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Maccow A, Kulyk H, Severac E, Morel S, Moulis C, Boissonnat G, Remaud-Simeon M, Guieysse D. A chemo-enzymatic pathway to expand cellooligosaccharide chemical space through amine bond introduction. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 338:122168. [PMID: 38763718 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic functionalization of oligosaccharides is a useful and environmentally friendly way to expand their structural chemical space and access to a wider range of applications in the health, food, feed, cosmetics and other sectors. In this work, we first tested the laccase/TEMPO system to generate oxidized forms of cellobiose and methyl β-D-cellobiose, and obtained high yields of novel anionic disaccharides (>60 %) at pH 6.0. Laccase/TEMPO system was then applied to a mix of cellooligosaccharides and to pure D-cellopentaose. The occurrence of carbonyl and carboxyl groups in the oxidation products was shown by LC-HRMS, MALDI-TOF and reductive amination of the carbonyl groups was attempted with p-toluidine a low molar mass amine to form the Schiff base, then reduced by 2-picoline borane to generate a more stable amine bond. The new grafted products were characterized by LC-HRMS, LC-UV-MS/MS and covalent grafting was evidenced. Next, the same procedure was adopted to successfully graft a dye, the rhodamine 123, larger in size than toluidine. This two-step chemo-enzymatic approach, never reported before, for functionalization of oligosaccharides, offers attractive opportunities to anionic cellooligosaccharides and derived glucoconjugates of interest for biomedical or neutraceutical applications. It also paves the way for more environmentally-friendly cellulose fabric staining procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awilda Maccow
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Hanna Kulyk
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France; MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, France.
| | - Etienne Severac
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Sandrine Morel
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Claire Moulis
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Magali Remaud-Simeon
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - David Guieysse
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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2
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Rodrigues Reis CE, Milessi TS, Ramos MDN, Singh AK, Mohanakrishna G, Aminabhavi TM, Kumar PS, Chandel AK. Lignocellulosic biomass-based glycoconjugates for diverse biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108209. [PMID: 37467868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are the ubiquitous components of mammalian cells, mainly synthesized by covalent bonds of carbohydrates to other biomolecules such as proteins and lipids, with a wide range of potential applications in novel vaccines, therapeutic peptides and antibodies (Ab). Considering the emerging developments in glycoscience, renewable production of glycoconjugates is of importance and lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is a potential source of carbohydrates to produce synthetic glycoconjugates in a sustainable pathway. In this review, recent advances in glycobiology aiming on glycoconjugates production is presented together with the recent and cutting-edge advances in the therapeutic properties and application of glycoconjugates, including therapeutic glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and nutraceuticals, emphasizing the integral role of glycosylation in their function and efficacy. Special emphasis is given towards the potential exploration of carbon neutral feedstocks, in which LCB has an emerging role. Techniques for extraction and recovery of mono- and oligosaccharides from LCB are critically discussed and influence of the heterogeneous nature of the feedstocks and different methods for recovery of these sugars in the development of the customized glycoconjugates is explored. Although reports on the use of LCB for the production of glycoconjugates are scarce, this review sets clear that the potential of LCB as a source for the production of valuable glycoconjugates cannot be underestimated and encourages that future research should focus on refining the existing methodologies and exploring new approaches to fully realize the potential of LCB in glycoconjugate production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thais Suzane Milessi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Daniel Nicodemos Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India
| | - Gunda Mohanakrishna
- Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580 031, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580 031, India.
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Anuj K Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo 12602-810, Brazil.
