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Rozzi R, Quilodrán CS, Botero-Delgadillo E, Napolitano C, Torres-Mura JC, Barroso O, Crego RD, Bravo C, Ippi S, Quirici V, Mackenzie R, Suazo CG, Rivero-de-Aguilar J, Goffinet B, Kempenaers B, Poulin E, Vásquez RA. The Subantarctic Rayadito (Aphrastura subantarctica), a new bird species on the southernmost islands of the Americas. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13957. [PMID: 36028531 PMCID: PMC9418250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new taxon of terrestrial bird of the genus Aphrastura (rayaditos) inhabiting the Diego Ramírez Archipelago, the southernmost point of the American continent. This archipelago is geographically isolated and lacks terrestrial mammalian predators as well as woody plants, providing a contrasted habitat to the forests inhabited by the other two Aphrastura spp. Individuals of Diego Ramírez differ morphologically from Aphrastura spinicauda, the taxonomic group they were originally attributed to, by their larger beaks, longer tarsi, shorter tails, and larger body mass. These birds move at shorter distances from ground level, and instead of nesting in cavities in trees, they breed in cavities in the ground, reflecting different life-histories. Both taxa are genetically differentiated based on mitochondrial and autosomal markers, with no evidence of current gene flow. Although further research is required to define how far divergence has proceeded along the speciation continuum, we propose A. subantarctica as a new taxonomic unit, given its unique morphological, genetic, and behavioral attributes in a non-forested habitat. The discovery of this endemic passerine highlights the need to monitor and conserve this still-pristine archipelago devoid of exotic species, which is now protected by the recently created Diego Ramírez Islands-Drake Passage Marine Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rozzi
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile.
- Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program, Department of Philosophy and Religion and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Claudio S Quilodrán
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile.
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Esteban Botero-Delgadillo
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Plank Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecologicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Napolitano
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Torres-Mura
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- AvesChile (Unión de Ornitólogos de Chile), Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar Barroso
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - Ramiro D Crego
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Camila Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecologicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvina Ippi
- Departamento de Zoología, CRUB Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Verónica Quirici
- Centro de Investigación Para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roy Mackenzie
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - Cristián G Suazo
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Juan Rivero-de-Aguilar
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - Bernard Goffinet
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Plank Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Elie Poulin
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecologicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Vásquez
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecologicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Botero‐Delgadillo E, Quirici V, Ippi S, Vásquez RA, Kempenaers B. Evidence of low within-pair genetic relatedness in a relict population of Thorn-tailed Rayadito despite long-term isolation. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8679. [PMID: 35309754 PMCID: PMC8901872 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating whether mating patterns are biased in relation to kinship in isolated populations can provide a better understanding of the occurrence of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms in wild populations. Here, we report on the genetic relatedness (r) among breeding pairs in a relict population of Thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) in north-central Chile that has experienced a long-term history of isolation. We used simulations based on 8 years of data to assess whether mating is random with respect to relatedness. We found that mean and median population values of pair relatedness tended to be lower than randomly generated values, suggesting that mating is not random with respect to kinship. We hypothesize that female-biased dispersal is the main mechanism reducing the likelihood of mating among kin, and that the proportion of related pairs (i.e., r > 0.125) in the study population (25%) would presumably be higher in the absence of sex-biased dispersal. The occurrence of other mechanisms such as extra-pair copulations, delayed breeding, and active inbreeding avoidance through kin discrimination cannot be dismissed and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Botero‐Delgadillo
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Plank Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
- Departamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasInstituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- SELVA: Research for Conservation in the NeotropicsBogotáColombia
| | - Verónica Quirici
- Departamento de Ecología y BiodiversidadFacultad de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
- Centro de investigación para la sustentabilidadUniversidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
| | - Silvina Ippi
- Departamento de ZoologíaCRUB Universidad Nacional del Comahue – CONICETBarilocheArgentina
| | - Rodrigo A. Vásquez
- Departamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasInstituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Plank Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
