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Shen M, Huang K, Cao H, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Yu Z, Guan X. Rheological, thermal, and in vitro starch digestibility properties of oat starch-lipid complexes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131550. [PMID: 38631591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The influence of oat lipids on the structural, thermal, rheological, and in vitro digestibility properties of oat starch under heat processing conditions was investigated. X-ray diffraction, fourier infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry revealed the formation of a V-shaped crystal structure between starch and lipid, resulting in enhanced orderliness and enthalpy. Oat lipids decreased the final viscosity and gel strength of oat starch while weakening the trend towards gel network formation. Additionally, oat lipids exhibited enhanced resistance to starch hydrolase, leading to elevated contents of slowly digestible starch and resistant starch. Consequently, this leads to an augmentation in the rate constants for the rapid digestion fraction (k1) and the slow digestion fraction (k2). When the lipid content reached 7.50 %, a significant increase of 42.20 % was observed in the maximum digestibility of slow digestion fraction (C∞2), while a notable decrease of 44.06 % was noted in the maximum digestibility of rapid digestion fraction (C∞1). The correlation analysis revealed that lipid content, final viscosity, and enthalpy exerted significant influences on in vitro starch digestion. These results demonstrate the substantial impact of lipid content on oat starch structure, subsequently affecting its thermal, rheological, and digestive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhu Sun
- Inner Mongolia Yangufang Ecological Agricultural Science and Technology (Group) Co., Ltd, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Zhiquan Yu
- Inner Mongolia Yangufang Ecological Agricultural Science and Technology (Group) Co., Ltd, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Othman SH, Shapi'i RA, Ronzi NDA. Starch biopolymer films containing chitosan nanoparticles: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121735. [PMID: 38286535 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Starch biopolymer films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) or starch/CNP films are promising alternatives to non-degradable food packaging materials. The films can be utilized for active food packaging applications because CNP exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which can improve food shelf-life. Nonetheless, knowledge of the effects of CNP inclusion on the properties of starch films is not fully elucidated. This paper reviews the influences of various concentrations of CNP, sizes of CNP, and other additives on the mechanical, thermal, barrier, antimicrobial, antioxidant, biodegradability, and cytotoxicity properties of starch/CNP films as well as the mechanisms involved in relation to food packaging applications. The usage of starch/CNP films for active food packaging can help to reduce environmental issues and contribute to food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hajar Othman
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Nanomaterials Processing and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ruzanna Ahmad Shapi'i
- Nanomaterials Processing and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Diana Arisya Ronzi
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Jiang P, Tang H, Li Y, Liu X. Effect of particle size of sesbania gum on its modification, structure and performances. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129719. [PMID: 38280698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Sesbania gum (SG), as an environmentally friendly and resourceful natural polymer, has attracted a lot of attention due to its favorable properties. The size distribution of SG powders was broadened owing to the growth. Therefore, it inevitably resulted in the differences in reaction activity, structure and properties of different SG particles. The results showed that small SG particles exhibited higher reaction activity in cross-linking, carboxymethylation and oxidation than its large counterparts. Compared with those of large SG particles, the sedimentation volume of small SG particles could be reduced by 1.1 mL, while their substitution degree of carboxymethyl groups and aldehyde content could be increased by 0.0824 and 18.11 %, respectively. The swelling capacity, freeze-thaw stability, acid and alkali resistance of small SG particles were greater than those of large SG particles, but their retrogradation was weaker than that of large counterparts. The crystalline degree of small SG particles consisting of more long molecular chains could be reduced by 9.8 % compared to large SG particles. The DSC curve of small SG particles was significantly different from that of large SG particles, while the difference in TGA curves between small particles and large particles was relatively small. The enthalpy change of small SG particle was reduced by 48.4 J/g compared to large SG particles. The peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown and setback of tapioca starch were obviously influenced by the addition of small SG particles. And their emulsification stability was also better than large SG particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilong Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Hongbo Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China.
| | - Yanping Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
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4
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Liu H, Li J, Jiang Y, Li F. Identification and stability evaluation of polyphenol oxidase substrates of pineapple fruit. Food Chem 2024; 430:137021. [PMID: 37527583 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Pineapple as an important tropical fruit in the world is prone to internal browning (IB) caused by the oxidation of phenolic substances. To address the occurrence of IB, endogenous polyphenol oxidase (PPO) substrates were extracted, separated, and purified from pineapple fruit, and then four compounds were obtained and identified as catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid and pyrocatechol. The contents of these substrates increased, reached the maximum value in the middle storage period, decreased gradually, and then maintained a relatively stable level by the end of storage. Meanwhile, pineapple PPO substrates were unstable in structure and susceptible to be degraded under the condition of light, high temperature (>40 °C), alkalinity (pH > 9) or metal ion (Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+). Additionally, the presences of O2 and H2O2 increased the enzymatic oxidation of the pineapple PPO substrates, whereas CO2, N2, Vc (Vitamin C), l-cysteine, Na2SO3 and Na2S2O5 inhibited this oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jiangming Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Handling of Fruits of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Fengjun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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5
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Cui Y, Han X, Hu X, Li T, Li S. Distinctions in structure, rheology, antioxidation, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of β-glucans from different species. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127684. [PMID: 37890753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the distinctions between β-glucans from different species, Lentinula edodes β-glucan (LG), yeast β-glucan (YG), and oat β-glucan (OG) were extracted with hot water and determined as β-d-glucopyranose form by HPLC and FT-IR analysis. The molecular weight (Mw) of LG, YG, and OG was 670 kDa, 341 kDa, and 66 kDa, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited different micro surfaces of three β-glucans and the relative crystallinity of YG was the highest (29.8 %), followed by that of LG (23.2 %) and OG (20.3 %) determined by X-ray diffraction. Congo red analysis and atomic force microscopy showed that LG and YG have triple helical structures. The apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G'), and loss modulus (G") of β-glucans were increased with the increase of Mw. DPPH·, ABTS+·, HO·, and reducing power assays showed that β-glucans from different species exhibited different antioxidant activities, and the DPPH· scavenging rate of 2 mg/mL LG reached >80 % higher than that of YG and OG. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of OG was better than YG and LG. In summary, β-glucans from different species have different structures, physicochemical properties, and physiological functions, which provides theoretical evidence for the precise processing and utilization of β-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Cui
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Xuedong Han
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Xiaopei Hu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Tuoping Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China.
| | - Suhong Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China.
