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Olivares-Barraza R, Marcos JL, Martínez-Pinto J, Fuenzalida M, Bravo JA, Gysling K, Sotomayor-Zárate R. Corticotropin-releasing factor system in the lateral septum: Implications in the pathophysiology of obesity. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1020903. [PMID: 36204135 PMCID: PMC9530601 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1020903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pandemic associated with lifestyles changes. These include excess intake of obesogenic foods and decreased physical activity. Brain areas, like the lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) have been linked in both homeostatic and hedonic control of feeding in experimental models of diet-induced obesity. Interestingly, these control systems are regulated by the lateral septum (LS), a relay of γ-aminobutyric (GABA) acid neurons (GABAergic neurons) that inhibit the LH and GABAergic interneurons of the VTA. Furthermore, the LS has a diverse receptor population for neurotransmitters and neuropeptides such as dopamine, glutamate, GABA and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), among others. Particularly, CRF a key player in the stress response, has been related to the development of overweight and obesity. Moreover, evidence shows that LS neurons neurophysiologically regulate reward and stress, although there is little evidence of LS taking part in homeostatic and hedonic feeding. In this review, we discuss the evidence that supports the role of LS and CRF on feeding, and how alterations in this system contribute to weight gain obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossy Olivares-Barraza
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José Luis Marcos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias e Ingeniería para la Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y Veterinarias, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Jonathan Martínez-Pinto
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marco Fuenzalida
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Javier A. Bravo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Katia Gysling
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departmento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- *Correspondence: Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate,
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Barrera A, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Ballesteros GI, Atala C, Molina-Montenegro MA. Biological Soil Crusts as Ecosystem Engineers in Antarctic Ecosystem. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:755014. [PMID: 35391734 PMCID: PMC8981465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.755014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological soil crusts (BSC) are considered as pivotal ecological elements among different ecosystems of the world. The effects of these BSC at the micro-site scale have been related to the development of diverse plant species that, otherwise, might be strongly limited by the harsh abiotic conditions found in environments with low water availability. Here, we describe for the first time the bacterial composition of BSCs found in the proximities of Admiralty Bay (Maritime Antarctica) through 16S metabarcoding. In addition, we evaluated their effect on soils (nutrient levels, enzymatic activity, and water retention), and on the fitness and performance of Colobanthus quitensis, one of the two native Antarctic vascular plants. This was achieved by comparing the photochemical performance, foliar nutrient, biomass, and reproductive investment between C. quitensis plants growing with or without the influence of BSC. Our results revealed a high diversity of prokaryotes present in these soil communities, although we found differences in terms of their abundances. We also found that the presence of BSCs is linked to a significant increase in soils' water retention, nutrient levels, and enzymatic activity when comparing with control soils (without BSCs). In the case of C. quitensis, we found that measured ecophysiological performance parameters were significantly higher on plants growing in association with BSCs. Taken together, our results suggest that BSCs in Antarctic soils are playing a key role in various biochemical processes involved in soil development, while also having a positive effect on the accompanying vascular flora. Therefore, BSCs would be effectively acting as ecosystem engineers for the terrestrial Antarctic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | | | - Cristian Atala
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marco A. Molina-Montenegro
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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Landeo Villanueva S, Malvestiti MC, van Ieperen W, Joosten MHAJ, van Kan JAL. Red light imaging for programmed cell death visualization and quantification in plant-pathogen interactions. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:361-372. [PMID: 33497519 PMCID: PMC7865082 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies on plant-pathogen interactions often involve monitoring disease symptoms or responses of the host plant to pathogen-derived immunogenic patterns, either visually or by staining the plant tissue. Both these methods have limitations with respect to resolution, reproducibility, and the ability to quantify the results. In this study we show that red light detection by the red fluorescent protein (RFP) channel of a multipurpose fluorescence imaging system that is probably available in many laboratories can be used to visualize plant tissue undergoing cell death. Red light emission is the result of chlorophyll fluorescence on thylakoid membrane disassembly during the development of a programmed cell death process. The activation of programmed cell death can occur during either a hypersensitive response to a biotrophic pathogen or an apoptotic cell death triggered by a necrotrophic pathogen. Quantifying the intensity of the red light signal enables the magnitude of programmed cell death to be evaluated and provides a readout of the plant immune response in a faster, safer, and nondestructive manner when compared to previously developed chemical staining methodologies. This application can be implemented to screen for differences in symptom severity in plant-pathogen interactions, and to visualize and quantify in a more sensitive and objective manner the intensity of the plant response on perception of a given immunological pattern. We illustrate the utility and versatility of the method using diverse immunogenic patterns and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wim van Ieperen