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Quilodrán CS, Sandvig EM, Aguirre F, de Aguilar JR, Barroso O, Vásquez RA, Rozzi R. The extreme rainfall gradient of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve and its impact on forest bird richness. BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2022; 31:613-627. [PMID: 35529023 PMCID: PMC9035007 DOI: 10.1007/s10531-022-02353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A natural laboratory is a place supporting the conditions for hypothesis testing under non-anthropogenic settings. Located at the southern end of the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion in southwestern South America, the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR) has one of the most extreme rainfall gradients in the world. Subject to oceanic climate conditions, it is also characterized by moderate thermal fluctuations throughout the year. This makes it a unique natural laboratory for studying the effects of extreme rainfall variations on forest bird communities. Here, we monitor the bird species richness in the different forest types present in the CHBR. We found that species richness decreased with increasing precipitation, in which an increase of 100 mm in average annual precipitation showed about 1% decrease in species richness. Similar patterns were found among different forest types within the CHBR. These results provide a baseline to investigate the interactions between physical and biotic factors in a subpolar region that climatically contrasts with boreal forests, which is subject to continental climatic conditions. This research highlights the importance of ecological and ornithological long-term studies in the CHBR, which can contribute both to a higher resolution of the heterogeneity of climate changes in different regions of the world, and to orient conservation policies in the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion in the face of growing development pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio S. Quilodrán
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, OX 1 3PS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cape Horn International Center, Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - Erik M. Sandvig
- Cape Horn International Center, Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguirre
- Cape Horn International Center, Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Gaia Antártica (CIGA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Juan Rivero de Aguilar
- Cape Horn International Center, Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - Omar Barroso
- Cape Horn International Center, Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. Vásquez
- Cape Horn International Center, Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Rozzi
- Cape Horn International Center, Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program, Department of Philosophy and Religion & Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX USA
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Javaheri Tehrani S, Kvist L, Mirshamsi O, Ghasempouri SM, Aliabadian M. Genetic divergence, admixture and subspecific boundaries in a peripheral population of the great tit, Parus major (Aves: Paridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Secondary contact zones have been formed between several pairs of avian species and subspecies in northern and north-eastern Iran during the post-Pleistocene and Holocene periods. Three subspecies groups out of the four in the great tit (Parus major), major, bokharensis and cinereus, are believed to have come into local or regional secondary contact in north-eastern Iran. Parus major intermedius is also known from this region and has long been suggested to have a hybrid origin from hybridization between the yellow western (major) subspecies group and the grey-coloured eastern (bokharensis or cinereus) subspecies group based on its intermediate plumage coloration. Here, we investigated the evidence of intergradation between subspecies groups and the evolutionary origin of P. m. intermedius using mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellites, and approximate Bayesian computation to test competing scenarios for the demographic history of the populations. Our analyses indicate a divergence origin for intermedius that resulted from expansion of the major subspecies group. Low mitochondrial diversity and high genetic differentiation in comparison with central populations suggest that intermedius is a peripheral population. Microsatellite data show no signs of nuclear admixture between the bokharensis and major subspecies groups. However, one phenotypically intermedius specimen had bokharensis mtDNA and major nuclear DNA in the assumed hybrid zone (Lotf Abad), supporting past introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Javaheri Tehrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177 9489 74, Iran
| | - Laura Kvist
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Omid Mirshamsi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177 9489 74, Iran
- Research Department of Zoological Innovations, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177 9489 74, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Ghasempouri
- Department of Environmental Science, Natural Resources and Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor POB 46414-356, Iran
| | - Mansour Aliabadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177 9489 74, Iran
- Research Department of Zoological Innovations, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177 9489 74, Iran
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Faria FA, Repenning MÁ, Nunes G, Senner NR, Bugoni L. Breeding habitats, phenology and size of a resident population of Two‐banded Plover (
Charadrius falklandicus
) at the northern edge of its distribution. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Faria
- Laboratório de Aves Aquáticas e Tartarugas Marinhas Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG Campus Carreiros Rio Grande 96203‐900 Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica Instituto de Oceanografia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG Rio Grande Brazil
| | - MÁrcio Repenning
- Laboratório de Aves Aquáticas e Tartarugas Marinhas Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG Campus Carreiros Rio Grande 96203‐900 Brazil
| | - Guilherme Nunes
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS Imbé Brazil
| | - Nathan R. Senner
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia SC USA
| | - Leandro Bugoni
- Laboratório de Aves Aquáticas e Tartarugas Marinhas Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG Campus Carreiros Rio Grande 96203‐900 Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica Instituto de Oceanografia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG Rio Grande Brazil
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Poblete Y, Botero‐Delgadillo E, Espíndola‐Hernández P, Südel G, Vásquez RA. Female extra-pair behavior is not associated with reduced paternal care in Thorn-tailed Rayadito. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3065-3071. [PMID: 33841767 PMCID: PMC8019036 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-pair behavior is present in 76% of socially monogamous bird species with biparental care. This behavior may produce costs to females related to a reduction in paternal care. We estimated the percentage of extra-pair offspring and quantified paternal care in 44 nests of Thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) to assess whether males reduce their parental care when females obtain extra-pair fertilizations. We used data from a sub-Antarctic population of Rayadito located on Navarino Island (55°4'S, 67°40'W), southern Chile. We found no statistical support for a relationship between variation in paternal care and the percentage of extra-pair offspring. We discuss how the inability of breeding males to assess their genetic paternity and potential restrictions on behavioral flexibility may explain this result. Additionally, if paternal care is subjected to sexual selection, this could limit a facultative response to female extra-pair behavior by males. Finally, it is possible that a reduction in paternal care might not have evolved in this particular locality given the low frequency of extra-pair paternity in our study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Poblete
- Instituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadDepartamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- NIAVA: Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y AgronómicasInstituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad de Las AméricasSantiagoChile
| | - Esteban Botero‐Delgadillo
- Instituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadDepartamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- Department of Behavioral Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Planck Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
- SELVA: Research for conservation in the NeotropicsBogotáColombia
| | - Pamela Espíndola‐Hernández
- Instituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadDepartamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- Department of Behavioral Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Planck Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
| | - Gabriela Südel
- Instituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadDepartamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Rodrigo A. Vásquez
- Instituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadDepartamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
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Botero-Delgadillo E, Quirici V, Vásquez RA, Kempenaers B. Heterozygosity-Fitness Correlations in a Continental Island Population of Thorn-Tailed Rayadito. J Hered 2020; 111:628-639. [PMID: 33277658 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygosity-fitness correlations (HFCs) have been used to monitor the effects of inbreeding in threatened populations. HFCs can also be useful to investigate the potential effects of inbreeding in isolated relict populations of long-term persistence and to better understand the role of inbreeding and outbreeding as drivers of changes in genetic diversity. We studied a continental island population of thorn-tailed rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) inhabiting the relict forest of Fray Jorge National Park, north-central Chile. This population has experienced a long-term, gradual process of isolation since the end of the Tertiary. Using 10 years of field data in combination with molecular techniques, we tested for HFCs to assess the importance of inbreeding depression. If inbreeding depression is important, we predict a positive relationship between individual heterozygosity and fitness-related traits. We genotyped 183 individuals at 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci and used 7 measures of reproductive success and estimates of apparent survival to calculate HFCs. We found weak to moderate statistical support (P-values between 0.05 and 0.01) for a linear effect of female multi-locus heterozygosity (MLH) on clutch size and nonlinear effects on laying date and fledging success. While more heterozygous females laid smaller clutches, nonlinear effects indicated that females with intermediate values of MLH started laying earlier and had higher fledging success. We found no evidence for effects of MLH on annual fecundity or on apparent survival. Our results along with the long-term demographic stability of the study population contradict the hypothesis that inbreeding depression occurs in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Botero-Delgadillo
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Plank Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Verónica Quirici
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de investigación para la sustentabilidad, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Vásquez
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Plank Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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Botero‐Delgadillo E, Quirici V, Poblete Y, Ippi S, Kempenaers B, Vásquez RA. Extrapair paternity in two populations of the socially monogamous Thorn-tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda (Passeriformes: Furnariidae). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11861-11868. [PMID: 33209255 PMCID: PMC7663059 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on extrapair paternity (EPP) are key to understanding the ecological and evolutionary drivers of variation in avian mating strategies, but information is currently lacking for most tropical and subtropical taxa. We describe the occurrence of EPP in two populations of a South American socially monogamous bird, the Thorn-tailed Rayadito, based on data from 266 broods and 895 offspring that were sampled during six breeding seasons in north-central and southern Chile. In the northern population, 21% of the broods contained at least one extrapair young and 14% of all offspring were sired by an extrapair male, while in the southern population, we detected extrapair offspring (EPO) in 14% of the broods, and 6% of all offspring were EPO. Variation in the frequency of EPP could stem from population differences in the duration of the breeding season or the density of breeding individuals. Other factors such as differences in breeding synchrony and variation in food availability need to be evaluated. More reports on EPP rates are necessary to determine the patterns of taxonomic and geographic variation in mating strategies in Neotropical birds, and to better understand the differences in ecological dynamics between northern and southern hemisphere populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Botero‐Delgadillo
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Plank Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
- Instituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadDepartamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- SELVA: Research for conservation in the NeotropicsBogotáColombia
| | - Verónica Quirici
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
- Centro de investigación para la sustentabilida, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
| | - Yanina Poblete
- Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad de las AméricasSantiagoChile
| | - Silvina Ippi
- Departamento de ZoologíaCRUB Universidad Nacional del Comahue – CONICETBarilocheArgentina
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Plank Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
| | - Rodrigo A. Vásquez
- Instituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadDepartamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
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