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Yao RA, Reyre JL, Tamburrini KC, Haon M, Tranquet O, Nalubothula A, Mukherjee S, Le Gall S, Grisel S, Longhi S, Madhuprakash J, Bissaro B, Berrin JG. The Ustilago maydis AA10 LPMO is active on fungal cell wall chitin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0057323. [PMID: 37702503 PMCID: PMC10617569 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00573-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) can perform oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in carbohydrate polymers (e.g., cellulose, chitin), making them more accessible to hydrolytic enzymes. While most studies have so far mainly explored the role of LPMOs in a (plant) biomass conversion context, alternative roles and paradigms begin to emerge. The AA10 LPMOs are active on chitin and/or cellulose and mostly found in bacteria and in some viruses and archaea. Interestingly, AA10-encoding genes are also encountered in some pathogenic fungi of the Ustilaginomycetes class, such as Ustilago maydis, responsible for corn smut disease. Transcriptomic studies have shown the overexpression of the AA10 gene during the infectious cycle of U. maydis. In fact, U. maydis has a unique AA10 gene that codes for a catalytic domain appended with a C-terminal disordered region. To date, there is no public report on fungal AA10 LPMOs. In this study, we successfully produced the catalytic domain of this LPMO (UmAA10_cd) in Pichia pastoris and carried out its biochemical characterization. Our results show that UmAA10_cd oxidatively cleaves α- and β-chitin with C1 regioselectivity and boosts chitin hydrolysis by a GH18 chitinase from U. maydis (UmGH18A). Using a biologically relevant substrate, we show that UmAA10_cd exhibits enzymatic activity on U. maydis fungal cell wall chitin and promotes its hydrolysis by UmGH18A. These results represent an important step toward the understanding of the role of LPMOs in the fungal cell wall remodeling process during the fungal life cycle.IMPORTANCELytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have been mainly studied in a biotechnological context for the efficient degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Only recently, alternative roles and paradigms begin to emerge. In this study, we provide evidence that the AA10 LPMO from the phytopathogen Ustilago maydis is active against fungal cell wall chitin. Given that chitin-active LPMOs are commonly found in microbes, it is important to consider fungal cell wall as a potential target for this enigmatic class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Assiah Yao
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Lou Reyre
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Ketty C. Tamburrini
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 7257 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, 3PE Platform, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Tranquet
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
| | - Akshay Nalubothula
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saumashish Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Nantes, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, 3PE Platform, Marseille, France
| | - Sonia Longhi
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 7257 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), Marseille, France
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, 3PE Platform, Marseille, France
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4
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Østby H, Várnai A. Hemicellulolytic enzymes in lignocellulose processing. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:533-550. [PMID: 37068264 PMCID: PMC10160854 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant source of carbon-based material on a global basis, serving as a raw material for cellulosic fibers, hemicellulosic polymers, platform sugars, and lignin resins or monomers. In nature, the various components of lignocellulose (primarily cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) are decomposed by saprophytic fungi and bacteria utilizing specialized enzymes. Enzymes are specific catalysts and can, in many cases, be produced on-site at lignocellulose biorefineries. In addition to reducing the use of often less environmentally friendly chemical processes, the application of such enzymes in lignocellulose processing to obtain a range of specialty products can maximize the use of the feedstock and valorize many of the traditionally underutilized components of lignocellulose, while increasing the economic viability of the biorefinery. While cellulose has a rich history of use in the pulp and paper industries, the hemicellulosic fraction of lignocellulose remains relatively underutilized in modern biorefineries, among other reasons due to the heterogeneous chemical structure of hemicellulose polysaccharides, the composition of which varies significantly according to the feedstock and the choice of pretreatment method and extraction solvent. This paper reviews the potential of hemicellulose in lignocellulose processing with focus on what can be achieved using enzymatic means. In particular, we discuss the various enzyme activities required for complete depolymerization of the primary hemicellulose types found in plant cell walls and for the upgrading of hemicellulosic polymers, oligosaccharides, and pentose sugars derived from hemicellulose depolymerization into a broad spectrum of value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Østby
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
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5
