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Delgado ML, Manosalva A, Urbina MA, Dalziel AC, Habit E, Link O, Ruzzante DE. Does the loss of diadromy imply the loss of salinity tolerance? A gene expression study with replicate nondiadromous populations of Galaxias maculatus. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2219-2233. [PMID: 36715263 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The recurrent colonization of freshwater habitats and subsequent loss of diadromy is a major ecological transition that has been reported in many ancestrally diadromous fishes. Such residency is often accompanied by a loss of tolerance to seawater. The amphidromous Galaxias maculatus has repeatedly colonized freshwater streams with evidence that freshwater-resident populations exhibit stark differences in their tolerance to higher salinities. Here, we used transcriptomics to gain insight into the mechanisms contributing to reduced tolerance to higher salinities in freshwater resident populations. We conducted an acute salinity challenge (0 ppt to 23-25 ppt) and measured osmoregulatory ability (muscle water content) over 48 h in three populations: diadromous, saltwater intolerant resident (Toltén), and saltwater tolerant resident (Valdivia). RNA sequencing of the gills identified genes that were differentially expressed in association with the salinity change and associated with the loss of saltwater tolerance in the Toltén population. Key genes associated with saltwater acclimation were characterized in diadromous G. maculatus individuals, some of which were also expressed in the saltwater tolerant resident population (Valdivia). We found that some of these "saltwater acclimation" genes, including the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), were not significantly upregulated in the saltwater intolerant resident population (Toltén), suggesting a potential mechanism for the loss of tolerance to higher salinities. As the suite of differentially expressed genes in the diadromous-resident comparison differed between freshwater populations, we hypothesize that diadromy loss results in unique evolutionary trajectories due to drift, so the loss of diadromy does not necessarily lead to a loss in upper salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lisette Delgado
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Halifax, Canada
| | - Aliro Manosalva
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Anne C Dalziel
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oscar Link
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniel E Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Halifax, Canada
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2
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Valenzuela-Aguayo F, McCracken GR, Diaz G, Manosalva A, Habit E, Ruzzante DE. Connectivity, diversity, and hybridization between two endemic fish species (Percilia spp.) in a complex temperate landscape. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Searle PC, Mercer M, Habit E, Belk MC. Ontogenetic shape trajectory of Trichomycterus areolatus varies in response to water velocity environment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252780. [PMID: 34115773 PMCID: PMC8195363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Body and head shape among fishes both vary between environments influenced by water velocity and across ontogeny. Although the shape changes associated with variation in average water velocity and ontogeny are well documented, few studies have tested for the interaction between these two variables (i.e., does ontogenetic shape variation differ between velocity environments). We use geometric morphometrics to characterize shape differences in Trichomycterus areolatus, a freshwater catfish found in high and low-velocity environments in Chile. We identify a significant interaction between velocity environment and body size (i.e., ontogeny). Ontogenetic patterns of shape change are consistent with other studies, but velocity environment differentially affects the ontogenetic trajectory of shape development in T. areolatus. Shape change over ontogeny appears more constrained in high-velocity environments compared to low-velocity environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Searle
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Margaret Mercer
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Departmento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mark C. Belk
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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4
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Elgueta A, Górski K, Thoms M, Fierro P, Toledo B, Manosalva A, Habit E. Interplay of geomorphology and hydrology drives macroinvertebrate assemblage responses to hydropeaking. Sci Total Environ 2021; 768:144262. [PMID: 33453538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydropeaking leads to major anthropogenic disturbance of river networks worldwide. Flow variations imposed by hydropeaking may significantly affect macroinvertebrate assemblages within the river network. As such, the responses of macroinvertebrate assemblages to hydropeaking are expected to be complex and vary across spatial and temporal scales as well as ecological organization levels. To unpack this complexity, we assessed the interplay of geomorphic and hydrological variables as drivers of the responses of macroinvertebrate assemblages to hydropeaking. Specifically, we studied different levels of ecological organization of macroinvertebrate assemblages in two functional process zones (FPZs; Sub-Andean and Central Valley Gravel Dominated) subjected to different flow management in two Chilean Andean river networks. Hydropeaking caused significant reduction of macroinvertebrate abundances in both FPZs and at all ecological organization levels with the exception of one feeding guild (scrapers). Furthermore, the response of macroinvertebrate assemblage variance was stronger in the Central Valley Gravel Dominated FPZ. Both geomorphic and hydrological variables influenced macroinvertebrate assemblage responses. However, the effects of the principal geomorphic variables operated at valley (meso) spatial scale and the main hydrological variables operated at the sub-daily (micro) temporal scale. Therefore, to minimise the effects of hydropeaking on macroinvertebrate assemblages, flow management should consider reduction of sub-daily variability. Furthermore, placement of new barriers should take into account not only their position within the river network but also their effects downstream that strongly depend on characteristics of river valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaysa Elgueta
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Konrad Górski
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Martin Thoms
- Riverine Landscapes Research Laboratory, University of New England, NSW, Australia.
