- Meat Animal Biosystems Group, Division of Meat Animal and Poultry Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Bo Xiao
- Virus Group, Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Miwa Sawai
- Virus Group, Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Division of Hygiene Management Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murato
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yumiko Shimizu
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sonoko Kondo
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
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Sá P, Santos D, Chiaia H, Leitão A, Cordeiro JM, Gama LT, Amaral AJ. Lost pigs of Angola: Whole genome sequencing reveals unique regions of selection with emphasis on metabolism and feed efficiency. Front Genet 2022; 13:1003069. [PMID: 36353101 PMCID: PMC9639768 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1003069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angola, in the western coast of Africa, has been through dramatic social events that have led to the near-disappearance of native swine populations, and the recent introduction of European exotic breeds has also contributed to the erosion of this native swine repertoire. In an effort to investigate the genetic basis of native pigs in Angola (ANG) we have generated whole genomes from animals of a remote local pig population in Huambo province, which we have compared with 78 genomes of European and Asian pig breeds as well as European and Asian wild boars that are currently in public domain. Analyses of population structure showed that ANG pigs grouped within the European cluster and were clearly separated from Asian pig breeds. Pairwise FST ranged from 0.14 to 0.26, ANG pigs display lower levels of genetic differentiation towards European breeds. Finally, we have identified candidate regions for selection using a complementary approach based on various methods. All results suggest that selection towards feed efficiency and metabolism has occurred. Moreover, all analysis identified CDKAL1 gene, which is related with insulin and cholesterol metabolism, as a candidate gene overlapping signatures of selection unique to ANG pigs. This study presents the first assessment of the genetic relationship between ANG pigs and other world breeds and uncovers selection signatures that may indicate adaptation features unique to this important genetic resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sá
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dulce Santos
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hermenegildo Chiaia
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade José Eduardo dos Santos, Huambo, Angola
| | - Alexandre Leitão
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Moras Cordeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade José Eduardo dos Santos, Huambo, Angola
| | - Luís T. Gama
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia J. Amaral
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Andreia J. Amaral,
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Wang X, Ran X, Niu X, Huang S, Li S, Wang J. Whole-genome sequence analysis reveals selection signatures for important economic traits in Xiang pigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11823. [PMID: 35821031 PMCID: PMC9276726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xiang pig (XP) is one of the best-known indigenous pig breeds in China, which is characterized by its small body size, strong disease resistance, high adaptability, favorite meat quality, small litter sizes, and early sexual maturity. However, the genomic evidence that links these unique traits of XP is still poorly understood. To identify the genomic signatures of selection in XP, we performed whole-genome resequencing on 25 unrelated individual XPs. We obtained 876.70 Gb of raw data from the genomic libraries. The LD analysis showed that the lowest level of linkage disequilibrium was observed in Xiang pig. Comparative genomic analysis between XPs and other breeds including Tibetan, Meishan, Duroc and Landrace revealed 3062, 1228, 907 and 1519 selected regions, respectively. The genes identified in selected regions of XPs were associated with growth and development processes (IGF1R, PROP1, TBX19, STAC3, RLF, SELENOM, MSTN), immunity and disease resistance (ZCCHC2, SERPINB2, ADGRE5, CYP7B1, STAT6, IL2, CD80, RHBDD3, PIK3IP1), environmental adaptation (NR2E1, SERPINB8, SERPINB10, SLC26A7, MYO1A, SDR9C7, UVSSA, EXPH5, VEGFC, PDE1A), reproduction (CCNB2, TRPM6, EYA3, CYP7B1, LIMK2, RSPO1, ADAM32, SPAG16), meat quality traits (DECR1, EWSR1), and early sexual maturity (TAC3). Through the absolute allele frequency difference (ΔAF) analysis, we explored two population-specific missense mutations occurred in NR6A1 and LTBP2 genes, which well explained that the vertebrae numbers of Xiang pigs were less than that of the European pig breeds. Our results indicated that Xiang pigs were less affected by artificial selection than the European and Meishan pig breeds. The selected candidate genes were mainly involved in growth and development, disease resistance, reproduction, meat quality, and early sexual maturity. This study provided a list of functional candidate genes, as well as a number of genetic variants, which would provide insight into the molecular basis for the unique traits of Xiang pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Wang
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservative and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science and College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.,Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China