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Jin X, Wang JK, Wang Q. Microbial β-glucanases: production, properties, and engineering. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:106. [PMID: 36847914 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass, which mainly consists of cellulose and hemicellulose, is the most abundant renewable biopolymer on earth. β-Glucanases are glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyze β-glucan, one of the dominant components of the plant cell wall, into cello-oligosaccharides and glucose. Among them, endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), exo-glucanase/cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) play critical roles in the digestion of glucan-like substrates. β-Glucanases have attracted considerable interest within the scientific community due to their applications in the feed, food, and textile industries. In the past decade, there has been considerable progress in the discovery, production, and characterization of novel β-glucanases. Advances in the development of next-generation sequencing techniques, including metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, have unveiled novel β-glucanases isolated from the gastrointestinal microbiota. The study of β-glucanases is beneficial for research and development of commercial products. In this study, we review the classification, properties, and engineering of β-glucanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jia-Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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6
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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7
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Agger JW, Zeuner B. Bio-based surfactants: enzymatic functionalization and production from renewable resources. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102842. [PMID: 36371893 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based surfactants produced from renewable resources are increasing in market demand. In this review, we focus on enzymatic functionalization and coupling of carbohydrate-based heads to fatty aliphatic chains as tails for the synthesis of bio-based surfactants. We point to concrete examples of how transferase, lipase, and glycoside hydrolase-catalyzed esterification or glycoside formation can link a variety of mono- and oligosaccharides with fatty acids. Similarly, enzymatic reductive amination also leads to coupling. Another approach for surfactant synthesis is enzymatic carbohydrate functionalization before click chemistry coupling, and here LPMOs, oxidases, and dehydrogenases are relevant. C6 or C1-oxidizing activities are particularly important for converting nonionic surfactants into highly demanded anionic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane W Agger
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Zeuner
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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8
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Technical pipeline for screening microbial communities as a function of substrate specificity through fluorescent labelling. Commun Biol 2022; 5:444. [PMID: 35545700 PMCID: PMC9095699 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of specific glycan uptake and metabolism is an effective tool in aiding with the continued unravelling of the complexities in the human gut microbiome. To this aim fluorescent labelling of glycans may provide a powerful route towards this target. Here, we successfully used the fluorescent label 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) to monitor and study microbial degradation of labelled glycans. Both single strain and co-cultured fermentations of microbes from the common human-gut derived Bacteroides genus, are able to grow when supplemented with 2-AB labelled glycans of different monosaccharide composition, degrees of acetylation and polymerization. Utilizing a multifaceted approach that combines chromatography, mass spectrometry, microscopy and flow cytometry techniques, it is possible to better understand the metabolism of labelled glycans in both supernatants and at a single cell level. We envisage this combination of complementary techniques will help further the understanding of substrate specificity and the role it plays within microbial communities. A reductive amination-based fluorophore labelling of complex wood-derived glycans provides a proof-of-principle multi-modal platform for monitoring glycan uptake by bacteria.
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Solberg A, Mo IV, Omtvedt LA, Strand BL, Aachmann FL, Schatz C, Christensen BE. Carbohydr Polym Special Issue Invited contribution: Click chemistry for block polysaccharides with dihydrazide and dioxyamine linkers - A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118840. [PMID: 34973722 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Engineered block polysaccharides is a relatively new class of biomacromolecules consisting of chemical assembly of separate block structures at the chain termini. In contrast to conventional, laterally substituted polysaccharide derivatives, the block arrangement allows for much higher preservation of inherent chain properties such as biodegradability and stimuli-responsive self-assembly, while at the same time inducing new macromolecular properties. Abundant, carbon neutral, and even recalcitrant biomass is an excellent source of blocks, opening for numerous new uses of biomass for a wide range of novel biomaterials. Among a limited range of methodologies available for block conjugation, bifunctional linkers allowing for oxyamine and hydrazide 'click' reactions have recently proven useful additions to the repertoire. This article focuses the chemistry and kinetics of these reactions. It also presents some new data with the aim to provide useful protocols and methods for general use towards new block polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Solberg
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid V Mo
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Line Aa Omtvedt
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit L Strand
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christophe Schatz
- LCPO, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5629, ENSCBP, 16, Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Bjørn E Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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10