| | - Pablo Fierro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Bárbara Toledo
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Aliro Manosalva
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Ciencias Ambientales EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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5
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Díaz G, Górski K, Heino J, Arriagada P, Link O, Habit E. The longest fragment drives fish beta diversity in fragmented river networks: Implications for river management and conservation. Sci Total Environ 2021; 766:144323. [PMID: 33418255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Connectivity plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural and functional attributes of river networks. Therefore, the loss of connectivity (fragmentation) alters the functioning and diversity patterns of the biota at local and regional scales. The global hydropower boom is one of the main drivers of river network fragmentation, with significant effects on the diversity of riverine biota. Analyses of beta diversity of fish assemblages in rivers with different degrees of fragmentation can give new insights into mechanisms that contribute to the responses of these assemblages to fragmentation. Here, fish beta diversity within six river networks of central Chile with different levels of fragmentation was studied to assess the responses of fish assemblages to fragmentation. A hypothesis of a significant effect of fragmentation on the beta diversity of native and non-native fish in riffles and pools was tested. This effect is expected to be modulated by both changes in environmental heterogeneity and direct obstruction of natural dispersal routes. Beta diversity based on variation of assemblage structure and environmental heterogeneity showed significant differences among river networks. Fish beta diversity showed a clear response to fragmentation in recently fragmented rivers. Specifically, the beta diversity of native fishes in pools and non-native fishes in riffles decreased with increase of the ratio between the longest non-fragmented sections of the river network to the total length of the network. These effects of fragmentation on fish assemblages were modulated by the biological features of each species, and open-water species were most severely affected. These results have significant implications for planning of the placement of new barriers in river networks subjected to hydropower boom. Planning of the placement of new barriers should consider the maintenance of long, connected sections within river networks in order to minimise the effects of fragmentation on fish biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Díaz
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales - Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Konrad Górski
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Centre, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Pedro Arriagada
- Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Oscar Link
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales - Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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6
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Vivancos A, Górski K, Manosalva A, Toledo B, Reid M, Habit E. Hydrological connectivity drives longitudinal movement of endangered endemic Chilean darter Percilia irwini (Eigenmann, 1927). J Fish Biol 2021; 98:33-43. [PMID: 32964414 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Movement is a fundamental aspect of fish ecology, and it therefore represents an important trait to monitor for the management and conservation of fish populations. This is especially true for small benthic fish, as they often inhabit part of the catchment where their movement may be restricted by alterations to river connectivity due to human activity. Still, the movement of these small benthic fish remains poorly understood, partly because of their small size and their cryptic nature. This applies to Percilia irwini, an endangered small darter native to the south-central region of Chile. Its habitat has been affected by the presence of large hydroelectric dams and is currently threatened by the construction of several others. In this study, the authors investigated movement patterns of P. irwini from populations inhabiting different parts of the Biobío catchment, with different levels of connectivity due to natural and/or human-induced features. The authors combined chronological clustering with random forest classification to reconstruct lifelong movements from multi-elemental otolith microchemistry transects. The majority of the movements detected occurred in an undisturbed part of the catchment. These were directional upstream movements occurring between capture sites from the lower and the middle reaches of the river, representing a distance of nearly 30 km, a distance much larger than previously thought. Nonetheless, in the part of the catchment where connectivity was affected by human activity, no such movements were identified. This study shows that connectivity alteration could impede naturally occurring movement and further threaten the resilience of populations of P. irwini. Furthermore, the results presented are used to discuss advantages and disadvantages of microchemistry analysis for studying movement of small benthic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Vivancos
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA - Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Konrad Górski
- Laboratorio de Ictiología, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Aliro Manosalva
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA - Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Barbara Toledo
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA - Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Malcolm Reid
- Chemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA - Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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7
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Delgado ML, Manosalva A, Urbina MA, Habit E, Link O, Ruzzante DE. Genomic basis of the loss of diadromy in Galaxias maculatus: Insights from reciprocal transplant experiments. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4857-4870. [PMID: 33048403 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diadromy is known for having major effects on the distribution and richness of aquatic species, and so does its loss. The loss of diadromy has led to the diversification of many species, yet research focusing on understanding its molecular basis and consequences are limited. This is particularly true for amphidromous species despite being the most abundant group of diadromous species. Galaxias maculatus, an amphidromous species and one of the most widely distributed fishes in the Southern Hemisphere, exhibits many instances of nonmigratory or resident populations. The existence of naturally replicated resident populations in Patagonia can serve as an ideal system for the study of the mechanisms that lead to the loss of the diadromy and its ecological and evolutionary consequences. Here, we studied two adjacent river systems in which resident populations are genetically differentiated yet derived from the same diadromous population. By combining a reciprocal transplant experiment with genomic data, we showed that the two resident populations followed different evolutionary pathways by exhibiting a differential response in their capacity to survive in salt water. While one resident population was able to survive salt water, the other was not. Genomic analyses provided insights into the genes that distinguished (a) migratory from nonmigratory populations; (b) populations that can vs those that cannot survive a saltwater environment; and (c) between these resident populations. This study demonstrates that the loss of diadromy can be achieved by different pathways and that environmental (selection) and random (genetic drift) forces shape this dynamic evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aliro Manosalva
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oscar Link
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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8
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Castro SA, Rojas P, Vila I, Habit E, Pizarro-Konczak J, Abades S, Jaksic FM. Partitioning β-diversity reveals that invasions and extinctions promote the biotic homogenization of Chilean freshwater fish fauna. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238767. [PMID: 32898173 PMCID: PMC7478641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Exotic species’ introductions together with extinction of native species represent the main mechanisms driving biotic homogenization of freshwater fish assemblages around the world. While generally ichtyofaunistic realms transit towards biotic homogenization, for conservation purposes it is essential to understand what specific mechanisms are promoting it on particular areas or regions. Here, we report the occurrence of biotic homogenization in 29 Chilean watersheds, analyzing its β-diversity (including turnover and nestedness) and predicting future trends. Location Continental Chile (18o–56o S). Methods We determined fish composition per basin for historical and current assemblages; extant native, exotic, and extinct species were recorded as 1 (presence) or 0 (absence) in two matrices basins × species. For each matrix, we calculated the turnover (βsim), nestedness (βnes), and β-diversity (βsor); then, we obtained Δβsim, Δβnes, and Δβsor, as the arithmetical difference between basin pairs over time. In addition, we search for explanatory variables correlating Δβsim, Δβnes, and Δβsor with geographical and land use variables. Finally, simulating events of species introduction (i.e., invasion) and extinction, we generated 15 hypothetical assemblages, looking to establish future trends towards biotic change in Chilean basins. Results Species turnover and β-diversity significantly decreased from historical to current assemblages (Δβsim = -0.084; Δβsor = -0.061, respectively), while the species nestedness did not show significant changes (Δβnes = 0.08). Biotic changes have been driven mainly by the introduction of 28 exotic species, with a minor role of extinctions (one species) and translocations (0 species) of native species. Changes in β-diversity were negatively correlated with area, elevation, and geographical distance between basins but not with land-use nor human population. Finally, the analysis of 15 future assemblages predicts a significant decrease of β-diversity and turnover, and an increase for species nestedness, this time promoted by an increase in the extinction of native species. Main conclusion Chilean basins show a significant decrease of the distributional β-diversity and species turnover of the freshwater fish fauna, evidencing a trend towards biotic homogenization. This trend is shared with other Neotropical basins; however, specific mechanisms driving it show different magnitude. Changes in the β-diversity components do not show correlation with variables associated to land use, thus suggesting that casual introductions of freshwater fishes in Chile follow an opportunistic mode related to commercial use. According to future scenarios simulated, biotic homogenization should increase further, mainly as consequence of increased native extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Castro
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Pablo Rojas
- Laboratorio de Limnología, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irma Vila
- Laboratorio de Limnología, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro de Ciencias Ambientales EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jaime Pizarro-Konczak
- Departamento de Ingeniería Geográfica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Abades
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián M. Jaksic
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Montory M, Habit E, Fernandez P, Grimalt JO, Kolok AS, Barra RO, Ferrer J. Biotransport of persistent organic pollutants in the southern Hemisphere by invasive Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the rivers of northern Chilean Patagonia, a UNESCO biosphere reserve. Environ Int 2020; 142:105803. [PMID: 32563009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biotransport is often associated with migration patterns of species, including large, anadromous salmonids. Several studies have reported biotransport of persistent organic pollutants in the Northern Hemisphere, but there is no published information on biotransport ocurring south of the equator. Chile's Patagonia is one of the last largely intact natural areas in the world. The objective of this study was to determine whether persistent organic pollutants are transported by the invasive Pacific Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) from the Pacific Ocean to Chilean Patagonia. Samples of juvenile and adult Chinook salmon were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The results revealed that concentrations of POPs in adults migrating into Patagonian rivers were significantly higher than those found in juveniles migrating seaward. A mass balance analysis indicates that Chinook salmon are a source of persistent organic pollutants to Chilean Patagonia inland waters. Capsule: Biotransport of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) from the Pacific Ocean to Chilean Patagonia has been confirmed by mass balance of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Montory
- Hydro-environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile.