- Horticulture and Product PhysiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
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4
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Ramírez Gonzales L, Shi L, Bergonzi SB, Oortwijn M, Franco‐Zorrilla JM, Solano‐Tavira R, Visser RGF, Abelenda JA, Bachem CWB. Potato CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1 and its lncRNA counterpart StFLORE link tuber development and drought response. Plant J 2021; 105:855-869. [PMID: 33220113 PMCID: PMC7985872 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants regulate their reproductive cycles under the influence of environmental cues, such as day length, temperature and water availability. In Solanum tuberosum (potato), vegetative reproduction via tuberization is known to be regulated by photoperiod, in a very similar way to flowering. The central clock output transcription factor CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1 (StCDF1) was shown to regulate tuberization. We now show that StCDF1, together with a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) counterpart, named StFLORE, also regulates water loss through affecting stomatal growth and diurnal opening. Both natural and CRISPR-Cas9 mutations in the StFLORE transcript produce plants with increased sensitivity to water-limiting conditions. Conversely, elevated expression of StFLORE, both by the overexpression of StFLORE or by the downregulation of StCDF1, results in an increased tolerance to drought through reducing water loss. Although StFLORE appears to act as a natural antisense transcript, it is in turn regulated by the StCDF1 transcription factor. We further show that StCDF1 is a non-redundant regulator of tuberization that affects the expression of two other members of the potato StCDF gene family, as well as StCO genes, through binding to a canonical sequence motif. Taken together, we demonstrate that the StCDF1-StFLORE locus is important for vegetative reproduction and water homeostasis, both of which are important traits for potato plant breeding.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Dehydration
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/physiology
- Plant Tubers/growth & development
- Plant Tubers/metabolism
- Plant Tubers/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Antisense/metabolism
- RNA, Antisense/physiology
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/physiology
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/physiology
- Solanum tuberosum/genetics
- Solanum tuberosum/growth & development
- Solanum tuberosum/metabolism
- Solanum tuberosum/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Shi
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 386Wageningen6700 AJthe Netherlands
| | - Sara Bergonzi Bergonzi
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 386Wageningen6700 AJthe Netherlands
| | - Marian Oortwijn
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 386Wageningen6700 AJthe Netherlands
| | - José M. Franco‐Zorrilla
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de Biotecnología – CSICMadrid28049Spain
| | - Roberto Solano‐Tavira
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de Biotecnología – CSICMadrid28049Spain
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 386Wageningen6700 AJthe Netherlands
| | - José A. Abelenda
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Madrid28040Spain
| | - Christian W. B. Bachem
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 386Wageningen6700 AJthe Netherlands
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5
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Reyes-Impellizzeri S, Moreno AA. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Role in the Plant Response to Abiotic Stress. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:755447. [PMID: 34868142 PMCID: PMC8637532 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.755447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the organelle where one third of the proteins of a cell are synthetized. Several of these proteins participate in the signaling and response of cells, tissues, or from the organism to the environment. To secure the proper synthesis and folding of these proteins, or the disposal of unfolded or misfolded proteins, the ER has different mechanisms that interact and regulate each other. These mechanisms are known as the ER quality control (ERQC), ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and the unfolded protein response (UPR), all three participants of the maintenance of ER protein homeostasis or proteostasis. Given the importance of the client proteins of these ER mechanisms in the plant response to the environment, it is expected that changes or alterations on their components have an impact on the plant response to environmental cues or stresses. In this mini review, we focus on the impact of the alteration of components of ERQC, ERAD and UPR in the plant response to abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, osmotic, salt and irradiation. Also, we summarize findings from recent publications looking for a connection between these processes and their possible client(s) proteins. From this, we observed that a clear connection has been established between the ERAD and UPR mechanisms, but evidence that connects ERQC components to these both processes or their possible client(s) proteins is still lacking. As a proposal, we suggest the use of proteomics approaches to uncover the identity of these proteins and their connection with ER proteostasis.
