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Abo Bakr A, El Kadi HH, Mostafa T. Petrographical and petrophysical rock typing for flow unit identification and permeability prediction in lower cretaceous reservoir AEB_IIIG, Western Desert, Egypt. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5656. [PMID: 38454114 PMCID: PMC10920705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to identify and analyze the petrophysical properties of the newly investigated AEB_IIIG member reservoir in Meleiha West Deep (MWD) Field and to classify it into different rock types. Additionally, this research intends to develop mathematical equations that may be utilized to estimate permeability in uncored sections of the same well or in other wells where core samples are unavailable. The analysis focused on the pore hole records of ten wells that were drilled in MWD Field. The reservoir levels were identified, and their petrophysical parameters were evaluated using well logs and core data. We were able to recognize seven different types of rocks (petrophysical static rock type 1 (PSRT1) to PSRT7) using petrography data, the reservoir quality index (RQI), the flow zone index (FZI), R35, hydraulic flow units (HFUs), and stratigraphy modified Lorenz (SML) plots. The analysis of the petrophysical data shows that AEB_IIIG has unsteady net pay thicknesses over the area. It has a range of 8-25% shale volume, 12-17% effective porosity, and 72-92% hydrocarbon saturation. The RQI results show that psrt1, psrt2 and psrt3 have a good reservoir quality as indicated by high R35 and helium porosity, respectively. They contribute with more than 75% of the reservoir production. The equation derived for each rock type of AEB_IIIG reservoir can be employed to forecast the permeability value distribution inside the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelraheim Abo Bakr
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan H El Kadi
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Taher Mostafa
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Nobile F, Collareta A, Perenzin V, Fornaciari E, Giusberti L, Bianucci G. Dawn of the Delphinidans: New Remains of Kentriodon from the Lower Miocene of Italy Shed Light on the Early Radiation of the Most Diverse Extant Cetacean Clade. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:114. [PMID: 38392334 PMCID: PMC10887126 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, the infraorder Delphinida (oceanic dolphins and kin) represents the most diverse extant clade of Cetacea, with delphinids alone accounting for more than 40% of the total number of living cetacean species. As for other cetacean groups, the Early Miocene represents a key interval for the evolutionary history of Delphinida, as it was during this time span that the delphinidans became broadly distributed worldwide, first and foremost with the widespread genus Kentriodon and closely related forms. Here, we report on a new odontocete find from Burdigalian (20.4-19.0 Ma) deposits of the Friulian-Venetian Basin of northeastern Italy, consisting of the partial cranium of a small delphinidan with associated ear bones (right periotic, stapes, malleus and tympanic bulla). Osteoanatomical considerations and comparisons allow us to assign the studied specimen to the genus Kentriodon. This is the first confirmed record of Kentriodon from Europe as well as from the whole proto-Mediterranean region. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic considerations suggest that our new specimen may represent the geologically oldest member of Kentriodon. The evolutionary success of Kentriodon may correlate with the emergence of narrow-band high-frequency echolocation as a possible strategy to escape acoustic detection by large marine predators such as the squalodontids. In addition, the relatively high encephalization quotient of Kentriodon spp. may have provided these early dolphins with some kind of competitive advantage over the coeval non-delphinidan odontocetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nobile
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Via Santa Maria, 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Dottorato di Ricerca Geoscienze e Ambiente, Università di Pisa, Via Santa Maria, 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Collareta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Via Santa Maria, 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Museo di Storia Naturale, Università di Pisa, Via Roma 79, 56011 Calci, Italy
| | - Vittore Perenzin
- Museo Civico Archeologico, Via Lorenzo Luzzo, 23, 32032 Feltre, Italy
| | - Eliana Fornaciari
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università di Padova, Via Giovanni Gradenigo, 6, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Giusberti
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università di Padova, Via Giovanni Gradenigo, 6, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bianucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Via Santa Maria, 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Museo di Storia Naturale, Università di Pisa, Via Roma 79, 56011 Calci, Italy
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El-Ata ASA, El-Gendy NH, El-Nikhely AH, Raslan SM, El-Oribi MS, Barakat MK. Seismic characteristics and AVO response for non-uniform Miocene reservoirs in offshore eastern Mediterranean region, Egypt. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8897. [PMID: 37264025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eastern Mediterranean region, extending from the Offshore Nile Delta Cone of Egypt to the Levant Basin, is a confirmed hydrocarbon-rich territory with several giant gas discoveries. Numerous gas fields have been discovered in the Miocene reservoirs within the Nile Delta Cone, and the Levant Basin. The Miocene sedimentary sequences in this region are extremely heterogeneous, consisting mainly of turbiditic slope deposits, channels, and basin floor fans that were capped by evaporites formed during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. As a result, the seismic characteristics and interpreted properties of this heterogeneous section are ambiguous. The study area is located in the Offshore North Sinai Basin, where a thick Early Miocene section was deposited midway between the Nile Delta province, which includes the El-Fayrouz discovery, and the Levant Basin, which includes Tamar, Tanin, and several other discoveries. This study uses quantitative seismic interpretations methods, such as amplitude variations with offset and fluid replacement modeling, to assess the seismic acoustic impedance