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences/EULA-Chile Centre, Department of Aquatic Systems, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, PO Box 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Pilar Fernandez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Idaho Water Research Resources Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Ricardo O Barra
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences/EULA-Chile Centre, Department of Aquatic Systems, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, PO Box 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Ferrer
- Hydro-environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile.
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10
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Ruzzante DE, Simons AP, McCracken GR, Habit E, Walde SJ. Multiple drainage reversal episodes and glacial refugia in a Patagonian fish revealed by sequenced microsatellites. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200468. [PMID: 32486985 PMCID: PMC7341911 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of the southern Andes and the Quaternary glacial cycles influenced the landscape of Patagonia, affecting the phylogeographic and biogeographic patterns of its flora and fauna. Here, we examine the phylogeography of the freshwater fish, Percichthys trucha, using 53 sequenced microsatellite DNA markers. Fish (n= 835) were collected from 16 river systems (46 locations) spanning the species range on both sides of the Andes. Eleven watersheds drain to the Pacific, five of which are trans-Andean (headwaters east of Andes). The remaining five drainages empty into the Atlantic. Three analytical approaches (neighbour-joining tree, hierarchical AMOVAs, Structure) revealed evidence of historic drainage reversals: fish from four of the five trans-Andean systems (Puelo, Futalaufquen/Yelcho, Baker, Pascua) exhibited greater genetic similarity with Atlantic draining systems than with Pacific systems with headwaters west of Andes. Present-day drainage (Pacific versus Atlantic) explained only 5% of total genetic variance, while ancestral drainage explained nearly 27% of total variance. Thus, the phylogeographic structure of P. trucha is consistent with episodes of drainage reversal in multiple systems and suggests a major role for deglaciation in the genetic and indeed the geographical distribution of P. trucha in Patagonia. The study emphasizes the significant role of historical processes in the current pattern of genetic diversity and differentiation in a fish from a southern temperate region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Annie P Simons
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sandra J Walde
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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11
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Laborde A, Habit E, Link O, Kemp P. Strategic methodology to set priorities for sustainable hydropower development in a biodiversity hotspot. Sci Total Environ 2020; 714:136735. [PMID: 32018960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Massive exploitation of freshwater systems for hydropower generation in developing countries is challenging sustainability due to cumulative environmental impacts in regions with high endemism. Habitat fragmentation is recognized as a major impact on river ecosystems. The nature and magnitude of connectivity loss depend on characteristics of the hydropower projects, and of the threatened fish communities. In areas where appropriate mitigation technology is lacking, there is a need to identify the fish species that are most at risk to better concentrate efforts. This paper aimed to set conservation priorities for sustainable hydropower development by analyzing native fish species and project characteristics. The Chilean ichthyogeographic province, an ecoregion with high endemism and massive hydropower projects development, has been considered as a case study. By using overlapping information on the characteristics of 1124 hydropower projects and distribution of native fish species, we identified three project categories of projects based on their need for mitigation. These were projects where mitigation was considered: a) not required (15%), b) required and feasible (35%), and c) required but challenging (50%). Projects where mitigation was not required were located at sites where native fish were absent and/or where water intakes allowed fish to pass. Interestingly, projects where mitigation was feasible were inhabited by a species assemblage that comprised the genus Trichomycterus, Diplomystes and Percilia, and the species Ch. pisciculus and B. maldonadoi. This finding emphasizes the need to develop a multispecific fishway that can accommodate this group. Projects where mitigation would be difficult to achieve were located at sites with a variety of different assemblages, thus making a standard fish pass solution challenging and site-specific. This study advances understanding for the need to develop mitigation strategies and technologies in ecoregions of high endemism threatened by hydropower and to prioritize the construction of planned projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laborde
- Department of Aquatic System, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, and EULA Centre, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - E Habit
- Department of Aquatic System, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, and EULA Centre, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - O Link
- Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - P Kemp
- International Centre for Ecohydraulic Research, Faculty of Engineering Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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12
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Valenzuela‐Aguayo F, McCracken GR, Manosalva A, Habit E, Ruzzante DE. Human-induced habitat fragmentation effects on connectivity, diversity, and population persistence of an endemic fish, Percilia irwini, in the Biobío River basin (Chile). Evol Appl 2020; 13:794-807. [PMID: 32211068 PMCID: PMC7086057 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of how genetic variability is distributed in space is fundamental for the conservation and maintenance of diversity in spatially fragmented and vulnerable populations. While fragmentation can occur from natural barriers, it can also be exacerbated by anthropogenic activities such as hydroelectric power plant development. Whatever the source, fragmentation can have significant ecological effects, including disruptions of migratory processes and gene flow among populations. In Chile, the Biobío River basin exhibits a high degree of habitat fragmentation due to the numerous hydroelectric power plants in operation, the number of which is expected to increase following new renewable energy use strategies. Here, we assessed the effects of different kinds of barriers on the genetic structure of the endemic freshwater fish Percilia irwini, knowledge that is critically needed to inform conservation strategies in light of current and anticipated further fragmentation initiatives in the system. We identified eight genetic units throughout the entire Biobío system with high effective sizes. A reduced effective size estimate was, however, observed in a single population located between two impassable barriers. Both natural waterfalls and human-made dams were important drivers of population differentiation in this system; however, dams affect genetic diversity differentially depending on their mode of operation. Evidence of population extirpation was found in two river stretches limited by upstream and downstream dams. Significant gene flow in both directions was found among populations not separated by natural or anthropogenic barriers. Our results suggest a significant vulnerability of P. irwini populations to future dam development and demonstrate the importance of studying basin-wide data sets with genetic metrics to understand the strength and direction of anthropogenic impacts on fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Valenzuela‐Aguayo
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de PecesDepartamento de Sistemas AcuáticosFacultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULAUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