| | - Xueqin Ran
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservative and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science and College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xi Niu
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservative and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science and College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shihui Huang
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservative and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science and College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservative and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science and College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiafu Wang
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservative and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science and College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Yuan D, Yu H, Liu S, Hao L, Zhang J. Prediction and Experimental Verification of a Hierarchical Transcription Factor Regulatory Network of Porcine Myoglobin (Mb). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123599. [PMID: 34944373 PMCID: PMC8698129 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoglobin is a key chemical component that determines meat's color and affects consumers' purchase intentions. In this work, we firstly identified the promoter sequence of the Mb gene from the primary assembly of high-throughput genome sequencing in pigs, and predicted its potential transcription factors by LASAGNA. Through the data mining of the mRNA expression profile of longissimus dorsi muscle of different pig breeds, we constructed a hierarchical interplay network of Mb-TFs (Myoglobin-Transcription Factors), consisting of 16 adaptive transcription factors and 23 secondary transcription factors. The verification of gene expression in longissimus dorsi muscle showed that the Mb mRNA and encoded protein were significantly (p < 0.05) more abundant in Bama pigs than Yorkshire pigs. The qRT-PCR (Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR) validation on genes of the Mb-TFs network showed that FOS, STAT3, STAT1, NEFL21, NFE2L2 and MAFB were significant positive regulatory core transcription factors of Mb-TFs network in Bama pigs, whereas ATF3 was the secondary transcription factor most responsible for the activation of the above transcription factors. Our study provides a new strategy to unravel the mechanism of pork color formation, based on public transcriptome and genome data analysis.
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Hosseini SN, Parkkila S. Application of beta and gamma carbonic anhydrase sequences as tools for identification of bacterial contamination in the whole genome sequence of inbred Wuzhishan minipig (Sus scrofa) annotated in databases. Database (Oxford) 2021; 2021:baab029. [PMID: 34003248 PMCID: PMC8130508 DOI: 10.1093/database/baab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sus scrofa or pig was domesticated thousands of years ago. Through various indigenous breeds, different phenotypes were produced such as Chinese inbred miniature minipig or Wuzhishan pig (WZSP), which is broadly used in the life and medical sciences. The whole genome of WZSP was sequenced in 2012. Through a bioinformatics study of pig carbonic anhydrase (CA) sequences, we detected some β- and γ-class CAs among the WZSP CAs annotated in databases, while β- or γ-CAs had not previously been described in vertebrates. This finding urged us to analyze the quality of whole genome sequence of WZSP for the possible bacterial contamination. In this study, we used bioinformatics methods and web tools such as UniProt, European Bioinformatics Institute, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Ensembl Genome Browser, Ensembl Bacteria, RSCB PDB and Pseudomonas Genome Database. Our analysis defined that pig has 12 classical α-CAs and 3 CA-related proteins. Meanwhile, it was approved that the detected CAs in WZSP are categorized in the β- and γ-CA families, which belong to Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. The protein structure study revealed that the identified β-CA sequence from WZSP belongs to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with PDB ID: 5JJ8, and the identified γ-CA sequence from WZSP belongs to P. aeruginosa with PDB ID: 3PMO. Bioinformatics and computational methods accompanied with bacterial-specific markers, such as 16S rRNA and β- and γ-class CA sequences, can be used to identify bacterial contamination in mammalian DNA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Nezamedin Hosseini
- Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Nosková A, Bhati M, Kadri NK, Crysnanto D, Neuenschwander S, Hofer A, Pausch H. Characterization of a haplotype-reference panel for genotyping by low-pass sequencing in Swiss Large White pigs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:290. [PMID: 33882824 PMCID: PMC8061004 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The key-ancestor approach has been frequently applied to prioritize individuals for whole-genome sequencing based on their marginal genetic contribution to current populations. Using this approach, we selected 70 key ancestors from two lines of the Swiss Large White breed that have been selected divergently for fertility and fattening traits and sequenced their genomes with short paired-end reads. RESULTS Using pedigree records, we estimated the effective population size of the dam and sire line to 72 and 44, respectively. In order to assess sequence variation in both lines, we sequenced the genomes of 70 