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Wang X, Cui H, Chen Z, Wang L, Chen J, Yi M, Xiao G, Zhang J, Chen H, Xu C. MC design and FIB preparation of a YSZ biochemical material microstructure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 147:106152. [PMID: 37776762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the difficulty of traditional machining of Y2O3-ZrO2 (YSZ) inert ceramic materials, a different method using focused ion beam to selectively create nanoscale microscale structures on the surface of materials was proposed. The sputtering yield, surface damage, and the energy loss of YSZ materials was investigated using the SRIM software using the Monte Carlo method. It is shown that the sputtering yield increases with ion energy in the range 0-30 keV, reaching a maximum of 9.4 atoms/ion at 30 keV. At an ion beam voltage of 30 keV, the most severe damage to the material is 8 mm on the surface. At the same time, the main forms of energy loss in the treatment are phonon energy loss and ionization energy loss, of which phonon energy loss due to the recoil atoms is the largest. In addition, we continue to perform focused ion beam processing experiments on YSZ materials, combining previous MC modeling to optimize different operating conditions such as ion beam, voltage and processing mode. The optimized processing parameters are 30 keV and 2.5 nA. It is shown that the quality of the deep grooves gradually improves with decreasing ion beam current at the same ion beam voltage. However, an excessively small ion beam current leads to an excessively large depth of the deep grooves and lengthy processing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintian Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Hao Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Shandong Machinery Design and Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250031, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Li Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Mingdong Yi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Guangchun Xiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Shandong Machinery Design and Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250031, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Chonghai Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Shandong Machinery Design and Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250031, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
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Zhao D, Li Z, Xia J, Kang Y, Sun P, Xiao Z, Niu Y. Research progress of starch as microencapsulated wall material. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 318:121118. [PMID: 37479436 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Starch is non-toxic, low cost, and possesses good biocompatibility and biodegradability. As a natural polymer material, starch is an ideal choice for microcapsule wall materials. Starch-based microcapsules have a wide range of applications and application prospects in fields such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and others. This paper firstly reviews the commonly used wall materials and preparation methods of starch-based microcapsules. Then the effect of starch wall materials on microcapsule properties is introduced in detail. It is expected to provide researchers with design inspiration and ideas for the development of starch-based microcapsules. Next the applications of starch-based microcapsules in various fields are presented. Finally, the future trends of starch-based microcapsules are discussed. Molecular simulation, green chemistry, and solutions to the main problems faced by resistant starch microcapsules may be the future research trends of starch-based microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Zhibin Li
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jiayi Xia
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yanxiang Kang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Pingli Sun
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Zuobing Xiao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunwei Niu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
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Li X, He P, Ma R, Dong C, Lv Y, Dai L. Modulation of composite hydrogel consisting of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers and cationic guar gum. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124483. [PMID: 37086775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The applications of hydrogels are prominently affected by the modulation of their structure and performance. We herein systematically implemented the modulation of an all-polysaccharide hydrogel consisting of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCN) and cationic guar gum (CGG). Four different factors including the carboxylate content and size of TOCN, the freezing-thawing treatment and solid content of hydrogel were studied to disclose their influence on the structure and property of TOCN/CGG hydrogel. The results indicated that the increase of carboxylate content of TOCN, the number of freezing-thawing cycles and solid content all increased the crosslinking density of hydrogel as a result of the improved interactions. Accordingly, the hydrogels exhibited more compact structures and enhanced rheological properties. The influence of TOCN size on the hydrogel structure and property was demonstrated to be dependent on the compromise between the exposed functional groups of TOCN and their ability in generating entanglements inside the hydrogel. This work helps shed light on the modulation of hydrogel structure and performance, which might facilitate the exploration of hydrogel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Ping He
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Ruoteng Ma
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Cuihua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yong Lv
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Information, Yiwu Industrial & Commercial College, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Lei Dai
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Wang L, Zhang L, Hao J, Li Y, Yu X, Zhang B. Sustainable recovery of melanoidins from thermal hydrolyzed sludge by macroporous resin and properties characterization. J Environ Manage 2023; 331:117277. [PMID: 36640649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanoidins, the dark-color recalcitrant Maillard reaction by-products in thermal hydrolyzed sludge (THS), cause significant adverse effects on wastewater treatment. This study aimed to develop an efficient adsorption method for recovering melanoidins from THS by macroporous resin. The adsorptive characteristics of six macroporous resins (XAD761, XAD8, XAD16HP, FPX66, HPD-600 and IRA958Cl) showed that XAD761, not yet reported for melanoidins extraction, was the most appropriate with the highest recovery ratio. The adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption process was confirmed to be physical, spontaneous, and exothermic, without changing the structure of the adsorbed melanoidins. In the dynamic adsorption, the breakthrough point increased with a decreasing flow rate. After five consecutive regeneration cycles, XAD761 resin maintained stable adsorption efficiency and thus had a good potential for reuse. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of the extracted THS melanoidins were compared with model melanoidins to lay the foundation for their management, in terms of morphology, molecular weight (MW), and spectrophotometric properties. These results demonstrate that XAD761 resin extraction is a promising sustainable method for practical application in the recovery of melanoidins from THS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leshi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jiuxiao Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Yingying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xintian Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Bingjie Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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Huang X, Wang R, Wang Y, Chen C, Liu S. Investigation on property differences of ginseng and American ginseng by spatial metabolomics of neurochemicals with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 303:116006. [PMID: 36516905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The properties are the body's response to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The essence of traditional Chinese medicine properties are cold, hot, warm, and cool. In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng is warm and American ginseng is cool, they present two opposite properties. The material basis of property differences and effect mechanism of property degree need further investigation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this work was to screen out the neurochemicals related to warm and cool properties of ginseng and American ginseng, and investigate the distributions of identified neurochemicals in rat brain and the metabolic mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spatial metabolomics was applied to study the effects of ginseng and American ginseng on the distributions of neurochemicals in rat brain by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI). Based on discriminant coefficients in partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) processing, neurochemicals related to warm and cool properties were classified. In addition, the score contributions of the neurochemicals markers could be used to evaluate the warm and cool property degrees. RESULTS A total of 25 neurochemicals were imaged and identified in brain section. The distribution regions of main neurochemicals were consistent with in sagittal and coronal sections of brain reported in literature. 17 neurochemicals were classified as warm markers. Meanwhile, 8 neurochemicals were identified as cool markers, correlated with the cool properties of American ginseng. It demonstrated that the score contributions of the 25 neurochemicals markers could be used to evaluate the warm and cool property degrees. Based on the regulatory effects of neurochemicals, the warm markers could promote the body's energy metabolism, improve the function of endocrine system, and enhance the excitability of central nervous system. The cool property markers have reduced excitability of central nervous system, weakened metabolism and stress response ability, thus presented the biological activity of cool and cold. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided a rapid and effective visualization method for the spatial distribution and metabolism of small molecular neurochemicals in rat brain. DESI-MSI was a reference methodology for evaluating the properties of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, PR China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, PR China.
| | - Yikai Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, PR China.
| | - Changbao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, PR China.
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, PR China; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China.
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11
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Jin X, Wang JK, Wang Q. Microbial β-glucanases: production, properties, and engineering. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:106. [PMID: 36847914 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass, which mainly consists of cellulose and hemicellulose, is the most abundant renewable biopolymer on earth. β-Glucanases are glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyze β-glucan, one of the dominant components of the plant cell wall, into cello-oligosaccharides and glucose. Among them, endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), exo-glucanase/cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) play critical roles in the digestion of glucan-like substrates. β-Glucanases have attracted considerable interest within the scientific community due to their applications in the feed, food, and textile industries. In the past decade, there has been considerable progress in the discovery, production, and characterization of novel β-glucanases. Advances in the development of next-generation sequencing techniques, including metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, have unveiled novel β-glucanases isolated from the gastrointestinal microbiota. The study of β-glucanases is beneficial for research and development of commercial products. In this study, we review the classification, properties, and engineering of β-glucanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jia-Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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12
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Xiang D, Cui Y, Wan Z, Wang S, Peng L, Liao Z, Chen C, Liu W. Study on swelling, compression property and degradation stability of PVA composite hydrogels for artificial nucleus pulposus. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105496. [PMID: 36283297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Artificial nucleus pulposus (ANP) replacement as an alternative to the treatment of cervical spondylosis aims to relieve pain and restore the normal cervical motion. In this study, the PVA/PVP and PVA/Pectin composite hydrogels (CH)s with different concentrations were prepared by the freezing-thawing process, and their performances were tested. The effect of different concentrations on both kinds of PVA CHs were evaluated and analysed. The results demonstrated that both kinds of CHs had good swelling property (¿190%), compressive stress-strain characteristic response and stable performance, and they were not easy to degrade (¡9%). The elastic modulus of the PVA/PVP CH was close to that of nucleus pulposus prosthesis, and the weight loss ratio of the PVA/PVP CH was lower than that of PVA/Pectin CH under load condition. Further, the experimental results showed that the PVA/PVP CH with 15 wt% solute and 1 wt% PVP content had the best comprehensive performance, which may provide significant advantages for use in future clinical application in replacing nucleus pulposus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110057, China; State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Yangyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Zhiping Wan
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Lu Peng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Zhenhua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Changsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Implant Devices, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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13
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Zhang Y, Makaza N, Jiang C, Wu Y, Nishanbaev SZ, Zou L, Sun J, Song X, Wu Y. Supplementation of cooked broccoli with exogenous moringa myrosinase enhanced isothiocyanate formation. Food Chem 2022; 395:133651. [PMID: 35820274 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Brassica vegetables, especially broccoli, have health benefits such as anticancer activity, which are attributed to isothiocyanate (ITC), products of glucosinolate hydrolysis. This study aimed to explore the effect of cooking time and addition of exogenous myrosinase (MYR) from moringa seeds on the yield of ITCs. The results showed that raw broccoli produced a significantly high amount of ITCs, which decreased by almost 40% after microwaving the broccoli for 1 min. Introducing exogenous MYR by adding ground moringa seeds to cooked broccoli caused a notable increase in ITC of 38%. At pH 4.0-6.0, MYR showed optimal activity, and the thermal stability of MYR from moringa seeds was better than that from broccoli. The kinetic parameters indicated that MYR from moringa seeds had a higher affinity to sinigrin than that from broccoli seeds. This study was novel in reporting that adding ground moringa seeds to cooked broccoli enhanced ITC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nyasha Makaza
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunmin Jiang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaqing Wu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sabir Z Nishanbaev
- Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
| | - Ligen Zou
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Sun
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinjie Song
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanfeng Wu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China.