trend with depth. Also, determine the seismic amplitude response for the brine and gas sands reservoir of the Early and Late Miocene section to link the unexplored study area within the North Sinai Offshore Basin with the explored Nile Delta and Levant Basins. In addition to evaluate direct hydrocarbon indicator (DHI) of the dimming seismic amplitude that is compatible with the structure's last closed contour of the Syrian Arc anticline of the Early Miocene reservoirs (EMT-1 prospect). Different vintages of 2D and 3D seismic data, six wells, and various published data were used in this study. The quantitative interpretation shows the pitfalls of the acoustic impedance trend and seismic response dependency on depth for gas and brine sand, which led to the drilling of the EMT-1 dry well. Also, the fluid replacement, P-wave velocity (Vp), and density (ρ) modeling confirmed that the seismic dimming amplitude was due to a seismic processing artifact, which was corrected by readjusting the overburden Messinian salt processing velocity model. This research concludes that the seismic quantitative interpretations are successfully used to assess the acoustic impedance versus depth and understand DHI pitfalls, as well as the processing workflow that could enhance the seismic image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Abu El-Ata
- Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nader H El-Gendy
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Adly H El-Nikhely
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samir M Raslan
- Vice Chairman for Agreements and Exploration/EGAS, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S El-Oribi
- Dana Gas Company, Plot No 188, City Center, Fifth Settlement, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moataz Kh Barakat
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Heritage S, Seiffert ER. Total evidence time-scaled phylogenetic and biogeographic models for the evolution of sea cows (Sirenia, Afrotheria). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13886. [PMID: 36042864 PMCID: PMC9420408 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetic studies that have included sirenians from the genera Trichechus, Dugong, and Hydrodamalis have resolved their interrelationships but have yielded divergence age estimates that are problematically discordant. The ages of these lineage splits have profound implications for how to interpret the sirenian fossil record-including clade membership, biogeographic patterns, and correlations with Earth history events. In an effort to address these issues, here we present a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of Sirenia that includes living and fossil species and applies Bayesian tip-dating methods to estimate their interrelationships and divergence times. In addition to extant sirenians, our dataset includes 56 fossil species from 106 dated localities and numerous afrotherian outgroup taxa. Genetic, morphological, temporal, and biogeographic data are assessed simultaneously to bring all available evidence to bear on sirenian phylogeny. The resulting time-tree is then used for Bayesian geocoordinates reconstruction analysis, which models ancestral geographic areas at splits throughout the phylogeny, thereby allowing us to infer the direction and timing of dispersals. Our results suggest that Pan-Sirenia arose in North Africa during the latest Paleocene and that the Eocene evolution of stem sirenians was primarily situated in the Tethyan realm. In the late Eocene, some lineages moved into more northern European latitudes, an area that became the source region for a key trans-Atlantic dispersal towards the Caribbean and northern-adjacent west Atlantic. This event led to the phylogenetic and biogeographic founding of crown Sirenia with the Dugongidae-Trichechidae split occurring at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (~33.9 Ma), temporally coincident with the onset of dropping global sea levels and temperatures. This region became the nexus of sirenian diversification and supported taxonomically-rich dugongid communities until the earliest Pliocene. The Dugonginae-Hydrodamalinae split occurred near Florida during the early Miocene (~21.2 Ma) and was followed by a west-bound dispersal that gave rise to the Pacific hydrodamalines. The late middle Miocene (~12.2 Ma) split of Dugong from all other dugongines also occurred near Florida and our analyses suggest that the Indo-Pacific distribution of modern dugongs is the result of a trans-Pacific dispersal. From at least the early Miocene, trichechid evolution was based entirely in South America, presumably within the Pebas Wetlands System. We infer that the eventual establishment of Amazon drainage into the South Atlantic allowed the dispersal of Trichechus out of South America no earlier than the mid-Pliocene. Our analyses provide a new temporal and biogeographic framework for understanding major events in sirenian evolution and their possible relationships to oceanographic and climatic changes. These hypotheses can be further tested with the recovery and integration of new fossil evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Heritage
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erik R. Seiffert
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kostin DS, Martynov AA, Lebedev VS, Zemlemerova ED, Gromov AR, Lavrenchenko LA. Position of the ammodile and the origin of Gerbillinae (Rodentia): Out of the Horn of Africa? ZOOL SCR 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila S. Kostin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Aleksey A. Martynov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | | | - Elena D. Zemlemerova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Anton R. Gromov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Leonid A. Lavrenchenko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
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Li Y, Li X, Sylvester SP, Zhang M, Wang X, Duan Y. Plastid genomes reveal evolutionary shifts in elevational range and flowering time of
Osmanthus