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Botero‐Delgadillo E, Quirici V, Poblete Y, Ippi S, Kempenaers B, Vásquez RA. Extrapair paternity in two populations of the socially monogamous Thorn-tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda (Passeriformes: Furnariidae). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11861-11868. [PMID: 33209255 PMCID: PMC7663059 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on extrapair paternity (EPP) are key to understanding the ecological and evolutionary drivers of variation in avian mating strategies, but information is currently lacking for most tropical and subtropical taxa. We describe the occurrence of EPP in two populations of a South American socially monogamous bird, the Thorn-tailed Rayadito, based on data from 266 broods and 895 offspring that were sampled during six breeding seasons in north-central and southern Chile. In the northern population, 21% of the broods contained at least one extrapair young and 14% of all offspring were sired by an extrapair male, while in the southern population, we detected extrapair offspring (EPO) in 14% of the broods, and 6% of all offspring were EPO. Variation in the frequency of EPP could stem from population differences in the duration of the breeding season or the density of breeding individuals. Other factors such as differences in breeding synchrony and variation in food availability need to be evaluated. More reports on EPP rates are necessary to determine the patterns of taxonomic and geographic variation in mating strategies in Neotropical birds, and to better understand the differences in ecological dynamics between northern and southern hemisphere populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Botero‐Delgadillo
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Plank Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
- Instituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadDepartamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- SELVA: Research for conservation in the NeotropicsBogotáColombia
| | - Verónica Quirici
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
- Centro de investigación para la sustentabilida, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiagoChile
| | - Yanina Poblete
- Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad de las AméricasSantiagoChile
| | - Silvina Ippi
- Departamento de ZoologíaCRUB Universidad Nacional del Comahue – CONICETBarilocheArgentina
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Plank Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
| | - Rodrigo A. Vásquez
- Instituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadDepartamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
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7
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Becheler R, Guillemin M, Stoeckel S, Mauger S, Saunier A, Brante A, Destombe C, Valero M. After a catastrophe, a little bit of sex is better than nothing: Genetic consequences of a major earthquake on asexual and sexual populations. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2086-2100. [PMID: 32908606 PMCID: PMC7463374 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Catastrophic events can have profound effects on the demography of a population and consequently on genetic diversity. The dynamics of postcatastrophic recovery and the role of sexual versus asexual reproduction in buffering the effects of massive perturbations remain poorly understood, in part because the opportunity to document genetic diversity before and after such events is rare. Six natural (purely sexual) and seven cultivated (mainly clonal due to farming practices) populations of the red alga Agarophyton chilense were surveyed along the Chilean coast before, in the days after and 2 years after the 8.8 magnitude earthquake in 2010. The genetic diversity of sexual populations appeared sensitive to this massive perturbation, notably through the loss of rare alleles immediately after the earthquake. By 2012, the levels of diversity returned to those observed before the catastrophe, probably due to migration. In contrast, enhanced rates of clonality in cultivated populations conferred a surprising ability to buffer the instantaneous loss of diversity. After the earthquake, farmers increased the already high rate of clonality to maintain the few surviving beds, but most of them collapsed rapidly. Contrasting fates between sexual and clonal populations suggest that betting on strict clonality to sustain production is risky, probably because this extreme strategy hampered adaptation to the brutal environmental perturbation induced by the catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Becheler
- Centro de Conservación MarinaDepartamento de EcologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileCasillaChile
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
| | - Marie‐Laure Guillemin
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Solenn Stoeckel
- UMR1349 Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant ProtectionINRALe RheuFrance
| | - Stéphane Mauger
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
| | - Alice Saunier
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Antonio Brante
- Departamento de EcologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC)ConcepciónChile