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Wu L, Ren L, Li J, Li X, Yang S, Song Y, Li X. Novel maricultural-solid-waste derived biochar for removing eutrophic nutrients and enrofloxacin: Property, mechanism, and application assessment. J Hazard Mater 2022; 427:128147. [PMID: 34999400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Land-based seawater aquaculture accompanied by high stocking density usually involves producing excess eutrophic nutrients, residual baits, excrement, and antibiotics. Because of limited technology and salinity, proper and efficient treatment of these wastes is still an unsolved issue. In this study, the feasibility of maricultural fish residual bait and excrement-derived biochar as water pollutant remover and saline-alkaline soil amendment were firstly assessed. The biochar was pyrolyzed at 300, 500, 700, 800, 900 ℃ (marked as BC300, BC500, BC700, BC800, BC900) and modified by zirconium or iron (BC700-Zr or BC700-Fe). BC700-Zr had the highest specific surface area. BC700-Zr and BC700-Fe exhibited higher nitrogen removal efficiency. The biochars exhibited nitrogen and phosphate desorption, while we observed no obvious phosphate desorption in BC700-Zr or BC700-Fe. Adsorption kinetics analysis indicated that adsorption processes of nitrate, nitrite and enrofloxacin were consistent with pseudo-second-order model, while ammonium and phosphate adsorption processes fitted pseudo-first-order model better. The biochar showed nitrogen and phosphate nutrients release effects, indicating potential application in saline-alkaline soil improvement. Multi-linear regression analysis indicated that nitrogen release was closely related to biochar nitrogen content, pH and average pore width. Phosphate release was inversely related to pH and positively related to average pore width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Liping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Shengmao Yang
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Desheng Middle Road, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yuanzhao Song
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, PR China
| | - Xiangping Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, PR China
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Rutland T. Nowhere land: The evicted space of Black tenants' rights in Montreal. Environ Plan D 2022; 40:208-226. [PMID: 35422559 PMCID: PMC8998151 DOI: 10.1177/02637758211041120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Property relations in 1980s Montreal were a venue of struggle and change. In this period, a well-organized tenants' movement and the election of progressive governments spawned a series of legal and policy changes that strengthened tenants' rights in the city. During the same period, however, an emerging police, government and media discourse cast Black communities as criminal 'ghettos', and a variety of mechanisms, including new policies meant to protect tenants' rights, were used to evict criminalized Black tenants. Guided by recent work on property and Black geographies, respectively, this article examines how racial subjects are constituted in struggles over tenants' rights. The racial limits of tenants' rights in Montreal, it argues, are traceable to the socio-spatial relations of slavery and the intensifying criminalization of Black life in the 1980s, each of which nullified Black spatial belonging in the city. The tenant, the article concludes, is never just a tenant, but also a racial subject - a subject formed at the edges of blackness. In a terrain forged by slavery and its afterlives, the possibility of expansive tenants' rights presupposes a right systemically denied in advance for Black people in the Americas: the right to exist here in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Rutland
- Ted Rutland, Department of Geography, Planning, and Environment, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W, H-1255, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada.
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16
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Abstract
Humans are standouts in their propensity to trade. More specially, the kind of trading found in humans-featuring the exchange of many different goods and services with many different others, for the mutual benefit of all the involved parties-far exceeds anything that is found in any other creature. However, a number of important questions about this propensity remain open. First, it is not clear exactly what makes this propensity so different in the human case from that of other animals. Second, it is not clear why other animals did not acquire this propensity to the extent that humans did. Third, it is not clear what explains the fact that the extent to which humans engage in trade is culturally highly variable. The paper argues that at the heart of the human-animal divergence in this propensity is the particular socio-cultural environment in which humans evolved. This has led them to sometimes, but not always, acquire the cognitive technology (writing, algebra, tallying devices, money, etc.) to support a sophisticated disposition and capacity for reciprocal cooperation, and deep and wide concepts of property and exchange value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin W. Schulz
- Department of Philosophy, University of Kansas, 3101 Wescoe Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
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17
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Li W, Cheng X, Wang Y, Xu Z, Ke H. Quaternization-butyrylation to improve the viscosity stability, adhesion to fibers, film properties and desizability of starch for warp sizing. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:500-509. [PMID: 35167868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the quaternization and butyrylation on the sizing properties of biological starch macromolecule was evaluated for acquiring a new starch bio-based size [quaternized-butyrylated starch (QBS)]. The sizing properties of granular QBS samples were investigated in comparison with acid-thinned starch (ATS) and quaternized starch (QS). The QBS samples with a DS range of 0.029-0.0779 exhibited bonding strengths of 17.0-18.3 cN/tex to cotton fibers [15.5 cN/tex (ATS, DS = 0) and 16.6 cN/tex (QS, DS = 0.0240)] and 31.0-34.3 cN/tex to polyester fibers [28.0 cN/tex (ATS) and 30.1 cN/tex (QS)], and their films showed breaking elongations of 2.99-3.51% [2.59% (ATS) and 2.81% (QS)] and tensile strengths of 36.5-32.1 MPa [38.1 MPa (ATS) and 37.3 MPa (QS)]. Compared with QS, significantly increased bonding strengths as well as obviously decreased strengths and increased elongations of the films for the QBS samples with the total DS ≥ 0.0635 were exhibited. As increasing the modification levels from 0.029 to 0.0779, QBS presented paste stabilities from 90.4% to 85.7% which met with the requirement in warp sizing, and displayed higher desizing efficiencies (93.2-93.8%) than ATS (91.5%) and QS (90.2%). Based on these results, the amphiphilic quaternization-butyrylation was a good means for starch to acquire good sizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Xuedong Cheng
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Huizhen Ke
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Wang CQ, Liu K, Huang DM. Property of concrete made of recycled shale gas drilling cuttings. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:2098-2106. [PMID: 34363170 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exploration and development of shale gas generate a lot of water-based drilling cuttings (WDC), which can then be used in concrete engineering. This work studied mix ratio optimization, mechanical properties, leaching characteristics and the microstructure of the WDC concrete. The results showed that the pH and COD values of these WDC were slightly above 9.0 and 60, respectively. All other indices satisfied the first grade standard of Chinese standard GB8978. On the other hand, a moderate amount of WDC can be improved concrete properties, especially its workability and compressive strength. When the water-binder ratio is 0.52 and the sand ratio is 41%, we can obtain C25 strength grade and 130 ~ 140 mm slump grade concrete by adding high efficiency water reducing agent and fly ash. XRD and SEM analysis showed that the silica and aluminum oxide in WDC reacted with calcium hydroxide to form secondary hydration products: C-S-H gel and ettringite, which are conducive to the formation of concrete strength and solidified the heavy metals and other contaminants. EDX analysis found it is known that the hydration products in WDC concrete can bind metal elements well. The environmental leaching test shows that the recycled WDC added to concrete products as aggregate and admixture is very environmentally friendly and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qiang Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China.
| | - De-Ming Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China.