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Comparison of six lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases from Thermothielavioides terrestris shows that functional variation underlies the multiplicity of LPMO genes in filamentous fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0009622. [PMID: 35080911 PMCID: PMC8939357 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00096-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are mono-copper enzymes that oxidatively degrade various polysaccharides. Genes encoding LPMOs in the AA9 family are abundant in filamentous fungi while their multiplicity remains elusive. We describe a detailed functional characterization of six AA9 LPMOs from the ascomycetous fungus Thermothielavioides terrestris LPH172 (syn. Thielavia terrestris). These six LPMOs were shown to be upregulated during growth on different lignocellulosic substrates in our previous study. Here, we produced them heterologously in Pichia pastoris and tested their activity on various model and native plant cell wall substrates. All six T. terrestris AA9 (TtAA9) LPMOs produced hydrogen peroxide in the absence of polysaccharide substrate and displayed peroxidase-like activity on a model substrate, yet only five of them were active on selected cellulosic substrates. TtLPMO9A and TtLPMO9E were also active on birch acetylated glucuronoxylan, but only when the xylan was combined with phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC). Another of the six AA9s, TtLPMO9G, was active on spruce arabinoglucuronoxylan mixed with PASC. TtLPMO9A, TtLPMO9E, TtLPMO9G, and TtLPMO9T could degrade tamarind xyloglucan and, with the exception of TtLPMO9T, beechwood xylan when combined with PASC. Interestingly, none of the tested enzymes were active on wheat arabinoxylan, konjac glucomannan, acetylated spruce galactoglucomannan, or cellopentaose. Overall, these functional analyses support the hypothesis that the multiplicity of the fungal LPMO genes assessed in this study relates to the complex and recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic biomass. Our study also highlights the importance of using native substrates in functional characterization of LPMOs, as we were able to demonstrate distinct, previously unreported xylan-degrading activities of AA9 LPMOs using such substrates. IMPORTANCE The discovery of LPMOs in 2010 has revolutionized the industrial biotechnology field, mainly by increasing the efficiency of cellulolytic enzyme cocktails. Nonetheless, the biological purpose of the multiplicity of LPMO-encoding genes in filamentous fungi has remained an open question. Here, we address this point by showing that six AA9 LPMOs from a single fungal strain have various substrate preferences and activities on tested cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates, including several native xylan substrates. Importantly, several of these activities could only be detected when using copolymeric substrates that likely resemble plant cell walls more than single fractionated polysaccharides do. Our results suggest that LPMOs have evolved to contribute to the degradation of different complex structures in plant cell walls where different biomass polymers are closely associated. This knowledge together with the elucidated novel xylanolytic activities could aid in further optimization of enzymatic cocktails for efficient degradation of lignocellulosic substrates and more.
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11
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Mo IV, Schatz C, Christensen BE. Functionalisation of the non-reducing end of chitin by selective periodate oxidation: A new approach to form complex block polysaccharides and water-soluble chitin-based block polymers. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118193. [PMID: 34119160 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most polysaccharides used in polysaccharide-based block copolymers are attached to the second block through the reducing end, due to the few and highly polysaccharide specific non-reducing end (NRE) functionalisation methods available. Chitin oligomers, prepared by nitrous acid degradation of chitosan (AnM) can, however, be selectively oxidised by periodate since they only possess a single vicinal diol in the NRE residue. Here, we show that both aldehydes formed after oxidation are highly reactive towards bifunctional oxyamines and hydrazide linkers. Sub-stochiometric amounts of linkers resulted in conjugation of AnM oligomers through both chain termini to yield a discrete distribution of 'polymerised' oligomers. Such chitin-based block polymers were, in contrast to chitins of the same chain lengths, water-soluble. Oxidised AnM oligomers, functionalised at both termini can also enable the preparation of more complex block polysaccharides such as ABA- or ABC-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vikøren Mo
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands veg 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christophe Schatz
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Bjørn E Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands veg 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Xu W, Han M, Zhang W, Zhang F, Lei F, Wang K, Jiang J. Production of manno-oligosaccharide from Gleditsia microphylla galactomannan using acetic acid and ferrous chloride. Food Chem 2021; 346:128844. [PMID: 33418412 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient method for manno-oligosaccharides (MOS) production has been proposed by utilizing Gleditsia microphylla galactomannan as the starting material. This co-operative hydrolysis using ferrous chloride (Fe2+) and acetic acid (HAc) effectively improved the MOS yield and meanwhile decreased the amount of monosaccharide and the 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural (HMF). The highest yields under the optimum conditions were 46.7% by HAc hydrolysis (5 M HAc at 130 °C for 120 min); 37.3% by Fe2+ hydrolysis (0.1 M Fe2+ at 150 °C for 120 min); and 51.4% by co-operative hydrolysis (2 M HAc, 0.05 M Fe2+ at 160 °C for 10 min). From the changes in the value of M/G (mannose/galactose) ratios, it was deduced that Fe2+ predominantly cleaves the main chain, and HAc assists in the breakage of the side chain, thus resulting in the high-efficient co-operative hydrolysis for the production of MOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Beijing Forestry University, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Minghui Han
- Beijing Forestry University, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Beijing Forestry University, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fenglun Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Beijing Forestry University, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Beijing Forestry University, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing 100083, China.
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