| | | | - Aliro Manosalva
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de PecesDepartamento de Sistemas AcuáticosFacultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULAUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de PecesDepartamento de Sistemas AcuáticosFacultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULAUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
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13
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Delgado ML, Górski K, Habit E, Ruzzante DE. The effects of diadromy and its loss on genomic divergence: The case of amphidromous
Galaxias maculatus
populations. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:5217-5231. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad Górski
- Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS) Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Centro de Ciencias Ambientales EULA Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
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14
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Fierro P, Valdovinos C, Arismendi I, Díaz G, Jara-Flores A, Habit E, Vargas-Chacoff L. Examining the influence of human stressors on benthic algae, macroinvertebrate, and fish assemblages in Mediterranean streams of Chile. Sci Total Environ 2019; 686:26-37. [PMID: 31174006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Changes in land-uses and cover are strong drivers of stream degradation worldwide. In Mediterranean ecoregions, land conversion from forest with native species to tree plantations, agricultural, and urban areas have drastically increased in recent years. Here, we examined the influence of land-use types on water quality (physical and chemical variables) and biota (benthic algae, macroinvertebrates, and fishes). We conducted field surveys between December-March 2016 (dry season) in 24 sites located across four land-use types including native vegetation (NV), tree plantation (TP), agriculture (Ag), and urban (Ur) within the Chilean Mediterranean ecoregion. We calculated metrics and multivariate statistics to assess correlations between biological and environmental variables. Significant differences between land-uses were found for environmental/physicochemical variables and the three biotic groups (i.e., benthic algae, macroinvertebrates, and fishes). We found higher chlorophyll-a biomass for TP, Ag, and Ur compared to NV streams. The macroinvertebrate diversity of sensitive taxa (i.e., Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) and water quality were lower in land draining streams with human uses, other than NV, with the most evident impact found in Ag and Ur streams. NV and TP streams had a lower Diptera density and lower percentage of non-insect taxa. Fish richness and diversity were not affected by land-use. However, cold-water fishes (both native and introduced) were closely associated with NV and TP streams whereas warm-water fishes (mostly introduced) were closely associated with Ag and Ur streams. Multivariate analysis revealed that both local habitat and catchment-scale variables influenced each biological assemblage. Our findings suggest that benthic algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish populations are good indicators of human land-use disturbances, with Ag and Ur areas being the most detrimental for freshwater biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fierro
- Institute of Marine Science and Limnology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, y Centro de Ciencias Ambientales EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Claudio Valdovinos
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, y Centro de Ciencias Ambientales EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ivan Arismendi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Gustavo Díaz
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, y Centro de Ciencias Ambientales EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, y Centro de Ciencias Ambientales EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Institute of Marine Science and Limnology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile; Fondap-Ideal, Valdivia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
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15
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Díaz G, Arriagada P, Górski K, Link O, Karelovic B, Gonzalez J, Habit E. Fragmentation of Chilean Andean rivers: expected effects of hydropower development. Rev Chil de Hist Nat 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-019-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Vera-Escalona I, Habit E, Ruzzante DE. Invasive species and postglacial colonization: their effects on the genetic diversity of a Patagonian fish. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182567. [PMID: 30963839 PMCID: PMC6408905 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present distribution of Patagonian species is the result of a complex history involving Quaternary refugial populations, Holocene range expansions and demographic changes occurring during the Anthropocene. Invasive salmonids were introduced in Patagonia during the last century, occupying most rivers and lakes, preying on and competing with native species, including the fish Galaxias platei. Here, we used G. platei as a case study to understand how long-term (i.e. population differentiation during the Holocene) and short-term historical processes (salmonid introductions) affect genetic diversity. Using a suite of microsatellite markers, we found that the number of alleles is negatively correlated with the presence of salmonids (short-term processes), with G. platei populations from lakes with salmonids exhibiting significantly lower genetic diversity than populations from lakes without salmonids. Simulations (100 years backwards) showed that this difference in genetic diversity can be explained by a 99% reduction in population size. Allelic richness and observed heterozygosities were also negatively correlated with the presence of salmonids, but also positively correlated with long-term processes linked to Quaternary glaciations. Our results show how different genetic parameters can help identify processes taking place at different scales and their importance in terms of conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Vera-Escalona
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n. Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile
| | - Daniel E. Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
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17
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Vera-Escalona I, Senthivasan S, Habit E, Ruzzante DE. Past, present, and future of a freshwater fish metapopulation in a threatened landscape. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:849-859. [PMID: 29431232 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that hydropower plants can affect the dynamics of fish populations through landscape alterations and the creation of new barriers. Less emphasis has been placed on the examination of the genetic consequences for fish populations of the construction of dams. The relatively few studies that focus on genetics often do not consider colonization history and even fewer tend to use this information for conservation purposes. As a case study, we used a 3-pronged approach to study the influence of historical processes, contemporary landscape features, and potential future anthropogenic changes in landscape on the genetic diversity of a fish metapopulation. Our goal was to identify the metapopulation's main attributes, detect priority areas for conservation, and assess the consequences of the construction of hydropower plants for the persistence of the metapopulation. We used microsatellite markers and coalescent approaches to examine historical colonization processes, traditional population genetics, and simulations of future populations under alternate scenarios of population size reduction and gene flow. Historical gene flow appeared to have declined relatively recently and contemporary populations appeared highly susceptible to changes in landscape. Gene flow is critical for population persistence. We found that hydropower plants could lead to a rapid reduction in number of alleles and to population extirpation 50-80 years after their construction. More generally, our 3-pronged approach for the analyses of empirical genetic data can provide policy makers with information on the potential impacts of landscape changes and thus lead to more robust conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Vera-Escalona