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Zou Y, Lu F, Yang B, Ma J, Yang J, Li C, Wang X, Wang D, Xu W. Effect of ultrasound assisted konjac glucomannan treatment on properties of chicken plasma protein gelation. Ultrason Sonochem 2021; 80:105821. [PMID: 34741835 PMCID: PMC8581579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultrasound assisted konjac glucomannan treatment on the properties of chicken plasma protein gelation was investigated in this study. There were four gelation groups as follows: untreated plasma protein gelation (Control), gelation added konjac glucomannan (KGG), gelation by ultrasound treatment alone (UG) and gelation added konjac glucomannan combined with ultrasound treatment (KGUG). The data showed that the gelation strength and water-holding capacity of the treated groups were significantly increased compared with those of Control. The strongest bonding water was present in KGUG, followed by KGG and UG in low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. The storage energy (G') and loss energy modulus (G″) of KGUG showed the largest rheological properties, and the G' value was higher than that of G″. Furthermore, the elastic and gelatinous properties of UG, KGG and KGUG played a dominant role in viscoelasticity. After konjac glucomannan addition, the particle size of KGG increased significantly. Compared with that of the Control and KGG, the average particle size of UG and KGUG decreased significantly after ultrasound treatment. The hydrophobicity and disulfide bonds mainly affected the formation of heat-induced gelation in these four groups. Furthermore, KGUG with the highest hydrophobicity and disulfide bonds revealed the best stability. Therefore, the gelation of chicken plasma protein by ultrasound assisted konjac glucomannan treatment had excellent gelling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangyun Lu
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Nanjing Yurun Food Co., Ltd, No. 19, Zifeng Road, Economic Development Zone, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Daoying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weimin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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Liu G, Jin C, Huo S, Kong Z, Chu F. Preparation and properties of novel bio-based epoxy resin thermosets from lignin oligomers and cardanol. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1400-1408. [PMID: 34740690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of lignin-based epoxy resins (LEPs) were prepared by the reaction of epichlorohydrin with lignin oligomers derived from partial reductive depolymerization of lignin. To overcome the high viscosity and brittleness defects in practical applications, the LEPs were blended with renewable epoxied cardanol glycidyl ether (ECGE) and then cured with methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) to form high-performance epoxy thermosets. The effects of degree of lignin depolymerization, chemical composition of lignin oligomers and dosage of ECGE on thermal and mechanical properties of the cured products were investigated. The LEP/MeTHPA thermosets exhibited good thermal and mechanical properties. Especially, by separating monomer-rich fractions from lignin oligomers, the thermal and mechanical properties of the cured product were improved obviously. Notably, the incorporation of ECGE also possessed a positive effect on reinforcing and toughening the cured products. With 20 wt% ECGE loadings, the tensile, flexural and impact strength of the cured product reached the maximum value of 77 MPa, 115 MPa and 14 kJ/m2, respectively, which were equivalent to the commercial bisphenol A epoxy resins thermosets. These findings indicated that the novel bio-based epoxy resins from lignin oligomers and cardanol could be utilized as renewable alternatives for BPA epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifeng Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Can Jin
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuping Huo
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhenwu Kong
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Mao Z, Bai J, Jin X, Mao W, Dong Y. Construction of a multifunctional 3D nanofiber aerogel loaded with ZnO for wound healing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112070. [PMID: 34564038 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection and severe wound inflammation are two primary harmful problems that bring harm to the human body and may cause death when a large-scale skin defect occurs. Thus, developing an effective and quick wound healing strategy for curing skin damage and trauma is vital. This study has developed a multifunctional PLA/gelatin/ZnO nanofiber aerogel with a three-dimensional structure through electrospinning and freeze-drying technology for wound healing. It has validated that the nanofiber aerogel has an excellent antibacterial property and biocompatibility. Meanwhile, benefiting from its three-dimensional nanofiber structure, the PLA/gelatin/ZnO nanofiber aerogel possesses good water absorption and air permeability. In vivo experiments have determined that the PLA/gel/ZnO nanofiber aerogel scaffolds effectively promote skin infection's wound healing and enhance angiogenesis that is practical with increasing ZnO concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Mao
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Jiarun Bai
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Xiangyun Jin
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Wenwei Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.
| | - Yuqi Dong
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.
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22
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Bang WY, Ban OH, Lee BS, Oh S, Park C, Park MK, Jung SK, Yang J, Jung YH. Genomic-, phenotypic-, and toxicity-based safety assessment and probiotic potency of Bacillus coagulans IDCC 1201 isolated from green malt. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6255437. [PMID: 33904924 PMCID: PMC9113417 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms, and the evaluation of their safety for human use in the food industry has become critical. This study examines the safety of Bacillus coagulans IDCC 1201 isolated from green malt by analyzing its genomic and phenotypic characteristics and determining its toxicity. The presence of antibiotic resistance and toxigenic genes and gene transferability were investigated using whole-genome analysis. The strain's hemolytic and enzyme activities, minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, and biogenic amine and D-lactate production were also examined. Furthermore, the principal properties of B. coagulans IDCC 1201 as probiotics, such as resistance to abiotic stress and intestinal adhesion, were studied. The whole-genome analysis demonstrated that B. coagulans IDCC 1201 had no antibiotic resistance or toxigenic genes; the strain was susceptible to the nine antibiotics proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. Moreover, this strain lacked hemolytic and β-glucuronidase activities. Additionally, it was confirmed that B. coagulans IDCC 1201 produced undesirable metabolites, including biogenic amines or D-lactate, at a safe level. Finally, the strain exhibited functional potential as a probiotic in terms of abiotic tolerance, such as bile tolerance and intestinal adhesion in in vitro experiments. In conclusion, B. coagulans IDCC 1201 can be considered as a safe probiotic with regard to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Yeong Bang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.,Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - O-Hyun Ban
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Som Lee
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangki Oh
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanmi Park
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Ildong Bioscience, 17 Poseunggongdan-ro, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Fermentation Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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23
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Obadi M, Qi Y, Xu B. Highland barley starch (Qingke): Structures, properties, modifications, and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:725-38. [PMID: 34224757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Highland barley (HB) is mainly composed of starch, which may account for up to 65% of the dry weight to the kernel. HB possesses unique physical and chemical properties and has good industrial application potential. It has also been identified as a minor grain crop with excellent nutritional and health functions. Highland barley starch (HBS) features a number of structural and functional properties that render it a useful material for numerous food and non-food applications. This review summarizes the current status of research on the extraction processes, chemical composition, molecular fine structures, granular morphology, physicochemical properties, digestibility, chemical and physical modifications, and potential uses of HBS. The findings provide a comprehensive reference for further research on HBS and its applications in various food and non-food industries.