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS)UCSCConcepciónChile
| | - Christophe Destombe
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
| | - Myriam Valero
- UMI 3614Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversidad Austral de ChilePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileRoscoffFrance
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Brandt MJ, Kuppens T, Spears R, Andrighetto L, Autin F, Babincak P, Badea C, Bae J, Batruch A, Becker JC, Bocian K, Bodroža B, Bourguignon D, Bukowski M, Butera F, Butler SE, Chryssochoou X, Conway P, Crawford JT, Croizet J, de Lemus S, Degner J, Dragon P, Durante F, Easterbrook MJ, Essien I, Forgas JP, González R, Graf S, Halama P, Han G, Hong RY, Houdek P, Igou ER, Inbar Y, Jetten J, Jimenez Leal W, Jiménez‐Moya G, Karunagharan JK, Kende A, Korzh M, Laham SM, Lammers J, Lim L, Manstead ASR, Međedović J, Melton ZJ, Motyl M, Ntani S, Owuamalam CK, Peker M, Platow MJ, Prims JP, Reyna C, Rubin M, Saab R, Sankaran S, Shepherd L, Sibley CG, Sobkow A, Spruyt B, Stroebaek P, Sümer N, Sweetman J, Teixeira CP, Toma C, Ujhelyi A, van der Toorn J, van Hiel A, Vásquez‐Echeverría A, Vazquez A, Vianello M, Vranka M, Yzerbyt V, Zimmerman JL. Subjective status and perceived legitimacy across countries. Eur J Soc Psychol 2020; 50:921-942. [PMID: 32999511 PMCID: PMC7507836 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries (N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status and perceived legitimacy was never negative at any levels of eight moderator variables, although the positive association was sometimes reduced. Although not always consistent with hypotheses, group identification, self-esteem, and beliefs in social mobility were all associated with perceived legitimacy among people who have low subjective status. These findings enrich our understanding of the relationship between social status and legitimacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Konrad Bocian
- Sopot Faculty of PsychologySWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | - Bojana Bodroža
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Kende
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Janko Međedović
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological ResearchBelgradeSerbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Agata Sobkow
- Wroclaw Faculty of PsychologySWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
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Veliz D, Rojas‐Hernández N, Copaja SV, Vega‐Retter C. Temporal changes in gene expression and genotype frequency of the ornithine decarboxylase gene in native silverside Basilichthys microlepidotus: Impact of wastewater reduction due to implementation of public policies. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1183-1194. [PMID: 32684954 PMCID: PMC7359834 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activity has caused a deterioration in the health and population size of riverine species; thus, public policies have been implemented to mitigate the anthropogenic impacts of water use, watercourse transformation, and pollution. We studied the Maipo River Basin, one of the most polluted with untreated wastewater in Chile, for a period of 12 years (2007-2019). Since the implementation of new public policies, including the operation of a wastewater collector (2012), the Maipo River Basin is currently much less polluted by untreated water than before. To analyze the impact of wastewater reduction in this river basin, we studied the native silverside (Basilichthys microlepidotus), which inhabits both polluted and unpolluted areas of the river basin. Previous studies reported the overexpression of the ornithine decarboxylase (odc) gene, heterozygote deficit, and high frequency of a homozygote odc genotype in silverside populations that inhabit wastewater-polluted sites, suggesting a phenotypic change and genotypic selection in response to pollution. Here, a population affected and another population unaffected by wastewater were studied before and after implementing the wastewater collector. The physicochemical data of water samples, changes in odc expression and microsatellite variability, and odc genotype frequencies were analyzed. The results showed physicochemical changes in the affected site before and after the operation of the wastewater collector. The microsatellite loci showed no changes in either population. The odc expression in the affected site was higher before the operation of the wastewater collector. Significant changes in the genotype frequencies of the odc gene before and after the wastewater collector operation were detected only at the affected site, wherein the homozygous dominant genotype decreased from >59% to <25%. Our results suggest that public policies aimed at mitigating aquatic pollution can indirectly affect both gene expression and genotype frequencies of important functional genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Veliz
- Departamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- Núcleo Milenio de Ecología y Manejo Sustentable de Islas Oceánicas (ESMOI)Departamento de Biología MarinaUniversidad Católica del NorteCoquimboChile
| | - Noemi Rojas‐Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Sylvia V. Copaja
- Departamento de QuímicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Caren Vega‐Retter
- Departamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
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10
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Nespolo RF, Solano‐Iguaran JJ, Paleo‐López R, Quintero‐Galvis JF, Cubillos FA, Bozinovic F. Performance, genomic rearrangements, and signatures of adaptive evolution: Lessons from fermentative yeasts. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5240-5250. [PMID: 32607147 PMCID: PMC7319171 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of some yeasts to extract energy from single sugars, generating CO2 and ethanol (=fermentation), even in the presence of oxygen, is known as the Crabtree effect. This phenomenon represents an important adaptation as it allowed the utilization of the ecological niche given by modern fruits, an abundant source of food that emerged in the terrestrial environment in the Cretaceous. However, identifying the evolutionary events that triggered fermentative capacity in Crabtree-positive species is challenging, as microorganisms do not leave fossil evidence. Thus, key innovations should be inferred based only on traits measured under culture conditions. Here, we reanalyzed data from a common garden experiment where several proxies of fermentative capacity were recorded in Crabtree-positive and Crabtree-negative species, representing yeast phylogenetic diversity. In particular, we applied the "lasso-OU" algorithm which detects points of adaptive shifts, using traits that are proxies of fermentative performance. We tested whether multiple events or a single event explains the actual fermentative capacity of yeasts. According to the lasso-OU procedure, evolutionary changes in the three proxies of fermentative capacity that we considered (i.e., glycerol production, ethanol yield, and respiratory quotient) are consistent with a single evolutionary episode (a whole-genomic duplication, WGD), instead of a series of small genomic rearrangements. Thus, the WGD appears as the key event behind the diversification of fermentative yeasts, which by increasing gene dosage, and maximized their capacity of energy extraction for exploiting the new ecological niche provided by single sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F. Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio)SantiagoChile
| | | | - Rocío Paleo‐López
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | | | - Francisco A. Cubillos
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio)SantiagoChile
- Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de Química y BiologíaUniversidad de Santiago de 9 ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
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Usandizaga S, Buschmann AH, Camus C, Kappes JL, Arnaud‐Haond S, Mauger S, Valero M, Guillemin ML. Better off alone? Compared performance of monoclonal and polyclonal stands of a cultivated red alga growth. Evol Appl 2020; 13:905-917. [PMID: 32431742 PMCID: PMC7232761 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test, using a field experiment, the effect of genotypic diversity on productivity of farmed populations (Ancud and Chaica, Chile) of the domesticated red alga Agarophyton chilense (formerly known as Gracilaria chilensis), a species considered as economically important in Chile. Monoclonal and polyclonal (4 and 8 genotypes) subplots were outplanted into the mid intertidal in Metri Bay (Puerto Montt, Chile) during summer, a season in which A. chilense face higher temperatures (>18°C) and low nitrogen availability (<4.00 μmol). Ancud farm genotypes show higher growth rates in the monoclonal rather than the two polyclonal subplots. A similar tendency, yet not significant, was discernible in Chaica. In addition, whatever the population of origin of the thalli, no effect of genotypic diversity was detected neither on the agar yield and its quality, nor on the epiphyte load. Such unexpected results of a higher performance in plots with a lower genotypic diversity could be explained (a) by human-assisted selection for dominant-best-performing genotypes that could counterbalance the negative effect caused by the low genotypic diversity in farms and (b) by the fact that the organisms inhabiting the algal mats do not impact the fitness of their host. Overall, the results obtained here suggest that despite farm induced selection lead to impoverished pools of genotypes, they may also have a positive effect of on the resistance of farmed populations to seasonal stressors. However, whether this may have a secondary negative effect on the longer term in a fluctuating environment remains to be determined, but may be avoided by adopting strategy of selection favoring different genotypes in space and time, as implemented in forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Usandizaga
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos NaturalesCentro i~mar and CeBiBUniversidad de Los LagosPuerto MonttChile
| | | | - Carolina Camus
- Centro i~mar and CeBiBUniversidad de Los LagosPuerto MonttChile
| | | | | | - Stéphane Mauger
- CNRSSorbonne UniversitéUMI 3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaeUniversidad Austral de ChileRoscoff cedexFrance
| | - Myriam Valero
- CNRSSorbonne UniversitéUMI 3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileUniversidad Austral de ChileRoscoff cedexFrance
| | - Marie Laure Guillemin