(Oleaceae). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8777. [PMID: 35386867 PMCID: PMC8975774 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Osmanthus are economically important ornamental trees, yet information regarding their plastid genomes (plastomes) have rarely been reported, thus hindering taxonomic and evolutionary studies of this small but enigmatic genus. Here, we performed comparative genomics and evolutionary analyses on plastomes of 16 of the 28 currently accepted species, with 11 plastomes newly sequenced. Phylogenetic studies identified four main lineages within the genus that are here designated the: “Caucasian Osmanthus” (corresponding to O. decorus), “Siphosmanthus” (corresponding to O. sect. Siphosmanthus), “O. serrulatus + O. yunnanensis,” and “Core Osmanthus: (corresponding to O. sect. Osmanthus + O. sect. Linocieroides). Molecular clock analysis suggested that Osmanthus split from its sister clade c. 15.83 Ma. The estimated crown ages of the lineages were the following: genus Osmanthus at 12.66 Ma; “Siphosmanthus” clade at 5.85 Ma; “O. serrulatus + O. yunnanensis” at 4.89 Ma; and “Core Osmanthus: clade at 6.2 Ma. Ancestral state reconstructions and trait mapping showed that ancestors of Osmanthus were spring flowering and originated at lower elevations. Phylogenetic principal component analysis clearly distinguished spring‐flowering species from autumn‐flowering species, suggesting that flowering time differentiation is related to the difference in ecological niches. Nucleotide substitution rates of 80 common genes showed slow evolutionary pace and low nucleotide variations, all genes being subjected to purifying selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Li
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China College of Biology and the Environment International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Xuan Li
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China College of Biology and the Environment International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Steven Paul Sylvester
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China College of Biology and the Environment International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Min Zhang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China College of Biology and the Environment International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Xianrong Wang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China College of Biology and the Environment International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Yifan Duan
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China College of Biology and the Environment International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
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Ye F, Shi GR, Bitner MA. Global biogeography of living brachiopods: Bioregionalization patterns and possible controls. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259004. [PMID: 34748573 PMCID: PMC8575269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global distribution patterns of 14918 geo-referenced occurrences from 394 living brachiopod species were mapped in 5° grid cells, which enabled the visualization and delineation of distinct bioregions and biodiversity hotspots. Further investigation using cluster and network analyses allowed us to propose the first systematically and quantitatively recognized global bioregionalization framework for living brachiopods, consisting of five bioregions and thirteen bioprovinces. No single environmental or ecological variable is accountable for the newly proposed global bioregionalization patterns of living brachiopods. Instead, the combined effects of large-scale ocean gyres, climatic zonation as well as some geohistorical factors (e.g., formation of land bridges and geological recent closure of ancient seaways) are considered as the main drivers at the global scale. At the regional scale, however, the faunal composition, diversity and biogeographical differentiation appear to be mainly controlled by seawater temperature variation, regional ocean currents and coastal upwelling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facheng Ye
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G. R. Shi
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Aleksandra Bitner
- Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Cruaud A, Lehrter V, Genson G, Rasplus JY, Depaquit J. Evolution, systematics and historical biogeography of sand flies of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) inferred using restriction-site associated DNA markers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009479. [PMID: 34280193 PMCID: PMC8425549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are the main natural vectors of Leishmania, which cause visceral and tegumentary tropical diseases worldwide. However, their taxonomy and evolutionary history remain poorly studied. Indeed, as for many human disease vectors, their small size is a challenge for morphological and molecular works. Here, we successfully amplified unbiased copies of whole genome to sequence thousands of restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) markers from single specimens of phlebotomines. RAD markers were used to infer a fully resolved phylogeny of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (11 species + 5 outgroups, 32 specimens). The subgenus was not recovered as monophyletic and we describe a new subgenus Artemievus subg. nov. Depaquit for Phlebotomus alexandri. We also confirm the validity of Ph. riouxi which is reinstated as valid species. Our analyses suggest that Paraphlebotomus sensu nov. originated ca 12.9-8.5 Ma and was possibly largely distributed from peri-Mediterranean to Irano-Turanian regions. Its biogeographical history can be summarized into three phases: i) a first split between Ph. riouxi + Ph. chabaudi and other species that may have resulted from the rise of the Saharan belt ca 8.5 Ma; ii) a Messinian vicariant event (7.3-5.3 Ma) during which the prolonged drought could have resulted in the divergence of main lineages; iii) a recent radiation event (3-2 Ma) that correspond to cycles of wet and dry periods in the Middle East and the East African subregions during the Pleistocene. Interestingly these cycles are also hypothetical drivers of the diversification of rodents, in the burrows of which Paraphlebotomus larvae develop. By meeting the challenge of sequencing pangenomics markers from single, minute phlebotomines, this work opens new avenues for improving our understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniases and possibly other human diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Cruaud
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Lehrter
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, ESCAPE EA7510, USC ANSES VECPAR, SFR Cap Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France
| | - Guenaëlle Genson
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, ESCAPE EA7510, USC ANSES VECPAR, SFR Cap Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France
- * E-mail:
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