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Li W, Zhang Z, Wu L, Liu Q, Cheng X, Xu Z. Investigating the relationship between structure of itaconylated starch and its sizing properties: Viscosity stability, adhesion and film properties for wool warp sizing. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:291-300. [PMID: 33775760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of itaconation on sizing properties (such as viscosity stability, adhesion and film properties) of biological macromolecule (corn starch) for developing a new bio-based sizing agent [itaconylated starch (IS)]. Granular IS samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The adhesion of IS to wool fibers was investigated by a standard method (FZ/T 15001-2008). And film properties of IS samples were also studied in terms of tensile strength, breaking elongation, bending endurance and degree of crystallinity, etc. Compared with control acid-converted starch (ACS), stronger bonding forces to wool fibers for IS as well as higher breaking elongation and lower tensile strength for IS film were displayed. Increasing the degrees of substitution (DS) of IS samples from 0 to 0.052 was able to achieve gradually enhanced bonding forces, breaking elongation and bending endurance, which implied that increasing the number of itaconate substituents could play a significantly positive role in overcoming the shortcomings (insufficient adhesion and film brittleness) of starch. These experimental results denoted that the granular IS exhibited potential for the use as a new starch-based size in the sizing of wool warp yarns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhengqiao Zhang
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Lanjuan Wu
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Xuedong Cheng
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
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25
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Mushi NE. A review on native well-preserved chitin nanofibrils for materials of high mechanical performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:591-606. [PMID: 33631266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel chitin nanofibrils (ChNF) demonstrate excellent mechanical properties due to a long and extended polymer conformation. The current study highlights the importance of preserving ChNFs for stronger nanomaterials. Various chitin sources - crab, lobster, shrimp, squid pen, mushrooms, and insects have been reviewed. We have discussed preparation protocols and the physical properties of ChNF and presented the mechanical performance of nanomaterials. ChNF close to the native state uses fewer chemicals for treatment and shows a higher molar mass, degree of acetylation, crystallinity index, micrometer length, and a smaller diameter (3 nm), making them cheap, eco-friendly, and competitive to cellulose or synthetic fibrils. A highly acetylated or partially deacetylated ChNF forms a stable colloidal suspension, and it is possible to prepare from it strong films, hydrogels, aerogels, foams, polymer matrix nanocomposites, and microfibers. Moreover, it is possible to regenerate, functionalize, or cross-link the ChNFs to improve nanomaterials' mechanical performance. The preparation protocols remain the key to these achievements. However, the chemical techniques are not friendly ecologically and may hydrolytically degrade the chitin. The biological processes using enzymes or microorganisms are much better but still inefficient. Besides, the processing time limits the rapid preparation of the fibrils in the long-term perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngesa Ezekiel Mushi
- University of Dar es Salaam, College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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26
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Chen G, Wang L, Wang M, Hu T. Comprehensive insights into the occurrence and toxicological issues of nodularins. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 162:111884. [PMID: 33307402 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins is being increasingly reported. Nodularins (NODs) are one of the cyanotoxins group mainly produced by Nodularia spumigena throughout the world. NODs may exert adverse effects on animal and human health, and NOD-R variant is the most widely investigated. However, research focused on them is still limited. In order to understand the realistic risk well, the aim of this review is to compile the available information in the scientific literature regarding NODs, including their sources, distribution, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis and degradation, adverse effects in vitro and vivo, and toxicokinetics. More data is urgently needed to integrate the cumulative or synergistic effects of NODs on different species and various cells to better understand, anticipate and aggressively manage their potential toxicity after both short- and long-term exposure in ecosystem, and to minimize or prevent the adverse effects on human health, environment and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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27
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Li Z, Wei C. Morphology, structure, properties and applications of starch ghost: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2084-2096. [PMID: 32950526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Starch ghost, an insoluble structure of gelatinized starch, plays an important role in the applications of starch. In this review, we summarized the preparation, morphology, structure, properties and applications of starch ghost. The preparation steps of starch ghost include gelatinization, purification and preservation, and many factors influence the yield of starch ghost. The morphology and content of starch ghost can be influenced by many factors like starch resource and amylose content. Ghosts from non-waxy starches are composed of amylopectin with long branch-chains and amylose. These molecules cross-link to each other to reinforce the structure, and tend to form B-type double helix in ghosts from high-amylose starches. Some surface proteins that bind tightly to starch granules are also present in starch ghost. Protein and lipid are thought to have limited effects on the structural stability, but they make a big difference in the morphology of starch ghost. Starch ghost shows a different resistance to amylase among various starches, but it can be further digested under the high shear force. The mechanical, enzymatic hydrolysis and electrochemical properties of starch ghost make it widely used as emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener and starch-based films or gels in food and non-food processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Cunxu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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28
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Li W, Wu L, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Lu Y, Ke H. Incorporation of poly(sodium allyl sulfonate) branches on corn starch chains for enhancing its sizing properties: Viscosity stability, adhesion, film properties and desizability. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1460-1470. [PMID: 33171182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to examine the influence of poly(sodium allyl sulfonate) (PSAS) branches on sizing properties of biological macromolecule (corn starch) for exploring a new anionic starch graft copolymer size (S-g-PSAS). Successful synthesis of S-g-PSAS samples was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Viscosity stability, adhesion, film properties and desizability of the samples were also investigated. Compared with HS, improved adhesion to cotton and viscose fibers, viscosity stability and desizability for S-g-PSAS as well as enhanced breaking elongation and bending endurance for S-g-PSAS film were exhibited. With the rise in grafting ratio, bonding forces to both fibers, viscosity stability and desizability of S-g-PSAS and its film properties such as breaking elongation and bending endurance, were gradually enhanced. These results indicated that S-g-PSAS showed potential for the use as a new starch-based size in the sizing of cotton and viscose warps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Lanjuan Wu
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhu
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhengqiao Zhang
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Textiles and Garments, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuhao Lu
- Hefei Safood Starch Co. Ltd., Hefei 230000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huizhen Ke
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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29
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Lu JH, Chen C, Huang C, Zhuang H, Leu SY, Lee DJ. Dark fermentation production of volatile fatty acids from glucose with biochar amended biological consortium. Bioresour Technol 2020; 303:122921. [PMID: 32028217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effects of adding biochars on dark fermentation production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from glucose were investigated. Nine biochars were synthesized and applied, together with an activated carbon, as the testing amendment to enhance preferable fermentation. Biochars were porous materials with internal pores and excess surface functional groups, which would lead to enrichment of acetate over butyrate in the VFA production. Biochar coconut and biochar longan shell showed excess functional groups and high bulk internal crystallinity, presented 109.6% and 71.8% enrichments of acetate production, respectively. The syntrophic growth of fermentative bacteria and homoacetogens on biochar surfaces via direct interspecies electron transfer mechanism was assumed to interpret the noted enhanced acetate production. The excess functional groups on biochar surface to facilitate biofilm development and the high crystallinity of biochar bulk to ease electron transfer favored the production of acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hsun Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chihpin Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Huichuan Zhuang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; College of Technology and Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan.
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30
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Kim N. A comparative study on properties of fish meat hydrolysates produced by an enzymatic process at high pressure. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:75-83. [PMID: 31976129 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish meat hydrolysates (FMHs) were produced from nine fishes at a high pressure of 300 MPa using Flavourzyme 500MG and a protease mixture including Flavourzyme 500MG, Alcalase 2.4L, Protamex, and Marugoto E. The electropherograms of the FMHs showed major far-migrating peptide bands in the vicinity of 5 kDa. The total soluble solids (TSS) and soluble nitrogen content in the FMHs were species-specific and were mostly higher in the case of four-enzyme hydrolysis. Most of the HPLC peptide peaks of the rockfish meat hydrolysates appeared within 10 min of elution, and total free amino acids in the hydrolysate increased abruptly as a result of four-enzyme hydrolysis. The FMHs, which were high in TSS and soluble nitrogen, may be applicable for use in food as seasoning, and could be produced efficiently via the enzymatic process used in this study.