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Shreeram Senthivasan
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Casilla, 160-C, Chile
| | - Daniel E Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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18
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Oyanedel A, Habit E, Belk MC, Solis-Lufí K, Colin N, Gonzalez J, Jara A, Muñoz-Ramírez CP. Movement patterns and home range in Diplomystes camposensis (Siluriformes: Diplomystidae), an endemic and threatened species from Chile. Neotrop ichthyol 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We document movement patterns and home range of Diplomystes camposensis, an endemic and threatened freshwater catfish from Chile. We tracked the movements of seven individuals of different body size (13.5 to 19 cm SL) using portable radio telemetry equipment to investigate movement patterns in relation to day/night activity and habitat use in the San Pedro River (Valdivia Basin). Tracked movements and model-based analyses revealed that D. camposensis has a large home range and high mobility. The average home range was 0.068163 ± 0.033313 km2, and the average area of higher activity was 0.005646 ± 0.011386 km2. The mean linear home range was 387.4 m. The results also showed that movements were longer during the night, supporting nocturnal habits. Movements tended to be in an upstream direction for some individuals, although these differences were not significant when data was pooled. Large home range and movements suggest that the species may require large river areas to meet ecological demands, an aspect that could be severely affected by fragmentation. These results, along with previously published genetic data, suggest that the conservation of D. camposensis would be seriously threatened by hydromorphological alterations (e.g. lack of connectivity), such as those resulting from dam building.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Colin
- Universidade de Concepción, Chile; Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile; Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | - Carlos. P. Muñoz-Ramírez
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile; Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile
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19
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Habit E, Cussac V. Conservation of the freshwater fauna of Patagonia: an alert to the urgent need for integrative management and sustainable development. J Fish Biol 2016; 89:369-370. [PMID: 26864697 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - V Cussac
- Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina
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20
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Cussac VE, Habit E, Ciancio J, Battini MA, Riva Rossi C, Barriga JP, Baigún C, Crichigno S. Freshwater fishes of Patagonia: conservation and fisheries. J Fish Biol 2016; 89:1068-1097. [PMID: 27284012 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The absence of much literature on the Patagonian fish fauna in comparison with that of the neotropics, has previously been blamed on its poor species diversity. Knowledge of the fishes of Patagonia, however, rose sharply at the beginning of the present century, allowing for an understanding of the complex biogeographical history that has led to the present diversity and distribution patterns. There are several new and potential threats to biodiversity and conservation of Patagonian fishes, such as the introduction of exotic species, damming, climate change and changes geared to safeguard economic interests, often acting synergistically. A great amount of new information is now available and the aim of the present review is to articulate this knowledge in a comprehensive way in order to aid in the development of tools to face the increasing challenges posed by environmental change and human activity. Knowledge about fishes of Patagonia has grown at the same time as human actions, and presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Cussac
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina
| | - E Habit
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales& Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - J Ciancio
- Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT), CONICET, Argentina
| | - M A Battini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina
| | - C Riva Rossi
- Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT), CONICET, Argentina
| | - J P Barriga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina
| | - C Baigún
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET, Argentina
| | - S Crichigno
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina
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21
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Muñoz-Ramírez CP, Habit E, Unmack PJ, Johnson JB, Victoriano PF. Low Genetic Diversity in Diplomystes camposensis, an Endemic and Endangered Catfish from South Chile. Zool Stud 2016; 55:e16. [PMID: 31966161 PMCID: PMC6409489 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2016.55-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carlos P. Muñoz-Ramírez, Evelyn Habit, Peter J. Unmack, Jerald B. Johnson, and Pedro F. Victoriano (2016) Despite the fundamental importance of the family Diplomystidae for understanding catfish evolution, its species are poorly known and most of them endangered. Diplomystes camposensis, restricted to a single river basin in southern Chile, is perhaps the most vulnerable species due to its small geographic range and imminent habitat alterations by dam constructions. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, we describe the genetic diversity across its entire distribution in the Valdivia basin and test hypotheses related to the impact of glacial cycles on the genetic diversity and structure. We found that Diplomystes camposensis has low genetic diversity and structure across the entire Valdivia basin along with a pattern of decreasing nucleotide and haplotype diversity from West to East. Demographic analyses showed evidence of population expansion in agreement with the glaciated history of the basin. Analyses of population structure showed no evidence of population subdivision. However, coalescent analyses indicated that very recent subdivision (in the last 50 years) cannot be ruled out. Low genetic diversity and genetic structure across the entire basin suggest that the species might be highly vulnerable to habitat fragmentation. Thus, the imminent construction of hydropower dams represents a serious threat to its conservation. Our results suggest that the low genetic diversity can be the product of the glaciated history of the basin, although the influence of species-specific biological traits may also add to this condition. Despite the overall low genetic diversity, higher diversity was found in the central portion of the basin suggesting high priority of conservation for this area as it might be used as a source population in case translocations are required among potential management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P. Muñoz-Ramírez
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales
y Oceanográficas. Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción,
Chile
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile,
Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Peter J. Unmack
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research
Network for Murray-Darling Basin Futures, University of Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia
| | - Jerald B. Johnson
- Department of Biology and Monte L. Bean Life Science
Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Pedro F. Victoriano
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales
y Oceanográficas. Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción,
Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas Patagónicos
(CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
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22
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Vera-Escalona I, Habit E, Ruzzante DE. The complete mitochondrial genome of the freshwater fish Galaxias platei and a comparison with other species of the genus Galaxias (faraway, so close?). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 28:176-177. [PMID: 26691291 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1115497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We present the whole mitochondrial genome for Galaxias platei, a freshwater fish widely distributed throughout the Patagonian Andes, and compare it with the mitochondrial genome of three congeneric species. The position of G. platei in the phylogenetic reconstruction differs from that shown by earlier studies using multiple markers. We discuss the results in terms of the phylogenetic position of G. platei and the use of whole mitochondrial genomes versus specific regions of multiple organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Vera-Escalona
- a Department of Biology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Evelyn Habit
- b Departamento De Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad De Ciencias Ambientales Y Centro EULA-Chile , Universidad De Concepción , Barrio Universitario S/N , Concepción , Chile
| | - Daniel E Ruzzante
- a Department of Biology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
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Vera-Escalona I, Habit E, Ruzzante DE. Echoes of a distant time: effects of historical processes on contemporary genetic patterns in Galaxias platei in Patagonia. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4112-28. [PMID: 26147523 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interpreting the genetic structure of a metapopulation as the outcome of gene flow over a variety of timescales is essential for the proper understanding of how changes in landscape affect biological connectivity. Here we contrast historical and contemporary connectivity in two metapopulations of the freshwater fish Galaxias platei in northern and southernmost Patagonia where paleolakes existed during the Holocene and Pleistocene, respectively. Contemporary gene flow was mostly high and asymmetrical in the northern system while extremely reduced in the southernmost system. Historical migration patterns were high and symmetric in the northern system and high and largely asymmetric in the southern system. Both systems showed a moderate structure with a clear pattern of isolation by distance (IBD). Effective population sizes were smaller in populations with low contemporary gene flow. An approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach suggests a late Holocene colonization of the lakes in the northern system and recent divergence of the populations from refugial populations from east and west of the Andes. For the southern system, the ABC approach reveals that some of the extant G. platei populations most likely derive from an ancestral population inhabiting a large Pleistocene paleolake while the rest derive from a higher-altitude lake. Our results suggest that neither historical nor contemporary processes individually fully explain the observed structure and geneflow patterns and both are necessary for a proper understanding of the factors that affect diversity and its distribution. Our study highlights the importance of a temporal perspective on connectivity to analyse the diversity of spatially complex metapopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Vera-Escalona
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniel E Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, Canada
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Correa-Araneda F, De Los Ríos P, Habit E. Presence of the red jollytail, Brachygalaxias bullocki (Regan, 1908) (Galaxiformes: Galaxiidae), in freshwater forested wetlands from Chile. Rev Chil de Hist Nat 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-014-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vera-Escalona I, Paterson IG, Habit E, Ruzzante DE. Development and characterization of 15 novel microsatellite markers for the freshwater fish Galaxias platei. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-014-0236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Muñoz-Ramírez CP, Unmack PJ, Habit E, Johnson JB, Cussac VE, Victoriano P. Phylogeography of the ancient catfish family Diplomystidae: biogeographic, systematic, and conservation implications. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 73:146-60. [PMID: 24486990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The catfish family Diplomystidae is one of the earliest branching lineages within the diverse order Siluriformes and shows a deep phylogenetic split from all other extant and extinct major catfish groups. Despite its relevance in the evolution of siluriforms, phylogenetic relationships within the Diplomystidae are poorly understood, and prior to this study, no phylogenetic hypotheses using molecular data had been published. By conducting a phylogeographic study across the entire distribution of the family, that encompasses river systems from Central-South Chile and Argentina, we provide the first molecular phylogenetic hypothesis among all known species of Diplomystidae, and in addition, investigate how their evolutionary history relates to major historical events that took place in southern South America. Our phylogenetic analyses show four main lineages and nine sub-lineages strongly structured geographically. All Pacific basin populations, with one exception (those found in the Baker basin) clustered within three of the four main lineages (clades I-III), while all populations from Atlantic basins and those from the Baker basin clustered in a single main clade (clade IV). There was a tendency for genetic diversity to decrease from north to south for Pacific basins consistent with an increasing north-south ice coverage during the last glacial maximum. However, we did not find a statistically significant correlation between genetic diversity and latitude. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that river basins and the barrier created by the Andes Mountains explained a high percentage of the genetic variation. Interestingly, most of the genetic variation among drainages was explained among Pacific basins. Molecular phylogenetic analyses agree only partially with current systematics. The geographical distribution of main lineages did not match species distribution and suggests a new taxonomic hypothesis with support for four species of Diplomystes, three species distributed allopatrically from the Rapel to the Valdivia basin, and only one species distributed in Baker and Atlantic basins. High genetic differentiation among river basins suggests that conservation efforts should focus on protecting populations in each basin in order to preserve the genetic diversity of one of the oldest groups of catfishes on the earth today.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Muñoz-Ramírez
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - P J Unmack
- Department of Biology and Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - E Habit
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas Patagónicos (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - J B Johnson
- Department of Biology and Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - V E Cussac
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, Bariloche, 8400 Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - P Victoriano
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas Patagónicos (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