- CNRSSorbonne UniversitéUMI 3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of AlgaePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileUniversidad Austral de ChileRoscoff cedexFrance
- Facultad de CienciasCentro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL)Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
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Valenzuela‐Aguayo F, McCracken GR, Manosalva A, Habit E, Ruzzante DE. Human-induced habitat fragmentation effects on connectivity, diversity, and population persistence of an endemic fish, Percilia irwini, in the Biobío River basin (Chile). Evol Appl 2020; 13:794-807. [PMID: 32211068 PMCID: PMC7086057 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of how genetic variability is distributed in space is fundamental for the conservation and maintenance of diversity in spatially fragmented and vulnerable populations. While fragmentation can occur from natural barriers, it can also be exacerbated by anthropogenic activities such as hydroelectric power plant development. Whatever the source, fragmentation can have significant ecological effects, including disruptions of migratory processes and gene flow among populations. In Chile, the Biobío River basin exhibits a high degree of habitat fragmentation due to the numerous hydroelectric power plants in operation, the number of which is expected to increase following new renewable energy use strategies. Here, we assessed the effects of different kinds of barriers on the genetic structure of the endemic freshwater fish Percilia irwini, knowledge that is critically needed to inform conservation strategies in light of current and anticipated further fragmentation initiatives in the system. We identified eight genetic units throughout the entire Biobío system with high effective sizes. A reduced effective size estimate was, however, observed in a single population located between two impassable barriers. Both natural waterfalls and human-made dams were important drivers of population differentiation in this system; however, dams affect genetic diversity differentially depending on their mode of operation. Evidence of population extirpation was found in two river stretches limited by upstream and downstream dams. Significant gene flow in both directions was found among populations not separated by natural or anthropogenic barriers. Our results suggest a significant vulnerability of P. irwini populations to future dam development and demonstrate the importance of studying basin-wide data sets with genetic metrics to understand the strength and direction of anthropogenic impacts on fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Valenzuela‐Aguayo
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de PecesDepartamento de Sistemas AcuáticosFacultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULAUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
| | | | - Aliro Manosalva
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de PecesDepartamento de Sistemas AcuáticosFacultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULAUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de PecesDepartamento de Sistemas AcuáticosFacultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULAUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
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Reiss L, Häussermann V, Mayr C. Stable isotope records of sei whale baleens from Chilean Patagonia as archives for feeding and migration behavior. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:808-818. [PMID: 32015845 PMCID: PMC6988525 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope variations in baleen plates of sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) stranded after a mass mortality event in Chilean Patagonia were investigated to assess potential dietary and migratory patterns. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of seven baleens from six individuals were analyzed. The δ13C values ranged from - 19.1 to - 15.9‰ and the δ15N values from 8.7 to 15.4‰. Variations of up to 2.9‰ for δ13C and 5.3‰ for δ15N were observed within one baleen. Carbon and nitrogen isotope records of each baleen were significantly correlated and showed recurring oscillations confirmed by wavelet analyses. Oscillations slightly differed in periodicity indicating variable baleen growth rates between 10.0 and 16.5 cm/year. Food sources of the whales are discussed in terms of available isotope data for potential prey taxa and potential migratory behavior on the basis of latitudinal isotope gradients of particulate organic matter. Cyclicity could be explained by regular migrations of the sei whales from subtropical calving areas to high-latitude foraging grounds. δ15N records of baleens differed between individuals eventually pointing to diverse feeding and migratory preferences among sei whale individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Reiss
- Institute of GeographyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Verena Häussermann
- Huinay Scientific Field StationEscuela de Ciencias del MarFacultad de Recursos NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoValparaísoChile
| | - Christoph Mayr
- Institute of GeographyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
- GeoBio‐CenterDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMünchenGermany
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