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31
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Liu W, Zhao L, Lin C, Fan Z, Liu B. The influence of the negative ion powder on the properties of alginate impression materials. Dent Mater J 2019; 38:522-527. [PMID: 31178544 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2017-280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigated the effects of different contents of negative ion powder on the antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of the alginate impression materials. The cytotoxicity of the negative ion powder was evaluated. The antibacterial rate was evaluated by the plate count method, and the mechanical properties, including the gelation time, elastic recovery, compressive strain and compressive strength were characterized by standards method. MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the negative ion powder. When the content of negative ion powder was 1-2%, the antibacterial rate could be up to 90-100%. It had no significant effect on the mechanical properties of the alginate impression materials when the added content of negative ion powder was less than 2% (p>0.05). The results of the MTT assay indicated that the material is noncytotoxic. The optimal adding ratio of negative ion powder is 1-2%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Libo Zhao
- School of Stomatology of Lanzhou University
| | | | | | - Bin Liu
- School of Stomatology of Lanzhou University
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32
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Pesowski ML, Kanngiesser P, Friedman O. Give and take: Ownership affects how 2- and 3-year-olds allocate resources. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 185:214-223. [PMID: 31097201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In three experiments, we investigated whether 2- and 3-year-olds (N = 240) consider ownership when taking resources for themselves and allocating resources to another agent. When selecting resources for themselves, children generally avoided taking resources that belonged to another agent and instead favored their own resources (Experiments 1 and 2). However, they did not avoid taking the agent's resources when the only other resources available were described as not belonging to the agent (Experiment 3). Children also selected fewer of the agent's resources when taking for themselves than when giving to the agent (Experiments 2 and 3). In giving to the agent, children were more likely to select the agent's resources than resources not belonging to the agent (Experiment 3). These findings show that ownership affects how 2- and 3-year-olds allocate resources. The findings also provide new evidence that 2-year-olds may respect others' ownership rights, at least to a limited degree, although we also consider an alternative explanation for the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L Pesowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Patricia Kanngiesser
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ori Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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33
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Wang W, Cui C, Wang Q, Sun C, Jiang L, Hou J. Effect of pH on physicochemical properties of oil bodies from different oil crops. J Food Sci Technol 2019; 56:49-58. [PMID: 30728546 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pH on the physicochemical properties of soybean oil bodies (SBOBs), peanut oil bodies (PNOBs) and sunflower oil bodies (SFOBs). The mean particle diameter[4,3] (D[4,3]) of oil bodies (OBs) changed to a stationary trend with increased pH. The surface hydrophobicity (H0) of SBOBs, PNOBs and SFOBs significantly decreased with increasing pH 2-12. The emulsifying activity index of SBOBs, PNOBs and SFOBs decreased with increased pH from 2 to 10. The viscosity modulus (G″) value of SBOBs at pH 4 was significantly higher than at pH 7 and pH 9. The initial elastic modulus (G') and G″ values of PNOBs at pH 9 were significantly higher than at pH 4 and pH 7. The G″ values of SFOBs at pH 4 and pH 9 were significantly lower than at pH 7. The steroleosin protein bands of SBOBs significantly decreased at pH 12. The protein bands of PNOBs were reduced at pH 2-4 and pH 10-12, and protein bands decreased most obviously at pH 2. The enthalpy of denaturation (ΔH) values of the oil body (OB) protein at pH 9 were significantly higher than at pH 4 and pH 7. The results showed that the ζ-potential, D[4,3], emulsifying property and H0 of SBOBs, PNOBs and SFOBs were similar to the change of pH value. The three types of OBs have better stability away from the isoelectric point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Rd., Xiangfang Dist, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Chunli Cui
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Rd., Xiangfang Dist, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Rd., Xiangfang Dist, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Changbao Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Rd., Xiangfang Dist, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Lianzhou Jiang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Rd., Xiangfang Dist, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Juncai Hou
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Rd., Xiangfang Dist, Harbin, 150030 China
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34
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Guo L, Wang X, Feng L. Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties of a blue emitter with binaphthalene and carbazole units. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 201:376-381. [PMID: 29775930 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A blue emitter, 3,3'-(2,2'-dimethoxy-[1,1'-binaphthalene]-6,6'-diyl)bis(9-benzyl-9H-carbazole), was synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction. The photophysical properties of the emitter in solution were firstly investigated by UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence emission techniques. The results indicate that the emitter has excellent optical and electron transfer properties. The maximum absorption and emission peaks of the emitter are 302 nm and 406 nm with 67.4% fluorescence quantum yield in chloroform, respectively. Thermal stability study reveals that the emitter has a good thermal stability (Td > 330 °C, Tg > 160 °C). Electrochemical Redox properties of the emitters were measured by cyclic voltammetry, and the energy gaps of highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels are in good agreement with the results of theoretical calculation. Furthermore, the multilayer electrochemcial device with the emitter was fabricated and its properties were explored. The wavelength of electroluminescence for the device with this emitter locates at 428 nm. These results indicate the emitter as a deep blue-emitting material has promising application in organic light-emitting diode devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaoju Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering, Laboratory of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Liheng Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China.
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Hu R, Su Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Chen Y, Cao C, Ni H. Deposition Process and Properties of Electroless Ni-P-Al 2O 3 Composite Coatings on Magnesium Alloy. Nanoscale Res Lett 2018; 13:198. [PMID: 29978323 PMCID: PMC6033849 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To improve the corrosion resistance and wear resistance of electroless nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) coating on magnesium (Mg) alloy. Ni-P-Al2O3 coatings were produced on Mg alloy from a composite plating bath. The optimum Al2O3 concentration was determined by the properties of plating bath and coatings. Morphology growth evolution of Ni-P-Al2O3 composite coatings at different times was observed by using a scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The results show that nano-Al2O3 particles may slow down the replacement reaction of Mg and Ni2+ in the early stage of the deposition process, but it has almost no effect on the rate of Ni-P auto-catalytic reduction process. The anti-corrosion and micro-hardness tests of coatings reveal that the Ni-P-Al2O3 composite coatings exhibit better performance compared with Ni-P coating owing to more appropriate crystal plane spacing and grain size of Ni-P-Al2O3 coatings. Thermal shock test indicates that the Al2O3 particles have no effect on the adhesion of coatings. In addition, the service life of composite plating bath is 4.2 metal turnover, suggesting it has potential application in the field of magnesium alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hu
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongyao Su
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yurong Liu
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongdong Liu
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingmin Chen
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160 People’s Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Cao
- Daye Nonferrous Metals Group Holdings Co., Ltd., Huangshi, 435005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitao Ni
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160 People’s Republic of China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160 People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Do donors (of samples from which genetic information is derived) have some sort of pre-legal (moral) or legal property right to that information? In this paper, we address this question from both a moral philosophical and a legal point of view. We argue that philosophical theories about property do not seem to support a positive answer: We have not mixed our labour with our genes, and the human genome cannot be said to be a fitting object for private ownership based on some idea of self-ownership. An analysis of the term 'property' as seen from a legal perspective yields the conclusion that property is, at best, a linguistic prop whose real content has to be defined at least partially conventionally. Relevant interests that may be seen to be protected seem to be interests of privacy or interests against exploitation. To the extent that the logic behind the patent system holds true limiting incentives decreases innovation in society. A balancing of interest must take place, and we have to make sure that patent protection serves general societal interests and not just those of special interest groups be that inventors or donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Ebbe Juul Nielsen
- Faculty of Humanities & Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixensvej 4, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | | | - Jens Schovsbo