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Elgueta A, González J, Ruzzante DE, Walde SJ, Habit E. Trophic interference by Salmo trutta on Aplochiton zebra and Aplochiton taeniatus in southern Patagonian lakes. J Fish Biol 2013; 82:430-443. [PMID: 23398060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The length and mass ratio, diet and isotopic composition of Aplochiton zebra and Aplochiton taeniatus inhabiting a Salmo trutta-invaded and a S. trutta-free lake in southern Patagonia were compared. Results indicate that S. trutta exercises important trophic interference over A. zebra and A. taeniatus, causing changes in their dietary composition by reducing the consumption of winged Diptera through changes in feeding behaviours that involve jumping out of the water. This effect is significantly higher in A. zebra than in A. taeniatus a species that has a highly specialized diet. The dietary changes of A. zebra and A. taeniatus in sympatry with S. trutta lead to an impoverishment of their isotopic nitrogen signals (δ(15)N), suggesting a reduction of their trophic position. In the case of A. zebra, this translates into a significant decrease in its body condition factor. Such interference could lead to a population decline of this species and would explain the current distribution range decline and allopatry with S. trutta in fluvial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elgueta
- Centro de Ciencias Ambientales, EULA, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario sn, Concepción, Chile
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Sobenes C, Link O, Habit E. Selección denso-dependiente de microhabitat en Galaxias platei: un estudio experimental. Gayana (Concepc ) 2013. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-65382013000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Habit E, Gonzalez J, Ruzzante DE, Walde SJ. Native and introduced fish species richness in Chilean Patagonian lakes: inferences on invasion mechanisms using salmonid-free lakes. DIVERS DISTRIB 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Habit
- Centro de Ciencias Ambientales; EULA; Universidad de Concepción; Barrio Universitario s/n Concepción Chile
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas Patagónicos (CIEP); Coyhaique Chile
| | - Jorge Gonzalez
- Centro de Ciencias Ambientales; EULA; Universidad de Concepción; Barrio Universitario s/n Concepción Chile
| | | | - Sandra J. Walde
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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. Victoriano PF, Vera I, Olmos V, Dib M, Insunza B, Muñoz-Ramírez C, Montoya R, Jara A, Habit E. Patrones idiosincráticos de diversidad genética de peces nativos del Río San Pedro (Cuenca del Río Valdivia), un sistema de la región glaciada del sur de Chile. Gayana (Concepc ) 2012. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-65382012000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Montoya G, Jara A, Solis-Lufí K, Colin N, Habit E. Primeros estadios del ciclo de vida de peces nativos del Río San Pedro (Cuenca del Rio Valdivia, Chile). Gayana (Concepc ) 2012. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-65382012000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cifuentes R, González J, Montoya G, Jara A, Ortíz N, Piedra P, Habit E. Relación longitud-peso y factor de condición de los peces nativos del río San Pedro (cuenca del río Valdivia, Chile). Gayana (Concepc ) 2012. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-65382012000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Montory M, Habit E, Fernandez P, Grimalt JO, Barra R. Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in wild and farmed Chilean salmon and preliminary flow data for commercial transport. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:221-227. [PMID: 22655380 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This pilot study documented the occurrence and levels of brominated flame retardants in the tissues of farmed and wild salmon in southern Chile. Samples of Coho salmon and rainbow trout were obtained from fish farms, rivers and lakes in the Patagonia in Aysen Region, Chile. The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the different polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. Contaminants were observed in all the samples, and the congeners BDE 17, 28, 47 and 66 were observed in all both farmed and wild samples. The concentrations were higher in the farmed Coho salmon, presenting significant differences with wild salmon. The levels reached 182 pg/g wet weight (ww) vs. 120 ww. In the case of the rainbow trout, the concentrations were lower, although the congener profile was quite similar. The levels reached an average of 100 pg/g ww in the farmed fish versus 110 pg/g ww in wild fish, and no significant difference was observed between the species. In both species, the congener with the highest concentration was BDE 47. Based on this information, the BDE flow was estimated for commerce, which is a form of pollutant transport not usually considered in POP pollution studies. A preliminary estimation indicated that the quantity of PBDEs mobilized by commerce was in the order of kg, and in the case of Chile might reach almost 1 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montory
- Aquatic Systems Research Unit, EULA-Chile Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Concepción, P. O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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Montory M, Habit E, Bahamonde P, Fernandez P, Grimalt JO, Saez K, Rudolph I, Barra R. Polychlorinated biphenyls in farmed and wild Onchorhynchus kisutch and Onchorhynchus mykiss from the Chilean Patagonia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2011; 18:629-637. [PMID: 21057881 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper analyses the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in escaped: farmed and wild salmons in southern Chile, analysing their concentrations and congener profiles in two species (Oncorhynchus kisutch and Oncorhynchus mykiss). METHODS Muscle samples from both farmed and escaped fish of two species, O. mykiss (rainbow trout) and O. kisutch (coho salmon), were analysed for PCBs (42 congeners). To differentiate between the wild salmon and the salmon that have escaped from fish farms, the astaxanthin content in the muscular tissue was analysed with a high-performance liquid chromatography -diode array detector method. PCBs were measured by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. RESULTS The levels of astaxanthin can be used to differentiate between farmed, escaped and wild-borne salmons with statistically different concentrations. When comparing the total PCB concentrations for both trout and salmon samples, it can be determined that a separate analysis for farmed, escaped and wild-borne fish more accurately describes the real differences in the concentrations; these differences are hidden when separate analyses are not performed. The congener profiles are similar in both trout and coho salmon, where the tri-, tetra- and penta-CB congeners are the most abundant. CONCLUSION This study is the first report of PCBs in wild-borne, farmed and escaped salmons for the Southern Hemisphere, considering that Chile is actually one of the principal world producers of salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montory
- Aquatic Systems Research Unit, EULA-Chile Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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Ibarra J, Habit E, Barra R, Solís K. Juveniles de salmón chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum, 1792) en ríos y lagos de la patagonia chilena. Gayana (Concepc ) 2011. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-65382011000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Montory M, Habit E, Fernandez P, Grimalt JO, Barra R. PCBs and PBDEs in wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Northern Patagonia, Chile. Chemosphere 2010; 78:1193-1199. [PMID: 20117821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper documents the accumulation and emerging levels of Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) found in the tissues of the migrating salmon species Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Chinook salmon) in the Chilean Patagonia area. Even though salmon are not native to the southern hemisphere, reports indicate that Chinook salmon in the last few years have performed natural free-living style cycling, returning to rivers in the southern Patagonia area. Our study seeks to determine the presence and levels of PCB's and PBDE's in wild Chinook salmon in the northern part of the Chilean Patagonia, analyzing their relation with physiological parameters. Fish were sampled at the end of their entire life cycle when they returned to two principal rivers in the Aysen region in southern Chile. A number of fish (12) were sacrificed in situ and muscle samples were taken for PCBs measurements (sum 44 congeners) by gas chromatography electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and a number of PBDEs congeners, by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization detection (GC-MS NCI). Observed levels and patterns were characterized by concentrations of these POPs for PCBs ranging between 78 and 25.5 ng g(-1) wet weight and for PBDEs ranging between 272 and 1046 pg g(-1) wet weight, respectively. These ranges are among same levels reported in this same species in the northern hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Montory