boars at an average coverage of 16.69-fold. The boars explained 87.95 and 95.35% of the genetic diversity of the breeding populations of the dam and sire line, respectively. Reference-guided variant discovery using the GATK revealed 26,862,369 polymorphic sites. Principal component, admixture and fixation index (FST) analyses indicated considerable genetic differentiation between the lines. Genomic inbreeding quantified using runs of homozygosity was higher in the sire than dam line (0.28 vs 0.26). Using two complementary approaches, we detected 51 signatures of selection. However, only six signatures of selection overlapped between both lines. We used the sequenced haplotypes of the 70 key ancestors as a reference panel to call 22,618,811 genotypes in 175 pigs that had been sequenced at very low coverage (1.11-fold) using the GLIMPSE software. The genotype concordance, non-reference sensitivity and non-reference discrepancy between thus inferred and Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip-called genotypes was 97.60, 98.73 and 3.24%, respectively. The low-pass sequencing-derived genomic relationship coefficients were highly correlated (r > 0.99) with those obtained from microarray genotyping. CONCLUSIONS We assessed genetic diversity within and between two lines of the Swiss Large White pig breed. Our analyses revealed considerable differentiation, even though the split into two populations occurred only few generations ago. The sequenced haplotypes of the key ancestor animals enabled us to implement genotyping by low-pass sequencing which offers an intriguing cost-effective approach to increase the variant density over current array-based genotyping by more than 350-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Nosková
- Animal Genomics, ETH Zürich, Eschikon 27, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland.
| | - Meenu Bhati
- Animal Genomics, ETH Zürich, Eschikon 27, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | | | - Danang Crysnanto
- Animal Genomics, ETH Zürich, Eschikon 27, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hubert Pausch
- Animal Genomics, ETH Zürich, Eschikon 27, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
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Kim YM, Seong HS, Lee JJ, Son DH, Kim JS, Sa SJ, Kim YS, Choi TJ, Cho KH, Hong JK, Choi JW, Cho ES. Genome-wide investigation of a Korean synthetic breed, Woori-Heukdon using the Illumina PorcineSNP60K BeadChip. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:1443-1453. [PMID: 33145727 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-01008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Woori-Heukdon (KWH) is a Korean synthetic pig breed generated using Chookjin-Duroc (KCD), Chookjin-Chamdon (KCC), and their crossbreds. Currently, there is a severe lack of studies investigating the Korean breed populations including wild boars (KWB) throughout the genome. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the genetic characteristics of Korean pig populations at the genome-wide level. METHODS Using the SNP dataset derived from genotyped and downloaded datasets using the Illumina PorcineSNP60K BeadChip, we compared the genomes of 532 individuals derived from 23 pig breeds to assess the genetic diversity, inbreeding coefficient, genetic differentiation, and population structure. RESULTS KWB showed the lowest average expected heterozygosity (HE = 0.1904), while KWH showed the highest genetic diversity (HE = 0.02859) among Korean populations. We verified that the genetic composition of KWH, showing USD of 74.8% and KCC of 25.2% in ADMIXTURE analysis. In population structure analyses, KCC was consistently shown to be separated from other pig populations. In addition, we observed gene flow from Western pigs to a part of Chinese populations. CONCLUSION This study showed that Korean native pigs, KCC have genetic differences in comparison with Chinese and Western pigs; despite some historical records and recent genetic studies, we could not find any clear evidence that KCC was significantly influenced by Chinese or Western breeds in this study. We also verified the theoretical genomic composition of KWH at the molecular level in structure analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first genomic study to investigate the genomic characteristics of KWH and KCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Min Kim
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 331-801, Republic of Korea.,College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Seung Seong
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Jae Lee
- Jung P & C Institute, Inc., 1504 U-TOWER, Yongin, 16950, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Son
- Darby Genetics, Anseong, 7381-8, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Su Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Sa
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 331-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sin Kim
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 331-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jeong Choi
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 331-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Cho
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 331-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Ki Hong
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 331-801, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Woo Choi
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Seok Cho
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 331-801, Republic of Korea.
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