- Centre for Information and Innovation Law (CIIR), Faculty of Law, Copenhagen University, Karen Blixens Plads 16, 6B-3-27, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Fang Y, Wen J, Zeng G, Shen M, Cao W, Gong J, Zhang Y. From nZVI to SNCs: development of a better material for pollutant removal in water. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:6175-6195. [PMID: 29308574 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), with its reductive potentials and wide availability, offers degradative remediation for environmental pollutants. However, weaknesses such as easy aggregation, easy oxidation, and nanoscale size have hindered its further applications in the environment to some extent. Therefore, various supported nZVI composites (SNCs) with higher dispersibility, enhanced water stability, and tunable size have been developed to overcome the weaknesses. SNCs family is a great alternative for water purification applications that require high removal efficiency and rapid kinetics, as a result of their multifunctional properties and magnetic separation capacity. In this review, we compare the advantages of SNCs to nZVI for pollutant removal in water, discuss for the first time the synthetic techniques of obtaining SNCs, and analyze the influencing factors and mechanisms associated with the removal of some typical hazardous pollutants (e.g., dyes, heavy metals, nitrogen, and phosphorus) using SNCs. Moreover, limitations and future research needs of such material are discussed. More attention should be paid to the evaluation of toxicity, development of green synthetic routes, and potential application areas of such materials in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Wen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Maocai Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Weicheng Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilai Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
As a new generation of working fluid, nanofluid has long been regarded as a hot research topic in the past three decades. Many review papers have provided comprehensive and systematic summaries on the development and state-of-the-art of nanofluids. As of today, it is becoming increasingly difficult to provide a comprehensive review of all kinds of nanofluids owing to the huge amounts of the related literatures. And many controversies and inconsistencies in the reported arguments have been observed in various nanofluids. Meanwhile, the systematic or comprehensive reviews on a certain kind of nanofluid are insufficient. Therefore, this review focuses on the research about one of the hottest kinds viz. TiO2 nanofluid, which has captured scientists' great attention because of its interesting and comprehensive properties such as sensational dispersivity, chemical stability, and non-toxicity. Due to the preparation of nanofluids is the prerequisite and physical properties are critical factors for further applications, this first part of the review summarizes recent research on preparation, stability, and physical properties of TiO2 nanofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuhan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Creton B. Chemoinformatics at IFP Energies Nouvelles: Applications in the Fields of Energy, Transport, and Environment. Mol Inform 2017; 36. [PMID: 28418201 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present paper is to summarize chemoinformatics based research, and more precisely, the development of quantitative structure property relationships performed at IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN) during the last decade. A special focus is proposed on research activities performed in the "Thermodynamics and Molecular Simulation" department, i. e. the use of multiscale molecular simulation methods in responses to projects. Molecular simulation techniques can be envisaged to supplement dataset when experimental information lacks, thus the review includes a section dedicated to molecular simulation codes, development of intermolecular potentials, and some of their possible applications. Know-how and feedback from our experiences in terms of machine learning application for thermophysical property predictions are included in a section dealing with methodological aspects. The generic character of chemoinformatics is emphasized through applications in the fields of energy, transport, and environment, with illustrations for three IFPEN business units: "Transports", "Energy Resources", and "Processes". More precisely, the review focus on different challenges such as the prediction of properties for alternative fuels, the prediction of fuel compatibility with polymeric materials, the prediction of properties for surfactants usable in chemical enhanced oil recovery, and the prediction of guest-host interactions between gases and nanoporous materials in the frame of carbon dioxide capture or gas separation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Creton
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852, Rueil-Malmaison, France
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Mad-Ali S, Benjakul S, Prodpran T, Maqsood S. Characteristics and gelling properties of gelatin from goat skin as affected by drying methods. J Food Sci Technol 2017; 54:1646-1654. [PMID: 28559624 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics and gel properties of spray-dried goat skin gelatin (SDGG) and freeze-dried counterpart (FDGG) were determined, in comparison with commercial bovine gelatin (BG). SDGG gel had the similar gel strength to FDGG gel and their gel strengths were higher than that of BG gel. SDGG gel showed slightly higher a* and b* values as well as the higher solution turbidity than those of FDGG. Both SDGG and FDGG solutions could set at room temperature (25-28 °C) within 18.52-19.30 min and showed the gelling and melting temperatures of 25.14-25.23 and 34.09-34.18 °C, respectively. Gels from SDGG and FDGG had the denser structure with smaller voids than that from BG. Therefore, drying methods affected the characteristics and gel properties of gelatin from goat skin to some degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Mad-Ali
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Thummanoon Prodpran
- Department of Material Product Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, 15551 Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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41
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Abstract
TRPC channels are the first identified members in the TRP family. They function as either homo- or heterotetramers regulating intracellular Ca2+ concentration in response to numerous physiological or pathological stimuli. TRPC channels are nonselective cation channels permeable to Ca2+. The properties and the functional domains of TRPC channels have been identified by electrophysiological and biochemical methods. However, due to the large size, instability, and flexibility of their complexes, the structures of the members in TRPC family remain unrevealed. More efforts should be made on structure analysis and generating good tools, including specific antibodies, agonist, and antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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42
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Abstract
The human microbiome is the collection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live on and in the human organism's skin, mucosa, and intestinal tract. Re-examining commonly accepted ethical standards from the perspective of this new area of research provides an opportunity to reassess our current thinking about research regulations as well as the importance of some principles and distinctions. In this commentary, I explain ethical issues illuminated by research on the human microbiome related to personal identity, privacy, property, research ethics, public health, and biobanks.
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Qi F, Mahmoud M, Shi XT, Liu FF. Some properties of the Catalan-Qi function related to the Catalan numbers. Springerplus 2016; 5:1126. [PMID: 27478743 PMCID: PMC4951397 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the paper, the authors find some properties of the Catalan numbers, the Catalan function, and the Catalan–Qi function which is a generalization of the Catalan numbers. Concretely speaking, the authors present a new expression, asymptotic expansions, integral representations, logarithmic convexity, complete monotonicity, minimality, logarithmically complete monotonicity, a generating function, and inequalities of the Catalan numbers, the Catalan function, and the Catalan–Qi function. As by-products, an exponential expansion and a double inequality for the ratio of two gamma functions are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qi
- Institute of Mathematics, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo City, 454010 Henan Province China ; College of Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao City, 028043 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region China ; Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin City, 300387 China
| | - Mansour Mahmoud
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Xiao-Ting Shi
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin City, 300387 China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin City, 300387 China
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Hamilton DJ, Wheeler DW, White CM, Rees CL, Komendantov AO, Bergamino M, Ascoli GA. Name-calling in the hippocampus (and beyond): coming to terms with neuron types and properties. Brain Inform 2017; 4:1-12. [PMID: 27747821 DOI: 10.1007/s40708-016-0053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Widely spread naming inconsistencies in neuroscience pose a vexing obstacle to effective communication within and across areas of expertise. This problem is particularly acute when identifying neuron types and their properties. Hippocampome.org is a web-accessible neuroinformatics resource that organizes existing data about essential properties of all known neuron types in the rodent hippocampal formation. Hippocampome.org links evidence supporting the assignment of a property to a type with direct pointers to quotes and figures. Mining this knowledge from peer-reviewed reports reveals the troubling extent of terminological ambiguity and undefined terms. Examples span simple cases of using multiple synonyms and acronyms for the same molecular biomarkers (or other property) to more complex cases of neuronal naming. New publications often use different terms without mapping them to previous terms. As a result, neurons of the same type are assigned disparate names, while neurons of different types are bestowed the same name. Furthermore, non-unique properties are frequently used as names, and several neuron types are not named at all. In order to alleviate this nomenclature confusion regarding hippocampal neuron types and properties, we introduce a new functionality of Hippocampome.org: a fully searchable, curated catalog of human and machine-readable definitions, each linked to the corresponding neuron and property terms. Furthermore, we extend our robust approach to providing each neuron type with an informative name and unique identifier by mapping all encountered synonyms and homonyms.