- EULA-Chile Environmental Sciences Centre, Aquatic Systems Research Unit, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
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Vidal MA, Habit E, Victoriano P, González-Gajardo A, Ortiz JC. Thermoregulation and activity pattern of the high-mountain lizard Phymaturus palluma (Tropiduridae) in Chile. Zoologia (Curitiba, Impr ) 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-46702010000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ortiz-Sandoval JJ, Ortiz N, Cifuentes R, González J, Habit E. RESPUESTA DE LA COMUNIDAD DE PECES AL DRAGADO DE RIOS COSTEROS DE LA REGION DEL BIOBIO (CHILE). Gayana (Concepc ) 2009. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-65382009000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ruzzante DE, Walde SJ, Gosse JC, Cussac VE, Habit E, Zemlak TS, Adams EDM. Climate control on ancestral population dynamics: insight from Patagonian fish phylogeography. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:2234-44. [PMID: 18363661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in lake and stream habitats during the growth and retreat of Pleistocene glaciers repeatedly altered the spatial distributions and population sizes of the aquatic fauna of the southern Andes. Here, we use variation in mtDNA control region sequences to infer the temporal dynamics of two species of southern Andean fish during the past few million years. At least five important climate events were associated with major demographic changes: (i) the widespread glaciations of the mid-Pliocene (c. 3.5 Ma); (ii) the largest Patagonian glaciation (1.1 Ma); (iii) the coldest Pleistocene glaciation as indicated by stacked marine delta(18)O (c. 0.7 Ma); (iv) the last southern Patagonian glaciation to reach the Atlantic coast (180 ka); and (v) the last glacial maximum (LGM, 23-25,000 years ago). The colder-water inhabitant, Galaxias platei, underwent a strong bottleneck during the LGM and its haplotype diversity coalesces c. 0.7 Ma. In contrast, the more warm-adapted and widely distributed Percichthys trucha showed continuous growth through the last two glacial cycles but went through an important bottleneck c. 180,000 years ago, at which time populations east of the Andes may have been eliminated. Haplotype diversity of the most divergent P. trucha populations, found west of the Andes, coalesces c. 3.2 Ma. The demographic timelines obtained for the two species thus illustrate the continent-wide response of aquatic life in Patagonia to climate change during the Pleistocene, but also show how differing ecological traits and distributions led to distinctive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1.
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Ruzzante DE, Walde SJ, Cussac VE, Dalebout ML, Seibert J, Ortubay S, Habit E. Phylogeography of the Percichthyidae (Pisces) in Patagonia: roles of orogeny, glaciation, and volcanism. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:2949-68. [PMID: 16911213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We used molecular evidence to examine the roles that vicariance mechanisms (mountain-building and drainage changes during the Pleistocene) have played in producing phylogeographical structure within and among South American fish species of the temperate perch family Percichthyidae. The percichthyids include two South American genera, Percichthys and Percilia, each containing several species, all of which are endemic to southern Argentina and Chile (Patagonia). Maximum-likelihood phylogenies constructed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region haplotypes and nuclear GnRH3-2 intron allele sequences support the current taxonomy at the genus level (both Percichthys and Percilia form strongly supported, monophyletic clades) but indicate that species-level designations need revision. Phylogeographical patterns at the mtDNA support the hypothesis that the Andes have been a major barrier to gene flow. Most species diversity occurs in watersheds to the west of the Andes, together with some ancient divergences among conspecific populations. In contrast, only one species (Percichthys trucha) is found east of the Andes, and little to no phylogeographical structure occurs among populations in this region. Mismatch analyses of mtDNA sequences suggest that eastern populations last went through a major bottleneck c. 188 000 bp, a date consistent with the onset of the penultimate and largest Pleistocene glaciation in Patagonia. We suggest that eastern populations have undergone repeated founder-flush events as a consequence of glacial cycles, and that the shallow phylogeny is due to mixing during recolonization periods. The area of greater diversity west of the Andes lies outside the northern limit of the glaciers. mtDNA mismatch analysis of the genus Percilia which is restricted to this area suggests a long-established population at equilibrium. We conclude that patterns of genetic diversity in these South American genera have been primarily influenced by barriers to gene flow (Andean orogeny, and to a lesser extent, isolation in river drainages), and by glacial cycles, which have resulted in population contraction, re-arrangement of some watersheds, and the temporary breakdown of dispersal barriers among eastern river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Habit E, Victoriano P, Campos H. [Trophic ecology and reproductive aspects of Trichomycterus areolatus (Pisces, Trichomycteridae) in irrigation canal environments]. REV BIOL TROP 2005; 53:195-210. [PMID: 17354433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Twelve of the sixteen species of fishes present in the Itata river basin enter the irrigation canals at least once a year, constituting a habitat that is frequently utilized by the native fish assemblages. However, only Trichomcterus areolatus, a native siluriform, is found in great number throughout the entire year, being the dominant species of such artificial environments. Among the factors that could explain the relative success of T. areolatus are its benthonic habits, adaptation to rithral habitat, an offer of trophic resources that is in line with its feeding habits, and a lower abundance of predators in the canals. In this study, the trophic ecology of this species in 174 individuals inhabiting the Itata river (Octava Región, Chile) and 231 from irrigation canals that arise from this river are analyzed and compared. In addition, the length-weight relationship and seasonal frequencies of reproductive status are analyzed, with the purpose of inferring on the status of these populations and their possible condition of resident in these canals. In canals, its diet includes a greater number of different taxa as well as total number of preys consumed in comparison with the river populations, including items of greater biomass, such as lumbriculides. The selectivity analysis showed that T. areolatus prefer prey items like Chironomidae, Baetidae, Elmidae, Plecoptera and Hyallela. Although both the river as well as canal populations show an isometric type growth, they reach greater body lengths and weights in the latter. According to the reproductive states analysis in different periods of the year, populations inhabiting canal environments reproduce synchronically with those of the river, although these latter tend to show a slight delay in the reproductive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Habit
- Centro de Ciencias Ambientales EULA - Chile, Unidad de Sistemas Acuáticos, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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