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Seo JE, Hasan M, Han JS, Kim NK, Lee JE, Lee KM, Park JH, Kim HJ, Son J, Lee J, Kwon OS. Dependency of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Induction on MOG35-55 Properties Modulating Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Interleukin-6. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:666-76. [PMID: 26464215 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is commonly induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55; occasionally, EAE is not well induced despite MOG35-55 immunization. To confirm that EAE induction varies with difference in MOG35-55 properties, we compared three MOG35-55 from different commercial sources, which are MOG-A, MOG-B, and MOG-C. The peptides induced EAE disease with 100, 40, and 20 % incidence, respectively. Compared with others, MOG-A showed higher peptide purity (99.2 %) and content (92.2 %) and presented a sheet shape with additional sodium and chloride chemical elements. In MOG-A-treated group, MMP-9 activity and IL-6 levels were considerably higher than the other groups in CNS tissues, and significantly increased VCAM-1, IFN-γ, and decreased IL-4 were also shown compared to MOG-B- and/or MOG-C-treated group. In conclusion, the immunological and toxicological changes by the difference in MOG35-55 properties modulate EAE induction, and MOG35-55 which affects MMP-9 activity and IL-6 levels may be the most effective EAE-inducing antigen. This study can be potentially applied by researchers using MOG35-55 peptide and manufacturers for MOG35-55 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Toxicology Laboratory, Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Mahbub Hasan
- Toxicology Laboratory, Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Joon-Seung Han
- Toxicology Laboratory, Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Nak-Kyoon Kim
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Kang Mi Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Park
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Ho Jun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Oh-Seung Kwon
- Toxicology Laboratory, Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea.
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
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Zhu B, Ma D, Wang J, Zhang S. Structure and properties of semi-interpenetrating network hydrogel based on starch. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 133:448-55. [PMID: 26344301 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Starch-g-P(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/PVA semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) hydrogels were prepared by aqueous solution polymerization method. Starch grafting copolymerization reaction, semi-IPN structure and crystal morphology were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The PVA in the form of partial crystallization distributing in the gel matrix uniformly were observed by Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The space network structure, finer microstructure and pore size in the interior of hydrogel were presented by biomicroscope. The results demonstrated that absorption ratio of water and salt generated different degree changes with the effect of PVA. In addition, the mechanical strength of hydrogel was improved.
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47
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Yan Y, Li X, Wan M, Chen J, Li S, Cao M, Zhang D. Effect of extraction methods on property and bioactivity of water-soluble polysaccharides from Amomum villosum. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 117:632-635. [PMID: 25498681 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, effect of different extraction methods on property and bioactivity of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) from the seeds of Amomum villosum were investigated. Firstly, four different extraction methods were used to extract WSP, which include hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE). As a result, four WSP samples, WSP(H), WSP(U), WSP(M) and WSP(E) were acquired. Then, the difference of four WSP samples in yield, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro were further compared. Experimental results showed that the four WSP samples had the same monosaccharide composition, but mere difference in the content; they all had typical IR spectra characteristic of polysaccharides. WSP(U) contained the highest contents of uronic acid and sulfate. The yield of WSP(U) was the highest and its antioxidant activity was the best. These results suggested that ultrasonic-assisted extraction was the best extraction method for WSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Yan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- Affiliated Huaian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Huaian 223002, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mianjie Wan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jingping Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shijie Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Man Cao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Danyan Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong, PR China.
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48
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Tian S, Hou Y, Wu W, Ren S, Qian J. Hydrophobic task-specific ionic liquids: synthesis, properties and application for the capture of SO2. J Hazard Mater 2014; 278:409-416. [PMID: 24998204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The capture of SO2 by ionic liquids (ILs) has drawn much attention all over the world. However, ILs can absorb not only SO2 but also water from flue gas. The removal of water from ILs is necessary for reusing the absorbent. In order to reduce the energy costs of removing water, it would be helpful to weaken the interactions between ILs and water. In this work, two kinds of hydrophobic task-specific ILs, 1-(2-diethyl-aminoethyl)-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Et2NEmim] [PF6]) and 1-(2-diethyl-aminoethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate ([Et2NEmpyr][PF6]), were designed and synthesized. Thermal stability and physical properties of the ILs were studied. Furthermore, the application of the ILs for the capture of SO2 and the absorption mechanism were systematically investigated. It has been found that both of the ILs are immiscible with water, and [Et2NEmim][PF6] has much lower viscosity, much higher thermal stability and much higher SO2 absorption rate than [Et2NEmpyr][PF6]. [Et2NEmim][PF6] shows high SO2 absorption capacities up to 2.11 mol SO2 per mole IL (pure SO2) and 0.94 mol SO2 per mole IL (3% SO2) under hydrous conditions at 30 °C. The result suggests that [Et2NEmim][PF6] is a promising recyclable absorbent for the capture of SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yucui Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Weize Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shuhang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianguo Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Yamagata Y, Kozaki K, Imai T, Ohe K, Mizoguchi R. An ontological modeling approach for abnormal states and its application in the medical domain. J Biomed Semantics 2014; 5:23. [PMID: 24944781 PMCID: PMC4062306 DOI: 10.1186/2041-1480-5-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, exchanging data and information has become a significant challenge in medicine. Such data include abnormal states. Establishing a unified representation framework of abnormal states can be a difficult task because of the diverse and heterogeneous nature of these states. Furthermore, in the definition of diseases found in several textbooks or dictionaries, abnormal states are not directly associated with the corresponding quantitative values of clinical test data, making the processing of such data by computers difficult. RESULTS We focused on abnormal states in the definition of diseases and proposed a unified form to describe an abnormal state as a "property," which can be decomposed into an "attribute" and a "value" in a qualitative representation. We have developed a three-layer ontological model of abnormal states from the generic to disease-specific level. By developing an is-a hierarchy and combining causal chains of diseases, 21,000 abnormal states from 6000 diseases have been captured as generic causal relations and commonalities have been found among diseases across 13 medical departments. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that our representation framework promotes interoperability and flexibility of the quantitative raw data, qualitative information, and generic/conceptual knowledge of abnormal states. In addition, the results showed that our ontological model have found commonalities in abnormal states among diseases across 13 medical departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamagata
- ISIR, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kouji Kozaki
- ISIR, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imai
- Department of Medical Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohe
- Department of Medical Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Riichiro Mizoguchi
- Research Center for Service Science, School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan
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Abstract
Cultural competence is a vital component of many missions in today's military. Cultural competence enables one to further a mission, save resources, and save lives. Conversely, a lack of cultural competence may bring about challenges to mission completion, requirement for more resources, waste of resources, and destruction of lives. Cultural competence involves many components. One particular component is cultural heritage awareness and protection of cultural property. This study sought to assess current understanding of cultural property protection and determine the effectiveness of a training aimed at increasing cultural property protection awareness, knowledge, and comfort within the military setting. It was hypothesized that participants would vary in their level of awareness, knowledge, and comfort of cultural property protection, and that all would show a significant improvement in knowledge scores post training. Factors such as deployment experience were examined for potential correlation with measures such as awareness. A 14 question pre-read survey was developed to assess participants' demographics, awareness, knowledge, and comfort with cultural property protection. Awareness included value, laws, and procedures while knowledge examined "know how" such as how to bed down in a protected structure or communicate information about the structure. Comfort assessed one's comfort with engaging in the knowledge based tasks. A 24 question post read survey was administered to assess awareness, knowledge, and comfort, and to solicit additional feedback on the manual itself. The survey utilized a 1-5 rating scale with 1 representing no awareness, knowledge, or comfort and 5 representing absolute awareness, knowledge, and comfort with different aspects of cultural property protection. Cultural property protection value was highest pre and post training while knowledge regarding recovery of property was rated lowest pre and post training. Results are encouraging for the pursuit of cultural property education. Further studies should include knowledge assessment versus self rating as well as tracking of incidents and outcomes in the field. Implications for mission readiness and success are discussed.
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